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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Pulmonary edema following skin absorption of organophosphate insecticide.

We report a case of acute pulmonary edema following exposure to organophosphate insectocide. Hypoxia, respiratory failure, and parasympathetic discharge are implicated in the pathogenesis and are related to the anticholinesterase activity of the toxicant. Rapid onset of acute pulmonary edema without cardiomegaly followed by prompt clearing are the radiographic features.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Absorption of lead through the skin.

Absorption of lead through the skin was studied by comparing the effect produced by lead naphthenate or lead acetate solution, when coated on the skin of rats, with data obtained from subcutaneous injections of these solutions. Body weight and liver size and weight decreased in the case of rats receiving the subcutaneous dose. delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) in liver was decreased in all rats having been treated with lead compounds. The distribution of absorbed lead has been evaluated by assay of the lead content in brain, liver, kidney, spleen and muscle in the rats. The results of this study seem to verify that absorption of lead through the skin does occur and the findings confirm lead naphthenate to be more toxic than lead acetate.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Zinc absorption through skin: correction of zinc deficiency in the rat.

The therapeutic effect of topical administration of zinc was tested in pregnant rats consuming a diet deficient in the element. Four groups of rats were fed a zinc-deficient diet for 24 hr. Half of the animals were treated during this period with a topical application of oil saturated with zinc chloride, for the full 24 hr in one group, and for the last 8 hr in the other. In the two remaining groups, oil without zinc chloride was applied under the same conditions as described above, and in all cases oral ingestion of the supplement was prevented. At the end of the 24-hr period, the animals were killed and plasma zinc was determined. An additional group of animals consuming a diet adequate in zinc was killed without any treatment to provide control values of normal plasma zinc. Rats consuming the deficient diet and without topical zinc supplementation had plasma zinc values significantly lower than all other groups after 24 hr. Animals receiving zinc supplementation for 8 hr had plasma levels similar to those of the control group fed an adequate zinc diet and significantly higher than those of rats that received no zinc application to the skin. In animals in which zinc was applied for 24 hr, plasma zinc values were significantly higher than in any other group, including normal controls. The results indicate that percutaneous transport of zinc may be of sufficient magnitude to be clinically significant and that topical application of this element may be useful in cases of dietary zinc deficiency or diseases producing a zinc deficiency state.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Absorption of 8-hydroxyquinolines through the human skin.

The skin absorption of clioquinol and chloroquinaldol in ointment or cream base was studied in fourteen patients with widespread dermatoses. A serum concentration in the range of 0.3--1.3 microgram/ml using clioquinol and 0.05--0.1 microgram/ml with chloroquinaldol was reached by the second day and persisted throughout the topical treatment. The mean serum half-life of clioquinol and of chloroquinaldol was estimated to 25 and 6 hours, respectively. Local application of zinc oxide ointment after the end of the treatment chelate-bound the skin deposits of clioquinol and lowered the serum half-life to 11 hours. The mean daily urinary excretion of the applied amount of clioquinol and chloroquinaldol was 4.5 and 6%, respectively.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1975

Toxicology of octabromobiphenyl and decabromodiphenyl oxide.

Decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO) and octabromobiphenyl (OBBP) perform well as fire-retardant additives for thermoplastics. Both compounds have low acute oral toxicity and low skin absorption toxicity. They are neither primary skin irritants or skin sensitizers and are only mildly irritating to the eyes. A 30-day dietary feeding study in rats established 8 mg DBDPO/kg-day as an unequivocal no-effect level and 80 mg/kg-day as a marginal effect level. A no-effect level was not established for OBBP in a comparative study. A 2-yr rat study providing 0.1 mg DBDPO/kg-day in the diet revealed the bromine concentration reached a plateau in the liver within 30 days, while the concentration in adipose tissue slowly increased. A comparable OBBP study revealed bromine concentration in the liver and adipose tissue increased steadily and rapidly with no attainment of a plateau during 180 days of the study. Neither compound produced an accumulation of bromine in other tissues. After administration of 14C DBDPO, all 14C activity was eliminated via the feces within 2 days. After administration of 14C OBBP, 62% was eliminated with a half-life of less than 24 hr; the half-life for the remainder was greater than 16 days. In a teratology study, 10, 100, or 1000 mg DBDPO/kg-day had no effect in rats. Reproductive capacity of rats was not effected at 3, 30, or 100 mg DBDPO/kg-day. No effects were observed on cytogenetic examination of bone marrow cells of parents and weanlings from the reproduction study.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1977

Toxicological evaluations of some brominated biphenyls.

Extensive toxicological studies were carried out to define the probable hazard of octabromobiphenyl (OBB) to workers, users, and the environment. OBB had low acute toxicity in mammals and birds by various routes of administration. It was essentially non-irritating to rabbit eyes, non-irritating to human skin and caused only mild skin irritation and no sensitization in the guinea pig. OBB caused equivocal effects in the rat fetus. OBB was stored in the body fat of rats and caused liver enlargement at high single doses or low repeated doses. The studies indicate probable low safety factors in application and use and probable bioaccumulation. Hexabromobiphenyl (HBB) was more acutely toxic than OBB by skin absorption in the rabbit and caused liver enlargement at lower single doses.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1978

Effect of repeated skin application on percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid.

Various concentrations of salicylic acid in hydrophilic ointment were applied repeatedly at daily or weekly intervals to rats in vivo. Salicylic acid absorption through treated skin was monitored by determining the penetration fluxes of salicylic acid through skin excised at various times. A gradual decrease in the salicylic acid penetration flux was observed following weekly applications of either 5 or 10% salicylic acid in hydrophilic ointment. The penetration flux of 1% salicylic acid remained constant. In the daily applications of 5 and 10% salicylic acid, the penetration flux increased after approximately 2 days of treatment and declined thereafter. The penetration flux of salicylic acid from the 1% salicylic acid increased slightly after 3--4 days of treatment.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1977

Human exposure to tetrachloroethylene: inhalation and skin contact.

There is considerable potential for worker exposure to tetrachloroethylene, both by skin contact and by inhalation, during its use in dry cleaning and degreasing operations. This paper reviews accounts of both accidental overexposures of workers and controlled exposures of human subjects by these two routes of exposure. Several reported cases of accidental overexposure to anesthetic doses of the chemical reveal that recovery was generally complete but prolonged, and accompanied by many days of measurable levels of the chemical in the patient's alveolar breath. Chronic overexposures of workmen have lessened since the general acceptance by the Western world of the recommended TLV of 100 ppm for 8 hr of daily exposure. Controlled inhalation studies with volunteer subjects at this level of exposure revealed no effects upon health but did indicate a slight decrement in performance on a coordination test. Additional behavioral and neurological tests revealed no interactive effects when alcohol or diazepam, two depressant drugs, were added singly to tetrachloroethylene exposures. Individual susceptibility to the vapor of this chemical, as evidenced by subjective complaints, was noted in approximately one of ten subjects. The authors conclude that the TLV concentration of 100 ppm in the workplace has a negligible margin of safety regarding unimpaired performance during repeated exposures which could be especially hazardous if the worker is physically active or is in a situation where skin absorption presents an added burden.

Environmental Exposure↗