[Observation of bony structure of skull. A comparative CT study of skull base using dried human skull].
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Humans↗
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[An infantile skull fracture followed by the enlarging of the fracture line ("enlarging skull fracture") (author's transl)].
We experience sometimes an infantile skull fracture which is followed by the skull fracture line and bulging of the fractured area day by day after the head injury. Since John Howship reported the case of the partial absorption of the right parietal bone, arising from a blow on the head in a child aged 9 month in 1816, this phenomenon was variously described meningocele spuria, traumatic cephalohydrocele, leptomeningeal cyst, fibrosing osteitis, cerebrocranial erosion, traumatic meningocele, die wachsende Schädelfrakture, growing skull fracture, etc. So called "growing skull fracture" has generally the triad of the symptoms which are the parietal skull fracture in infancy or childhood, traumatic dural tears, and subsequent enlargement of the fractures. And it is said that the dural tear is an indispensable condition for the developing of the "growing skull fracture". But we recently had the case of a 14 day old male infant who had neither traumatic dural tear nor subdural hematoma, but the progressive enlarging of the fracture line in the left parietal bone. The authors suggest that there should be the difference between the growing skull fracture (with the dural teat) and the enlarging skull fracture (without the dural tear).
Fractures, Ununited↗
[The effect of changes in the bones of the skull due to Mediterranean anaemia on the shape of the skull and the formation of the cranial cavity (author's transl)].
The head and skull in patients with Mediterraneen anaemia show often a marked change of the external shape due mainly to the considerable enlargement of the cranial bones. From the abnormal external appearance the suspicion may arise that the form and space of the internal cranial cavity are likewise affected and even the basic structure of the skull is altered. However, a detailed investigation of the principal angles, distances and characteristic structures of the skull made on lateral roentgenograms of these patients, a comparison of the results between cases with different intensity of the osseous changes and a confrontation with the findings in normal individuals proved that there were no major discrepancies. The essential features of the human skull were always preserved. Only in some cases with severe alterations of the cranial bones a few small deviations from the normal values could be noticed and in a little number of them signs of a slight narrowing of the cranial cavity werde to be observed. This way was probably caused by a very early, rapid and extreme enlargement of the cranial bones resulting in a kind of "premature panzer-skull."
Adolescent↗
[Stereotaxic: measurements of the skull cap and skull base in merino sheep (Ovis aries L.)].
On the 14 skulls of 6-month old merino labms, stereotaxical measurements were carried out. Not only individual variations were found, but they also dependent on sex. A small assymetry was found on the diagrams of frontal measurements of the skull cap and base. The point bregma is more variable than the lambda. The position of the cranial third of the skull base in 6 month old lambs is not yet constant and until adult age it will shift about 30 degrees to 35 degrees dorsalward and forward. Since the skull cap and base do not grow parallely, and their cranial part has not constant position, we do not recommended this age group for chronic experiments with implanted electrodes. Owing to smaller variations of the skull cap and base and nearer position of the sutura sagittalis toward the medial line, male lambs would be more suitable for short-term experiments and for the stereotactic atlas of deep brain structures.
Age Factors↗
[Value of skull identification as evidence using a superimposed video image technic with reference to individual craniometric differences in the human skull].
The possibility of using the video superimposition technique for the identification of a skull by comparing it with photographs of missing persons is based on the fact that the human skull, unlike any other part of the human skeleton, shows unmistakable individual characteristics. In order to obtain a quantification, the individuality of human skulls is defined in terms of craniometric data and their probability distribution. First calculations based on the coordinates of some important encephalometric points of 52 European skulls suggest that there are individual aspects comparable to those of fingerprints. Under certain conditions, the video superimposition technique can establish very strong evidence for the identity of an unknown skull, provided that it is applied correctly and carefully.
Cephalometry↗
Impact-induced intracranial pressure caused by an accelerated motion of the head or by skull deformation; an experimental study using physical models of the head and neck, and ones of the skull.
An impact incurred by the movable head may bring about a change in intracranial pressure and this change may play an important part in the occurrence of the cerebral contusion. We have carried out the following experiments to determine whether the intracranial pressure change was attributed to an accelerated motion of the head or to a skull deformation. In the blow experiment in which the head was accelerated, a positive peak in the intracranial pressure was recorded immediately after impact at the impact site and a negative one at a site opposite the impact. In the one in which the skull could be deformed, the intracranial pressure curves at both sites contained harmonics. The modal analysis revealed an inbending in the frontal and occipital regions of the skull and an outbending in the parietal and temporal regions immediately after impact, followed by a reverse deformation. Regarding the intracranial pressure change, positive pressures were recorded in the frontal and occipital regions immediately after impact, followed by a negative one. This study demonstrated that the positive and negative peaks were caused by the accelerated motion of the head, and that the curve of the intracranial pressure changes contained harmonics which were caused by the deformation of the skull.
Acceleration↗
Intracranial aneurysm and hemorrhage following skull caliper traction. Review of skull traction complications.
Serious complications of caliper skull traction for fracture-dislocations of the cervical spine are so rare that they are not discussed in most standard textbooks. A fusiform intracranial aneurysm which followed the placement of skull tongs is reported. Subsequent aneurysmal rupture produced an intracerbral hematoma requiring drainage. The literature recording the complications of skull caliper traction is reviewed and the indications for skull traction and the need for scrupulous surgical technique are emphasized.
Cerebral Hemorrhage↗
Studies on the parietal region of the cervid skull. II. The parietooccipital region in the skull of the fallow deer (Dama dama L.).
In contrast to the situation in roe deer (Kierdorf and Kierdorf, in press) and other cervid species, an os interparietale was missing in the fallow deer cranium. Absence of this skull element in Dama dama is regarded as an apomorphic character state. The area covered by the interparietals in Capreolus was occupied by the parietals in Dama. This condition (loss of interparietals, enlargement of parietals) is in accord with a trend seen in vertebrate evolution, that is, progressive reduction in the number of skull elements concomitant with enlargement of the remaining bones. Synostosis of the parietals in Dama started a few days post partum and was completed at about 7 to 8 months of age. In males, obliteration of the sutura parietooccipitalis commenced in adult life, whereas in females only closure of the central region of this suture was occasionally observed.
Animals↗
[The angulation of the base of the skull--a determining factor for facial skeletal development? The significance of the angulation of the base of the skull].
By means of tensor analysis this cephalometric study was undertaken to compare the growth differences of the facial skull of untreated orthodontic patients. We investigated children with small cranial base angle (BaSN = 128-132 degrees) and another group with an angle greater than 132 degrees. In this cross-sectional study we compared the development of the skull from an age of 7 to 8 years to an age of 9 to 10 years. In contrast to patients with small cranial base angle those with flatter base showed an increased vertical growth. The growth of the midface and mandible tend toward a retrognathic face. Angle Cl.-I cases showed a proportional horizontal growth pattern in all regions of the face.
Cephalometry↗
[Significance of intraosseous skull cap hematoma for reconstruction of skull injuries].
Diaphanoscopic postmortal examination of blunt impact injuries to the head sometimes revealed non-diaphanous regions deriving from intraossary haematomata. Precise delimitation of these haematomata in the diploe from haematopoietic foci or neoplastic lesions was possible by means of histological examination. The location of the intraossary skull-cap haematomata coincided with corresponding injuries of the scalp as contusions and lacerations; they were often accompanied by fissural bone lesions and linear fractures. As such a diploetic haemorrhage represents a facultative counterpart of scalp contusion, its demonstration allows conclusions to be drawn as to the area of the impact, even if, owing to postmortal changes, the scalp is no longer assessable.
Adult↗
Pediatric skull, skull base, and meningeal tumors.
Calvarial neoplastic and non-neoplastic tumors are routinely encountered by all neurosurgeons. Benign and malignant skull base and meningeal tumors are relatively rare lesions in children. Interdisciplinary approaches to those tumors more frequently encountered in the pediatric population in these locations are discussed. Unique aspects of the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for infants and children are discussed.
Child↗
[Comparison of anthropometric and radiometric skull measurements of the first two years of life. 2nd Part: Results (normal values) of kephalometric data -- results of linear metrics of the skull and planimetric results of x-ray analysis (author's transl)].
Statistical criteria allow the results of researches on head resp. skull measurements of more than 1200 infants of Erfurt to be taken as normal values, yielding slightly larger figures as up to now in use. Optimum appreciation of growth requires combination of all methods mentioned.
Cephalometry↗
[Cloverleaf skull and other malformations of the skull. Pathology and clinical aspect].
Malformations of different parts of the cartilage results in achondrogenesis II, thanatophoric dwarfism and in metatropic dwarfism. Whether the base of the skull or the cranial-distal skeleton are affected, both together or separately, depends upon the localization of the defect within the cartilage. The different types of the cloverleaf syndrome are characterised by a defect of vessels and cartilage that affect the chondrocranium and the cranial-distal skeleton in different grades. The mal-development of the vessel-system is particularly marked in the upper back of the calotte.
Abnormalities, Multiple↗
The effects of experimental unilateral anotia on skull development in the chick embryo. IV. Development of the bony skull in embryos of 9-20 days of incubation.
The study of the development of the bony skull in chick embryos with unilateral (right-sided) anotia revealed the following characteristics: 1. The perichondral bones initially follow exactly the cartilaginous structures to which they are related. Later, they may expand desmally to fill up the gaps and diminish the degree of pre-existing asymmetry. 2. The desmal bones which develop in close contact with cartilage, develop parallel to its margins and, hence, appear to be greatly dependent on the chondrocranium. 3. Among the desmal bones which arise independently from cartilage, only the bones of the cranial vault proved to be influenced by the unilaterally anotic condition.
Animals↗
[Radiological determination of skull thickness and skull thickness increase in patients with severe blood dyscrasias and hyperplasia of the red marrow (author's transl)].
A method is described for measuring the thickness of the cranial bones in x-ray pictures of the skull, which in a reliable way can only be done in the frontal and the parietal bones. From the results, representative and comparable values have been obtained consisting of the mean and maximum thickness of the bones and of the mean deviation of the thickness in the bone. By using these values, the thickness has been determined in normal persons and the increase of thickness established in different patients suffering from a number of blood disorders. A scale of increasing degrees of thickening could be set up ranging form normal conditions to extraordinary enlargement. As the thickening of the bones is due to the hyperactivity of the red marrow contained in the bones, and the increase of thickness depends on the intensity of the overgrowth of the marrow and of the time of its action on the osseous substance, from the thickness of the bones a conclusion can be drawn regarding the presence, the severity and the duration of the existing blood disorder. Since, moreover, the enlargement of the bones is irreversible, an increased thickness of the cranial bones may, in patients without alterations in the blood, point to a former blood disorder.
Adolescent↗
Studies on the parietal region of the cervid skull. I. Remarks on the os interparietale in the skull of the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.).
In the roe deer skull symmetrically arranged ossa interparietalia were found to develop from paired centers of ossification. Obliteration of the sutura interinterparietalis mostly started already late in prenatal life, whereas closure of the interparietal and the interparietoparietal sutures as a rule commenced around the second week post partum. A certain degree of variability with respect to the timing of sutural closure was observed. No synostosis occurred between the os parietale resp. os interparietale and the os supraoccipitale, so that even in old animals the sutura parieto- resp. interparietooccipitalis was always present.
Animals↗
[Roentgen diagnosis of the skull. A repetitorium. Radiographic findings. A. Facial skull (except dentology)].
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Bone Diseases↗
[Pediatric skull fractures and child abuse. A critical comment on the contribution "Experimental studies of skull fractures in the infant" by W. Weber].
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Accidental Falls↗