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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1995

Symposium: Cognitive processes and sleep disturbances: Sleep, dreams and memory: an overview.

Investigations into the role played by sleep in information processing have consistently shown that the retention of information is better when the memory storage is followed by a period of sleep than of waking. Less definitive evidence, however, is available as to whether the better performance is mainly due to (a) reduction of interference during sleep, (b) slowing down of decay, or (c) consolidation processes at work during sleep. Important insights as to whether consolidation takes place during sleep have recently been provided by the thematic continuity of dreams elaborated in the same night and by the repeated incorporation of pre-sleep stimuli into dream contents. The analysis of such aspects of dreaming indicates that the items of information which are repeatedly accessed during sleep and elaborated for insertion into the ongoing dream experience are better retained at delayed recall. Finally, it is suggested that the use of the strategies applied in studying the information processing in normals may also be extended to sleep-disturbed individuals, in order to establish how memory functioning during sleep is influenced by sleep disturbances.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1986

Normal sleep, disturbed sleep, transient and persistent insomnia.

There are three fundamental principles for understanding sleep; the sleeping brain is not a resting brain, the sleeping brain functions in a different manner from the waking brain and the activity and work of the sleeping brain are purposeful. The sleeping brain does fail and this failure is manifest in a variety of clinical symptoms; all sleep complaints should be taken seriously and investigated. Transient insomnia is uniformly associated with objective sleep disturbances which have been documented following phase shifts of the major sleep period such as that caused by transmeridian travel. However, the degree to which the individual responds to these factors is variable. There is a consensus that sleep medications are indicated for transient and short-term insomnia. Benzodiazepine hypnotics are commonly used to induce and maintain sleep, and improve daytime alertness.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗

PubMed2003

Epilepsy and sleep disturbance.

Sleep disturbance is common in epilepsy, the nature of sleep disturbances in epilepsy is diverse, and the etiologies are complex. Evidence suggests that having epilepsy and the occurrence of seizures, as well as some AEDs, are associated with significant sleep disruption. The occurrence of seizures can have profound effects on sleep architecture lasting much longer than the postictal period. Persistent daytime drowsiness in patients with epilepsy is not always due to the side effects of some AEDs and may be independently linked with sleep fragmentation. Significant sleep disruption in epilepsy has been associated with impaired quality of life and impaired seizure control. All aspects of sleep medicine are important in the management of epilepsy and are confounded by the occurrence of seizures, the location of seizures, and the beneficial and detrimental effects of AEDs. Sleep should be proactively evaluated, and sleep disturbances should be treated as part of the total care of patients with epilepsy.

Anticonvulsants↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Amphetamine withdrawal and sleep disturbance.

Sleep duration and indices of disturbed sleep, such as night-time waking and day-time sleep, were investigated in amphetamine users following hospital admission and withdrawal from the drug. Compared to controls, the amphetamine group showed an initial period of oversleeping and, towards the end of the first week, they showed a considerable degree of reduced sleep which persisted for the 20 days of this study. There was greater variability in sleep duration within the amphetamine group on almost all nights, and the variability in sleep duration from one night to the next was also greater. More night-time sleep disturbance was evident among the amphetamine ex-users. These results are discussed with respect to previous work and the pattern is seen to be more complex than had been imagined. A tentative neurochemical model is suggested and clinical implications are considered.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Effects of lifestyle, personality, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and genetic predisposition on subjective sleep disturbance and sleep pattern.

The effects on sleep pattern ('short-sleep' versus 'long-sleep') and subjective sleep disturbance of genotype, personality, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and lifestyle, were examined using survey data on a clinically unselected sample of adult Australian twin pairs, aged 17-88 years. When the effects of genotype, personality and symptoms were ignored, lifestyle variables appeared to account for roughly 4% of the variance in sleep disturbance, and 9% of the variance in sleep pattern. Significant genetic effects on sleep disturbance and sleep pattern were found, which were only partly explained by the effects of personality and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Much of the association between sleep disturbance and lifestyle appeared to be explained by separate effects of personality and symptoms of anxiety and depression on sleep and lifestyle ('genotype-risk-factor correlation'). There was little evidence for genetically determined differences in sensitivity to the lifestyle variables ('genotype x risk-factor interaction').

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Clinical aspects of sleep disturbances and sleeping drugs.

Complaints about sleep disturbances are a common every-day problem in the general practitioner's surgery. Only a few patients need a thorough expert examination in a special sleep laboratory. Thanks to EEG, which makes available a continuous record of uninterrupted sleep cycles, knowledge of the physiology of sleep now includes important information about the normal circadian rhythm of waking and sleeping, the alternation of REM and non-REM periods, and the depth of the individual sleep cycles. EEG results are also an important basis for checking the effect of sleeping drugs. Analysis of sleep disturbances is based on the formal distinction between hypersomnia, and hyposomnia and parasomnia. Etiologically, a distinction must be made between exogenic and endogenic sleep disturbances and attention given to the fact that disturbances of night sleep also affect vigilance on the following day. These considerations are also important for the use of sleeping drugs, whose half-life and biological effect allow a useful differentiation between substances giving impulses to sleep, sleep-inducing drugs, and those enabling uninterrupted sleep during night-time. Sleep disturbances combined with certain other symptoms belong to particular syndromes in which it may be necessary to use sleeping drugs, but these should only be used in combination with other drugs, in order to reduce the risk of side effects, tolerance changes, dependence and addiction with long-term treatment. When a combination of different drugs is given, interference through interaction with lipid or protein binding, and induction or enzyme breakdown in the liver should be taken into account.

Circadian Rhythm↗

PubMed2005

Psychiatric disorders associated with disturbed sleep.

Disturbed sleep is a feature of many psychiatric disorders. When clinicians are investigating insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, as well as parasomnia, they need to consider whether these complaints might be secondary to a psychiatric process. The association that is best supported by scientific evidence is between insomnia and mood disorders. Nonetheless, other psychiatric conditions including anxiety, psychosis, chemical dependency, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are closely linked with alteration in sleep quality and quantity. Treatment plans should take into account the nature of sleep symptomatology as well as the effect of medications on sleep. Ideally, management should include a combination of medications and behavioral treatment.

Antidepressive Agents↗

PubMed1990

Evidence for genetic influences on sleep disturbance and sleep pattern in twins.

The etiologic role of genotype and environment in sleep pattern (daytime napping, habitual bedtime, and sleep duration) and subjective sleep quality and sleep disturbance was examined using a general population sample of 3,810 adult Australian twin pairs, aged 17-88 years. Genetic differences accounted for at least 33% of the variance in sleep quality and sleep disturbance and 40% of the variance in sleep pattern. There was no evidence for a decline in the importance of genetic predisposition with age. Short-term environmental fluctuations accounted for as much as 30% of the variance, and more stable nonfamilial environmental effects accounted for the remainder. No effect of shared family environment on sleep characteristics was found.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

How pain and analgesics disturb sleep.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical experiences as well as specific investigations show that pain and sleep disturbances are closely correlated. The aims of this review are first to describe sleep disturbances related to painful medical diseases and analgesics and secondly to propose management possibilities for these sleep disturbances. METHOD: The viewpoints presented were based mainly on objective rest activity and sleep studies using actigraphy and polysomnography. RESULTS: Polysomnographic and actigraphic studies have described significant sleep disturbances in patients suffering from different pain disorders. These disturbances are: reduced sleep efficiency and altered sleep architecture characterized by increased wakefulness and stage 1 non-rapid eye movement sleep, associated with diminished slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep. Sleep disturbances may be related to pain and to the analgesic or sedative medications administered. CONCLUSION: If many factors, including pain, disease process per se, as well as medication, could disturb sleep, sleep disturbances may also adversely affect the natural course of the painful disease. Improving sleep quantity and quality in patients with painful disorders may break this vicious circle and as consequence enhance the patients' overall health and quality of life.

Analgesics↗

PubMed1999

Parents' reports of disturbed sleep in 5-7-year-old Swedish children.

Parents' reports on 1844 five to seven year olds from the general population were used to provide a detailed update about prevalence and correlates of sleep disturbances in children. Five different sleep disturbances were focused on: difficulty falling asleep, reported in 5.6% of the children; night waking in 15.5%; snoring in 7.7%; nightmares in 3.1%, and bedwetting in 5.3% of the children. Coexisting sleep disturbances were frequent in children with difficulties falling asleep, night waking and nightmares, but bedwetting usually emerged as a singular sleep disturbance. Nightmares were associated with serious health problems or handicaps, sleep problems in conjunction with life events, and female gender. Snoring as well as bedwetting were associated with reports of "very active" children. In 6.7% of the total sample, parents had previously consulted the healthcare services for a sleep problem in their child. These children had reports of colic during infancy, eczema, serious health problems or handicaps, current snoring and current nightmares. Only 1.1% (n = 21) of the children were said to have a present need to remedy sleep problems. The reports on these children included coexisting sleep disturbances, previous consultations for sleeping problems, parents' perceptions of "very active" children, diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and major life events which had triggered sleep problems. In conclusion, although sleep disturbances are common in 5-7-y-old children, parents seldom express a need to remedy sleep problems in their children of this age.

Child↗

PubMed2005

Effort-reward imbalance, sleep disturbances and fatigue.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the validity of the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model in relation to disturbed sleep and fatigue. METHODS: The study population derived from a subset of the WOLF (WOrk, Lipids, Fibrinogen) cohort study of cardiovascular risk in a working population who replied to the ERI-questionnaire comprising 789 men and 214 women. Cox regression analysis was used to calculate the prevalence ratio (PR) for sleep disorders and fatigue in relation to the components of ERI. RESULTS: As sleep disturbances and fatigue, based on literature, were defined to be represented by the uppermost quintile, 14% of the men and 23% of the women were affected by sleep disturbances while 14 and 26%, respectively, were affected by fatigue. Higher levels of exposure for the ERI components were associated with increased prevalence of sleep disturbances and fatigue. For men, the strongest association was seen between high overcommitment and fatigue (PR 5.77, 95% confidence interval 2.89-11.5). For women, high effort and sleep disturbances (PR 4.04, CI 1.53-10.7), high effort/reward ratio and sleep disturbances (PR 4.13, CI 1.62-10.5), and between low reward and fatigue (PR 4.36, CI 1.79-10.6) yielded the most obvious associations. CONCLUSIONS: The present study adds sleep disturbances and fatigue to the list of adverse consequences of effort-reward imbalance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Patients' perceptions of environmental factors that disturb sleep after cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Effective management of sleep disturbances after cardiac surgery requires insight into patients perceptions of which factors disturb sleep in the intensive care unit and after transfer from the intensive care unit. OBJECTIVE: To describe patients perceptions of environmental factors that disturbed sleep after cardiac surgery. SAMPLE: A convenience sample of 102 patients was surveyed in a 300-bed, acute-care teaching hospital. METHOD: Patients were interviewed several days before discharge from the hospital and rated the extent to which specific factors disturbed their sleep while in the intensive care unit and after transfer. RESULTS: The group mean for the extent of disturbance scores, averaged across all 35 environmental factors studied, was low during and after stay in the intensive care unit. However, selected items such as pain, and inability to get comfortable and perform a familiar nighttime routine, were moderately disturbing to many patients across phases of recovery. Patients varied widely in the number of factors, ranging from 0 to 33 factors, that disturbed sleep at least to some extent. Patients added factors that were not included in the original monitoring instrument. CONCLUSIONS: Patients attribute disturbed sleep to specific factors after cardiac surgery. The number of factors that disturb sleep varies among patients. Nurses can modify many of the factors that disturb sleep to promote an environment that will facilitate improved sleep, thereby enhancing the acute phase of recovery from cardiac surgery.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Sleep disturbances, work stress and work hours: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The study examined the multivariate relationship between disturbed sleep and different work-related and background/life style factors. METHODS: 5720 healthy employed men and women living in the greater Stockholm area participated. A factor analysis of eight items provided one main factor: "disturbed sleep." The data were analyzed using a multiple logistic regression analysis against the index disturbed sleep as well as the separate items "not well rested" and "difficulties awakening." RESULTS: The results showed that high work demands [odds ratio (OR) = 2.15] and physical effort at work (OR = 1.94) are risk indicators for disturbed sleep, while high social support is associated with reduced risk (OR = 0.44). In addition, higher age (45+), female gender, a high body mass index (BMI) and lack of exercise are background/life style risk indicators. Introducing into the model an item representing inability to stop thinking about work during free time yielded the highest OR (3.20) and forced work demands out of the regression. With regard to not feeling well rested, the same significant predictors, except physical effort, were obtained, as well as for having night work and being married. In addition, the age effect was reversed--high age predicted reduced risk of not feeling well rested. Difficulties awakening was predicted by high work demands, low social support, being male, low age and smoking. It is notable that, whereas subjective sleep quality decreased with age, the difficulties awakening and feelings of not being well rested after sleep increased with age. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that stress and the social situation at work are strongly linked to disturbed sleep and impaired awakening, that gender and, even more so, age may modify this and that the inability to stop worrying about work during free time may be an important link in the relation between stress and sleep.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

No evidence of sleep disturbance in post-traumatic stress disorder: a polysomnographic study in injured victims of traffic accidents.

BACKGROUND: Disturbed sleep is a common complaint among patients with PTSD. This complaint can be found in both the reexperiencing and hyperarousal symptom clusters in the DSM-IV. However, laboratory studies of sleep in PTSD have provided inconsistent evidence of objective sleep disturbances. Shortened REM latency, reduced sleep efficiency, restless sleep and increased prevalence of sleep apnea have been reported, but were not confirmed by all. A major shortcoming of most previous studies is the fact that they were done retrospectively in patients with chronic PTSD, often complicated by psychiatric comorbidity and drug abuse. Thus, little is known about the development of sleep disturbances in recently traumatized subjects. METHOD: Eight injured victims of traffic accidents with PTSD and 6 injured victims without PTSD participated in a 3-night polysomnographic study one year after the accident. RESULTS: No significant differences between PTSD and non-PTSD patients were noted on any of the PSG measures. In addition, the two groups did not differ significantly from each other with respect to awakening thresholds during REM sleep. CONCLUSION: Considering that the present sample was free of active psychiatric comorbidity at the time of trauma and free of hypnotic medications, these results strengthen previous PSG studies suggesting that altered sleep perception, rather than sleep disturbance per se, may be the key problem in PTSD. More research is needed in order to examine whether this problem is specific to sleep or generalizes to other domains as well.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed2001

Short-term prospective study of sleep disturbances in 5-8-year-old children.

UNLABELLED: The course and psychological correlates of disturbed sleep during middle childhood were investigated using parents' responses to questionnaires. Five specified sleep disturbances were explored in 614 5-8-y-old children, at baseline and at follow-up, 14 +/- 3 mo later. Difficulties falling asleep, in 6.2% of the children at baseline, persisted in 47.4% of the cases at follow-up; night-waking, in 18.6% at baseline, persisted in 45.5%; snoring, in 9.4% at baseline, persisted in 60%; nightmares, in 4.4% at baseline, persisted in 29.6%, and bedwetting, in 6% at baseline, persisted in 46%. Moreover, children with difficulties falling asleep at baseline frequently displayed bedtime resistance and shorter sleep at follow-up, while night-waking at baseline was related to co-sleeping at follow-up. Snoring at baseline was associated with a trend towards restless sleep at follow-up. Nightmares at baseline were related to several other sleep complaints as well as to behavioural difficulties during daytime at follow-up. Bedwetting at baseline was associated with tendencies towards hyperactivity at follow-up. Separate analyses of cases of persisting sleep disturbances showed that persisting difficulties falling asleep were associated with a need to remedy sleep problems, while persisting nightmares were strongly related to reports suggesting behavioural and emotional problems. CONCLUSION: During middle childhood, difficulties falling asleep, night-waking, snoring, nightmares or bedwetting commonly persist over the course of a year. Persistent nightmares frequently indicate significant psychological problems in affected children.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2000

Sleep disturbances and their correlates in elderly Japanese American men residing in Hawaii.

BACKGROUND: Elderly people frequently report the presence of chronically disturbed sleep. However, most data are derived from predominantly Caucasian populations. The current study is an investigation of the prevalence and correlates of sleep disturbances in a cohort of elderly Japanese American men residing in Hawaii. The importance of this population lies in its representation of an ethnic group living in a culture different from their ancestry. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional cohort analysis of data pertaining to sleep disturbances and their potential correlates from 3,845 elderly Japanese American men residing in Hawaii (mean age. 78 years; range, 71-93 years) who participated in the fourth survey of the Honolulu Heart Program (1991-1994), which is the baseline exam for the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Information collected included an extensive survey of medication use, medical history, and assessments of physical and mental function, quality of life, and sleep. RESULTS: The prevalence of insomnia (DIMS) was 32.6%, a rate similar to that reported in predominantly Caucasian populations. Depression, benzodiazepine use, and several chronic health problems were the most important factors associated with DIMS. In contrast, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) had a prevalence of 8.9%, a rate lower than that found in elderly Caucasian populations but close to that reported among native Japanese. Important factors related to EDS were symptoms of nocturnal respiratory disturbance, depression, perception of adverse quality of life, Parkinson's disease, and digitalis use. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly Japanese men are less likely than elderly Caucasian men to report excessive daytime sleepiness. However, their insomnia rates are similar.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Disturbed sleep: effects of sociocultural factors and illness.

To assess the prevalence of sleep disturbance and associated risk factors, sleep patterns were analysed in 14,372 English and Scottish children. Approximately 4% of children aged 5 experienced disturbed sleep more than once a week, but this decreased to 1% from age 9. Less than 25% of the parents with an affected child consulted a doctor. Sleep disturbance was associated with persistent wheezing compared to non-wheezing children (odds ratio 4.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.17 to 6.13), and more frequent in children of Indian subcontinent descent than in white children (odds ratio 2.20; 95% CI 1.34 to 3.60), and in children whose mother reached no more than primary education compared with those with higher education (odds ratio 2.41; 95% CI 1.51 to 3.84). Sociocultural factors associated with ethnicity and respiratory illness are important risk factors for sleeping disorders in childhood.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2002

Disturbed sleep predicts hypnotic self-administration.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluative whether polysomnographically determined sleep variables in a large group of subjects reflecting a wide range of sleep disturbance would be predictive of the self-administration of capsules before sleep. METHODS: Sixty-four healthy men and women with and without insomnia (aged 21-55 years) were given an opportunity to self-administer placebo or triazolam (0.25 mg) capsules (single-choice method - available capsule or no capsule) before sleep in three separate studies. All qualified using the identical criteria based on a standard nocturnal polysomnogram. Screening sleep measures then were used to predict subsequent placebo and triazolam self-administration. RESULTS: The percent of placebo and triazolam choices did not differ between or within the three studies. Persons with persistent psychophysiologic insomnia self-administered more capsules than persons with sleep state misperception or normals, with the subject groups not differing in placebo vs. active drug preference. Screening polysomnographic measures predicted percent of capsule choices. The single best predictor was the ratio of minutes of stage 3-4 sleep to minutes of wake plus stage 1 sleep with R=0.44. The addition of % stage 3-4 sleep, wake before sleep and total sleep time increased R to 0.49. On morning mood ratings less ability to concentrate and greater fatigue (Profile of Mood States) predicted percent of capsule choices with R=0.36. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that the extent of sleep disturbance predicts the likelihood of self-administering a capsule before sleep regardless of whether it is placebo or active drug.

Journal Article↗