PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Smallpox Vaccine”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Eosinophilic-lymphocytic myocarditis after smallpox vaccination.

Smallpox is an eradicated viral disease that has re-emerged as a potential bioterrorism threat. Smallpox vaccination was historically the most effective defence measure against wild smallpox virus. The risk of myopericarditis after vaccination might limit this option. We report a case of biopsy-proven eosinophilic-lymphocytic myocarditis diagnosed in vivo with histological evidence for eosinophil-mediated cardiac myocyte necrosis shortly after smallpox vaccination. Furthermore, we report a beneficial haemodynamic response to high-dose corticosteroids. A better understanding of the aberrant immune mechanism of myocyte injury after smallpox vaccination might improve the risk/benefit assessment for people considering smallpox vaccination and better smallpox vaccines in the future.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The history of the smallpox vaccine.

Smallpox was a highly virulent, contagious disease. Initial attempts to control the disease by variolation were controversial and dangerous. Variolation was the subject of some of the earliest published clinical trials. Vaccination was discovered by Edward Jenner in 1796. From initial skepticism by the medical community the uptake became so widespread that smallpox vaccination was made compulsory in England and Wales in 1853. Eventually, this led to the eradication of smallpox in 1980. Parallels can be drawn with modern vaccination and the smallpox vaccine especially with the current intense media scrutiny of modern vaccinations.

History, 18th Century↗
PubMed2006

Quantification of antibody responses against multiple antigens of the two infectious forms of Vaccinia virus provides a benchmark for smallpox vaccination.

Smallpox was eradicated without an adequate understanding of how vaccination induced protection. In response to possible bioterrorism with smallpox, the UK government vaccinated approximately 300 health care workers with vaccinia virus (VACV) strain Lister. Antibody responses were analyzed using ELISA for multiple surface antigens of the extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) and the intracellular mature virus (IMV), plaque reduction neutralization and a fluorescence-based flow cytometric neutralization assay. Antibody depletion experiments showed that the EEV surface protein B5 is the only target responsible for EEV neutralization in vaccinated humans, whereas multiple IMV surface proteins, including A27 and H3, are targets for IMV-neutralizing antibodies. These data suggest that it would be unwise to exclude the B5 protein from a future smallpox vaccine. Repeated vaccination provided significantly higher B5-specific and thus EEV-neutralizing antibody responses. These data provide a benchmark against which new, safer smallpox vaccines and residual immunity can be compared.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2004

[Update on smallpox vaccines].

Smallpox is among the most dangerous pathogens that could be used by bioterrorists. The former vaccines produced by scarification on the flanks of calves or sheep could be used to protect the whole French population when used with bifurcated needles. They should be replaced by a second-generation vaccine grown in cell culture and, eventually later by new and safer third-generation vaccines using non-replicative viral strains.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Smallpox, vaccination and adverse reactions to smallpox vaccine.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Public fear of the reintroduction of smallpox as a biological weapon or agent of bioterrorism has led to a renaissance of interest in smallpox, and a military and public health vaccination programme in the USA. Clinical experience from the last century together with novel immunobiological findings is the basis for current knowledge on smallpox as a disease. Pre-existing knowledge on smallpox vaccination, plus recent vaccination campaign-derived data, is the basis of current risk-benefit assessments. This article summarizes, from a dermatologist's point of view, current aspects of smallpox, smallpox vaccination and adverse reactions to vaccinia, the live virus smallpox vaccine. RECENT FINDINGS: The smallpox vaccination campaign in the USA has involved over 600,000 vaccinees, and has largely confirmed incidence data on complications. An increased rate of myopericarditis is the new finding in the current vaccination campaign. Immunodeficiencies, manifest atopic dermatitis lesions and a history of atopic dermatitis remain contraindications to vaccination. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are a key regulator of the human antiviral immune response and are recruited to inflamed skin in many skin diseases, but are depleted in atopic dermatitis lesions. The lack of plasmacytoid dendritic cell recruitment, together with the missing upregulation of antiviral peptides such as cathelicidin LL37 in atopic dermatitis lesions, is considered relevant for an atopic dermatitis patient's susceptibility to eczema vaccinatum. SUMMARY: Recent experience from the US smallpox vaccination campaign has largely confirmed what was known in the 1960s. Current immunobiological research will enhance our understanding of the interaction between poxviruses and the skin's immune system.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2003

Women with smallpox vaccine exposure during pregnancy reported to the National Smallpox Vaccine in Pregnancy Registry--United States, 2003.

In the absence of circulating smallpox, pregnant women should not be exposed to live vaccinia virus contained in the smallpox vaccine. The smallpox vaccine should not be administered to women who are pregnant or might become pregnant within 4 weeks after vaccination because of the risk for fetal vaccinia, a rare but serious infection of the fetus. In addition, persons who have close contact (e.g., household contact or sexual contact) with pregnant women are advised to forego vaccination. To prevent inadvertent exposure of pregnant women to vaccinia virus, screening for pregnancy is a component of pre-event smallpox vaccination programs. To monitor outcomes of pregnancy in women exposed to smallpox vaccines, CDC, in collaboration with the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), has established the National Smallpox Vaccine in Pregnancy Registry. This report summarizes data from the registry about these exposures. CDC and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations to screen for pregnancy as a contraindication to smallpox vaccination appear to be effective at preventing inadvertent exposures.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Safety profile of smallpox vaccine: insights from the laboratory worker smallpox vaccination program.

BACKGROUND: The frequency of mild-to-moderate adverse events following smallpox vaccination was not well documented or reported during the pre-eradication era. This report describes the frequency of such symptoms among 936 adult smallpox vaccinees with and without a history of prior smallpox vaccination. METHODS: Diary cards were distributed to 1006 laboratory workers and members of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) smallpox response team who received smallpox vaccination under an investigational new drug protocol during 2001-2002. Vaccinees were requested to complete the diary card daily and return it to the CDC 28 days after vaccination. The proportion of vaccinees reporting symptoms was determined and compared among subgroups. RESULTS: Ninety-three percent of the diary cards were returned. The most common symptom reported was "itching at vaccination site." Primary vaccines reported statistically higher proportions of the following 11 symptoms: joint pain (25% vs. 11%; P=.0011), muscle pain (46% vs. 19%; P<.0001), fatigue (43% vs. 29%; P=.0161), swelling at vaccination site (58% vs. 33%; P<.0001), itching on the body (31% vs. 17%; P=.0048), abdominal pain (11% vs. 2%; P=.0012), swollen or tender lymph nodes (71% vs. 33%; P<.0001), pain at injection site (48% vs. 30%; P=.0018), headache (40% vs. 25%; P=.0088), backache (17% vs. 7%; P=.0090), and fever (temperature, >or=100 degrees F [37.7 degrees C]; 20% vs. 9%; P=.0047). CONCLUSIONS: This analysis suggests that previously unvaccinated persons aged <30 years experienced more symptoms than did previously vaccinated persons. The findings of increased proportions with joint pain, abdominal pain, backache, and difficulty breathing were unexpected. As with recently described cardiac adverse events, these symptoms are suggestive of systemic involvement and warrant further study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Localization of specific antigen in the organs of newborn animals vaccinated with liver smallpox vaccine].

Of 20 suckling rabbits, 4-5-days old, inoculated with live smallpox vaccine intradermally 6 displayed symptoms of generalized pox virus and neuroparalysis complications. Intensive accumulation of specific antigen in the brain, lungs, spleen, and the lymph glands was revealed by immunofluorescent method. The smallpox vaccine virus was isolated from these organs. Prolonged persistance of the attenuated smallpox virus was observed in the brain, spinal cord, lungs, spleen, and the lymph glands of 14 suckling rabbits showing no signs of any disease; specific antigen was revealed by immunofluorescent test. Vascular disturbances and slight cell changes were observed in the brain tissue of the inoculated animals. These changes were more severe in the sick animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Smallpox Vaccine Adverse Events Monitoring and Response System for the first stage of the smallpox vaccination program.

Smallpox vaccination of civilian volunteer health-care workers began on January 24, 2003. As of February 4, a total of 37 states and counties have received shipments of smallpox vaccine, and 18 states and counties have begun smallpox vaccination; no serious adverse events have been reported. To monitor the occurrence of adverse events associated with vaccination, both those expected on the basis of previous experience and possible new unexpected adverse events, CDC and state health departments have established the Smallpox Vaccine Adverse Events Monitoring and Response System. The system also will be used to monitor the effectiveness of contraindication screening, identify new contraindications, and coordinate the distribution of vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) and cidofovir to the civilian population. This notice describes the components of the system, delineates roles and responsibilities, and explains how data from the system will be compiled and communicated.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗