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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Health locus of control and health value in the prediction of smoking reduction.

Thirty-five participants in a smoking cessation program met weekly for seven weeks in small groups and then were assigned to one of four follow-up procedures for an additional eight weeks. Information on smoking levels was obtained at the beginning of the program, at the end of the seven-week treatment period, at the end of the two-moth follow-up period, and during an additional five-month extended follow-up period. As hypothesized from social learning theory, individuals who held internally-oriented health locus of control beliefs and who valued health highly were most successful in achieving and maintaining changes in their smoking behavior. Thes results are discussed in terms of their implications for the problem of maintenance of behavior changes achieved by smoking cessation programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Estimation of the impact of cigarette smoking reduction on mortality from tumors of the lung and larynx].

In 1987, in Italy, 27,106 men and 4,159 women died from lung cancer or larynx cancer. Taking into consideration the smoking habits of the Italian population and the relative risks for pulmonary cancer, of smokers and ex-smokers versus nerve smokers, we estimate that 87% of deaths can be attributed to smoking. We know from previous studies that quitting smoking results in the reduction of the risk elapsed since quitting and that this reduction depends on the time and on the quantity of tobacco previously smoked before the cessation. We estimated the reduction in the number of deaths due to respiratory cancer if part of the population were to quit smoking. In males aged 35-74 years after 12 years, there would be 3,604 fewer deaths if 10% quit smoking and 11,915 fewer deaths if 100% quit smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Smoking reduction during pregnancy by a program of self-help and clinical support.

This study investigated the impact of a low-cost, pregnancy-specific self-help smoking-cessation program on patient smoking behavior both pre- and postpartum. The population consisted of 274 English-speaking women enrolled in a large health maintenance organization who reported smoking at the time of the baseline survey or had quit within the previous 3 months. A control group receiving standard obstetric care was compared with two experimental groups, one receiving the self-help materials and standard care and the other receiving the materials plus brief regular clinician interactions and counseling about smoking. Smoking data were obtained from two additional self-reported surveys conducted at 6 months' gestation and approximately 8 weeks postpartum. Self-reported smoking behavior was verified using a urine cotinine test, which revealed no significant differences between the groups. Among baseline smokers, although neither intervention yielded significantly higher 6-month nonsmoking rates compared with controls, both interventions significantly increased the proportion of women who were not smoking postpartum. Among those who had quit smoking at baseline, only the more intensive intervention significantly increased maintenance of non-smoking postpartum. Brief counseling, a simple charting system, and improved access to educational materials allowed the program to be integrated easily into routine prenatal care at a cost of $50-111 per patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Reduction of smoking hazards by Denicotea filter-cartridges (author's transl)].

In the present study the efficiency of Denicotea filter-cartridges is determined as indicated by change of heart rate, skin temperature, urinary nicotine-content and subjective symptoms. Compared with standard smoking effects the use of Denicotea filters produces smaller increases in heart rate and significant reductions of urinary nicotine-content. The majority of the probands no longer experienced side effects. Thus, the elimination of nicotine from smoke by Denicotea filters is effectively demonstrated. Because only a minority of smokers is actually willing to discontinue their habit, despite medical advice, the introduction of Denicotea filters presents itself as a useful alternative.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Smoking cessation in women: effects of the menstrual cycle.

Ten females in the midcycle phase of the menstrual cycle, 10 females in the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle, and 10 males agreed to try and stop smoking for two consecutive days. The Smoking Motivation Questionnaire and Profile of Mood States Questionnaire (POMS) were completed by all subjects beforehand. On each "no smoking" day, the POMS and a Smoking Withdrawal Questionnaire were completed. Males and midcycle females achieved significantly greater smoking reduction than premenstrual females during the "no smoking" days. Premenstrual females reported becoming significantly more tired, confused, depressed, anxious, and irritable than midcycle females. Midcycle females reported only slight changes in feeling state during cigarette withdrawal. The position of the males was broadly intermediate between the two female groups.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Attributable risks for oesophageal cancer in northern Italy.

The population attributable risk for oesophageal cancer in relation to cigarette smoking, elevated alcohol use and low beta-carotene intake has been estimated with 300 cases and 1203 controls in Greater Milan. In males 71% of oesophageal cancers were attributable to smoking, 45% to elevated alcohol use and 40% to low beta-carotene consumption. The corresponding figures were 32%, 10% and 29% in females and 61%, 39% and 38% in total. The overall estimate, including the joint effect of the three factors, was 90% in males, 58% in females and 83% in total. The discrepancies between the sums are due to the assumption of a multiplicative model and to the great percentage of oesophageal cancers attributable to each single factor. Cigarette smoking is the major known cause of oesophageal cancer and the three factors account for practically all the difference between male and female mortality rates. Elimination of smoking, reduction of alcohol consumption and enrichment of diet with fruit and vegetables would make oesophageal cancer a rare disease in Italians of both sexes.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Locus of control and health: a review of the literature.

Locus of control, an individual difference construct from social learning theory, has shown some promise in predicting and explaining specific health-related behaviors. Research is reviewed on the utility of the locus of control construct in understanding smoking reduction, birth control utilization, weight loss, information-seeking, adherence to medication regimens, and other health or sick-role behaviors. Implications for health educators are presented.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1977

Satiation and sensory deprivation combined in smoking therapy: some case studies and unexpected side-effects.

Two promising techniques for smoking reduction, sensory deprivation and stimulus satiation, were applied in combination to five smokers. All were successful initially in achieving abstinence and four ultimately in maintaning abstinence. The issue of possible side-effects is worth considering. Quitting per se and both satiation and sensory deprivation may be stressful and as a result may potentially produce negative side effects. The observation of positive side-effects in these cases balances this possibility to some extent.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cardiac rehabilitation program participation and outcomes after myocardial infarction.

Rehabilitation programs for myocardial infarction (MI) survivors are designed to alter survivors' self-care patterns and to improve long-term physical and psychological outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between participation in cardiac rehabilitation and health state; days of reduced activity; anxiety; depression; self-esteem; quality of life; and performance of exercise, diet, medication, stress-modification, and smoking-reduction self-care behaviors after MI. Interviews were conducted with 197 women and men 1 to 2 years after their initial MI to measure health state, mood, self-esteem, quality of life, and relevant self-care behaviors. Rehabilitation center records were reviewed to determine participation in rehabilitation programs. Rehabilitation participation was significantly associated with health state; days of reduced activity; self-esteem; quality of life; and performance of exercise, diet, and medication self-care. These findings suggest that participation in cardiac rehabilitation is a worthwhile intervention that facilitates recovery from myocardial infarction.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Epidemiological approaches to primary and secondary prevention of cancer.

Primary prevention of cancer requires control of both involuntary and voluntary exposures. Involuntary exposures include carcinogens in air and water, and various forms of radiation. Often these exposures are difficult to characterise individually and difficult to study epidemiologically. Although it is unlikely that they account for more than a small proportion of cancers, it is important that we refine our techniques of study to facilitate their control. Voluntary (lifestyle) exposures are responsible for the majority of cancers. In many developed countries, tobacco accounts for approximately 30% of cancer deaths, and major public health endeavours are justified to reduce this toll. Dietary factors may be as important, with dietary fat the most important risk factor, vegetables and fruits being protective. In several studies, including a cohort study in Canada, dietary fat increases breast cancer risk, though other studies have been negative. The evidence for fat increasing the risk of colorectal is more consistent. Epidemiology has shown that secondary prevention of cancer is applicable by screening for breast cancer with mammography with or without physical examination in women age 50-69, and screening for cervix cancer in women age 25-60 with cervical cytology. Organised screening programmes are essential to ensure that a high proportion of women are screened, and that the tests are high quality with adequate quality control. Under these circumstances screening every 2 years for breast cancer and every 3 years for cervix cancer is cost-effective. Screening for other cancers cannot be recommended currently. There is a time to effect that must be recognised in planning primary or secondary prevention. Full effect of most primary activities will not be achieved for decades, screening may require a decade. Available knowledge must be applied now, however, to ensure the effect will eventually be seen, as is now occurring in some countries with the downturn in lung cancer mortality following smoking reduction in men.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Ventricular premature contractions: a randomized non-drug intervention trial in normal men.

The influence of a 6-week intervention on factors thought to be related to ectopic cardiac rhythms was tested in normal men with frequent ventricular premature contractions (VPCs), using a randomized, controlled and partial crossover design. The VPC intervention trial experimental regimen included total abstinence from caffeine and smoking, reduction of alcohol intake, and a physical conditioning program. Effects were studied in detail among 81 healthy men with persistent VPCs. VPCs were measured during standard states of rest, dynamic and isometric exercise and other stresses, and 24-hour ambulatory monitoring. Adherence to the treatment was excellent. The experimental group achieved more than 80% of activities asked of them, and little "contamination" occurred in the control group. VPCs were analyzed according to VPC/min, VPC/man and VPC/total number of heart beats. Moderate changes in VPC rates occurred in both experimental and control groups but no significant group differences were found at rest or during any induction test. This 6-week, multiple-factor "hygienic" intervention program had no significant influence on the frequency or occurrence of VPCs in apparently normal men with persistent and frequent VPCs. Because the mechanisms and the significance of VPCs are different in patients with ischemic heart disease, our approach and methods may be useful for similar trials among cardiac patients of adjunct or non-drug therapy for ectopic rhythms.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A 50-year projection of lung cancer deaths among Japanese males and potential impact evaluation of anti-smoking measures and screening using a computerized simulation model.

The lung cancer death rate among Japanese males was projected for 50 years to the year 2041 by a computerized simulation model. Long-term effects of anti-smoking measures and mass screening on lung cancer deaths were also evaluated. The simulation showed that the age-adjusted lung cancer death rate would increase and reach a peak of 166 per 100,000 in 1989 and then decrease to 148 per 100,000 in 2003. It then shows an increasing tendency again, up to 255 per 100,000 in 2028. The smoking initiation rates estimated from the observed lung cancer death rates showed that the changes in death rates may be attributed to a lower smoking initiation rate among those born in the 1930's. Promotion of mass screening programs is effective more quickly than anti-smoking measures but the reduction in annual cancer deaths is expected to be only 11%, even if 100% participation is achieved by the year 2000. A reduction in smoking initiation rate, on the other hand, affects lung cancer deaths very slowly. It was predicted that a 1% annual reduction in smoking initiation rate would result in a 20% decrease in the number of lung cancer deaths in 2041. A smoking cessation program is intermediate with regard to promptness. The predicted reductions in lung cancer deaths in 2041 were 13%, 47%, and 66%, respectively, when the annual smoking cessation rate was increased from 0.46% (present status) to 1%, 3%, and 5%. In conclusion, the combined application of all three preventive measures seems essential to realize the most effective reduction in lung cancer deaths.

Age Factors↗