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17 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Exercise Snacks Are Feasible to Perform in the Real World and Improve Physical Capacity for Adults Living With Non-Insulin Treated Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Trial.

AIMS: To investigate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a 12-week remotely-delivered exercise snacks (ES) intervention in adults with type 2 diabetes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Insufficiently active adults with type 2 diabetes (N&#x2009;=&#x2009;69; 46 females; mean age&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;SD: 58&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;11&#x2009;years) were randomised to an ES or mobility/stretching comparator group (CON), which involved 4&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;1-min bouts of either vigorous or low intensity exercise, respectively, on &#x2265;&#x2009;5&#x2009;days/week. The primary outcome was feasibility based on adherence. Secondary outcomes included exercise enjoyment (1-7 scale), rating of perceived exertion (RPE; 0-10 scale), heart rate (HR), haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood biomarkers of cardiometabolic health, 30-s sit-to-stand capacity, grip strength, estimated maximal oxygen uptake, and anthropometrics. RESULTS: Weekly adherence (estimated marginal mean [95% confidence interval]: 18 bouts [16-21] for both groups; p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.99) and total enjoyment (ES: 4.5 [4.1-4.8] vs. CON: 4.3 [4.0-4.7]; p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.64) were high and not different between groups. Despite higher RPE (5.7 [5.4-6.1]) and peak HR (73 [70-77] % of age-predicted HR maximum) in ES versus CON (2.0 [1.7-2.4] and 61 [58-64] % of age-predicted HR maximum, respectively) (all p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001), there were no between-group differences in the change in any secondary outcome (all p&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.05) except for greater sit-to-stand capacity in ES after training (between-group effect estimate [95% confidence interval]: 1.9 repetitions [0.3-3.4]; p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Exercise snacks were feasible to perform in the real world and improved sit-to-stand capacity to a greater extent than CON in adults living with type 2 diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06407245.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Snack food consumption of 12 year old inner-city children and its relationship to oral health.

The relations between reported frequency of consumption of 18 common snack foods, SES variables, and oral health scores were studied in 92 12-year-old children from three inner-city schools in Rochester, New York. The group was composed of 44 males and 48 females who were either black or had a Spanish surname. The study documented only a few significant relations between consumption of snack foods and DMF scores or overall oral health. Reported cake consumption correlated positively with total debris and gingivitis, and consumption of chewy candy and ice cream was positively related to DMF scores. Black females exhibited the greatest number of decayed and DMF teeth, and both male and female black children had significantly greater amounts of total debris, gingivitis and decayed teeth.

Black People↗
PubMed1979

[Children's eating habits at breakfast and snacks between meals (author's transl)].

Detailed inquiries into the eating habits of 86 children attending schools and kindergartens was carried out and a nut-nougat cream spread was evaluated in a 14-day investigation. The selection of food for the snacks requires some correction according to these results e. g. for salt biscuits, sweets, soft drinks. 22% of the parents still compel their children to eat everything up, more than 1/3 leave the purchase of snacks to the children. The nut-nougat cream enjoys enormous popularity as a spread for bread so that even large food undertakings cannot face this development with equanimity. From the nutritional physiology aspect this product is only to be considered positively if spreading of any fat under it can be avoided -- a question of explanation and education, because only then will a superfluity of calories be prevented.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Effects of exercise snacking on neuromuscular performance in insufficiently active adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of exercise snacking (ES) on neuromuscular performance in insufficiently active adults. METHODS: Six databases were searched from inception to July 17, 2026. Randomized controlled trials and non-randomized studies of interventions involving insufficiently active adults undertaking ES interventions were included. Outcomes were functional performance, muscular strength, and muscular power. A three-level random-effects meta-analysis was performed. Risk of bias was assessed with RoB 2 or ROBINS-I, and certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE. RESULTS: Nine studies (13 reports) involving 313 participants were included. In the primary three-level model, ES showed a small positive overall effect on neuromuscular performance (g = 0.37, 95% CI 0.16-0.58, p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.001), which remained supported under trial-clustered robust inference with small-sample adjustment. Domain-specific estimates for muscular power/velocity, functional performance, and muscular strength were positive but imprecise and were not statistically supported after small-sample robust adjustment. Robust moderator tests provided no evidence of between-subgroup differences, and the certainty of evidence was low for all outcomes. CONCLUSION: Current low-certainty evidence suggests that ES may produce a small improvement in overall neuromuscular performance. However, domain-specific effects remain uncertain because of the limited number of independent trials, and the overall prediction interval crossed zero, indicating uncertainty across future populations and settings. Larger, preregistered randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enamel demineralization by snack foods.

The amount of enamel destroyed by salivary fermentation of snack foods and confections was not dependent on their sugar content; starch, flavoring agents, and other components also played a part. Most enamel destruction was produced by fruit-flavored candies in which the inherent acid or high sugar concentration or both inhibited bacterial fermentation.

Acids↗
PubMed1977

Snack food intake of adolescents and caries development.

The relationship between the frequency of eating various snack foods, socioeconomic variables, and an increment in caries was studied in 143 adolescents. There were negative correlations between DMFT increments and the frequency of apples, fruit juice, and sugarless gum intake, and a positive association of DMFT increments with chocolate candy intake and spending money.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The cariogenicity of snack foods and confections.

A survey of the relationship between caries prevalence and the consumption of sugar and other foods by man has been interpreted to show that snack foods share importance with sucrose in caries causation. Support for this conclusion is found in animal experiments and some in vitro and in vivo tests.

Acids↗
PubMed1977

[Cariogenic properties of various snacks in animal experiments].

In a conventional animal experiment with rats, the cariogenic properties of different snacks were studied and compared. Bananas caused the highest caries incidence, apples the lowest. In between ranged the caries values of two other tested sweets, wafers and gum drops. The differences in caries incidence were due to specific chemo-physical properties (stickiness, fat content). In addition to the evaluation of caries incidence, microbiological plaque examinations and sugar analyses of the tested substances were carried out.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1977

Oral feeding in the nutritional management of the cancer patient.

Nutritional therapy of the cancer patient by the oral route includes management of factors that may cause anorexia, attempts to modify the patient's eating behavior, and the offering of nutritional supplements to the patient. Anoretic factors for which specific strategies may be employed include taste abnormalities, pain, nausea, and depression. Modification of the patient's eating behavior involves patient education, monitoring, and feedback. Education includes nutritional instruction and instruction in favorable patterns for mealtime eating and stimulation of snack eating. Snack eating includes the use of nutritional supplements, and patient acceptance of commercially available supplements was studied. When synthetic chemically defined nutritional products were compared with milk-based product, patients preferred the milk-based product. Intercomparisons between milk-based products showed slight differences in preference ranking among these products and also differences between patients and controls in their relative order of ranking. Preference testing may be useful in assisting the health care team in selecting the optimal nutritional supplement to offer each patient.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1979

The short metyrapone test: comparison of the plasma ACTH response to metyrapone and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.

Plasma ACTH levels in response to metyrapone and insulin hypoglycaemia were compared in subjects with normal pituitary-adrenal function. After a single dose of 2 g of metyrapone given with a snack at midnight, the ACTH level was 468 ng/l +/- 66 )SEM) at 07.30 h the next morning (mean increment approximately nine fold over normal morning values). After insulin-hypoglycaemia the peak ACTH level was 369 ng/l +/- 31 (SEM). Peak ACTH levels greater than 200 ng/l were achieved in twenty of twenty-one (95%) subjects after metyrapone and twenty of twenty-four (83%) after insulin. No major side effects were noted after metyrapone. It is concluded that the short single-dose metyrapone test produces at least as strong and consistent a stimulus to ACTH release as the standard insulin-hypoglycaemia test in normal subjects. A direct assay of ACTH avoids misinterpretations which are inherent in a judgement based on compound S increase only. The short test has significant practical advantages over the classical metyrapone test, and provides a convenient and sensitive method of assessing the negative feedback ACTH control mechanism. It may be particularly useful in detecting minor degrees of pituitary suppression. The value of this test in clinical practice for the investigation of patients with hypothalamic-pituitary diseases in comparison to the classical tests of ACTH stimulation has yet to be demonstrated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Patterns of sugar consumption in early infancy.

A study is described in which patterns of sugar consumption in early infancy have been investigated in a rural area in Britain. A representative group of 94 mothers of first babies aged 8-11 months answered questions on the introduction of various foods and drinks containing sugar to their babies' diet. A diet sheet was completed in order to estimate the frequency of sugar consumption on the previous day for both the mother and her child. The findings show that babies received sweet items on an average of 4.3 separate occasions and that 77% of the meals and snacks given to babies contained sugar. The study describes some of the specific ways which sugar is first introduced and concludes that the frequency of sugar consumption is high, even in the 1st year of life.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed1979

Some dietary and food selection changes or jejunoileal bypass patients.

Twenty-seven persons who had undergone jejunoileal bypass surgery eight months or more previously returned a questionnaire which sought information about: (a) Demographic characteristics and weight loss; (b) pre- and postoperative eating behavior and food selection; (c) dietary instruction; (d) postoperative complications; and (e) postoperative attitudes. Twenty other patients were seen in a surgery clinic and interviewed informally to aid in the evaluation of data. Neither demographic characteristics nor weight loss correlated with other variables, including food selection, behavior, attitudes, or complications. Postoperative complications did relate to the consumption of green vegetables and "snacking." Postoperative changes noted were diminished appetite and less use of alcoholic beverages. Changes in post-operative eating behavior were positively correlated with changes in patients' attitudes of self-confidence and self-esteem. Neither a dietitian nor a nutritionist had been available on a structured consultation basis. During the interviews, subjects did express a desire for dietary discussions with trained professionals. In spite of distress and complications, most subjects were satisfied with the operation and perceived an improvement in their lives.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Ecological momentary assessment studies on food craving among healthy adults: A systematic review.

Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) can capture the dynamic nature of food craving in free-living conditions, addressing limitations of laboratory and retrospective reporting methods. This systematic review synthesized findings from EMA studies to characterize 1) methodological features, 2) the temporal dynamics of food craving, and 3) the relationship between craving and eating behaviors. A systematic search of PubMed and PsycINFO databases was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The review included 23 studies that utilized EMA designs to assess food craving repeatedly in daily life among healthy adults. Most studies employed EMA protocols that prompted participants to respond at pre-specified time points and utilized single-item craving measures. Most craving measures (71%) lacked specificity regarding the type of food craved. Results revealed a consistent positive within-person association between hunger and food craving. Conversely, associations between stress/negative affect and craving were inconsistent, varying by individual traits and context. Momentary food craving appeared to predict subsequent eating outcomes. Evidence suggested food craving may be a dynamic, transient state that co-fluctuates with hunger, functioning as a proximal antecedent to food intake. However, reliance on non-specific food craving measures and EMA protocols prompting at fixed schedules limits the granular understanding of craving mechanisms. Future research requires refining food craving measurement and incorporating randomized prompting within predefined windows, or participant-initiated sampling triggered by specific events (e.g., eating occasion), to better characterize food craving dynamics in relation to eating behaviors.

Humans↗