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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1983

Is the distant relationship of fathers and homosexual sons related to the sons' erotic preference for male partners, or to the sons' atypical gender identity, or to both?

Study 1 compared the retrospectively reported father-son relationships of four groups of adult males: (a) Gynephiles (males who erotically prefer physically mature females), (b) androphiles (who prefer physically mature males), (c) a combined group of heterosexual pedophiles and pedohebephiles (the latter being attracted to pubescent as well as prepubescent females), and (d) a combined group of homosexual pedophiles and pedohebephiles (the latter attracted to pubescent as well as prepubescent males). The gynephiles were paid volunteers; the latter three groups were patients. The androphiles, the only group among those compared known to exhibit a measurably greater degree of cross gender identity in childhood, were also the only group to report significantly poorer father-son relations. The homosexual pedo/pedohebephiles, who also prefer male partners but who exhibit typical male gender identity in childhood, did not differ in father-son relations from the gynephiles or the heterosexual pedo/pedohebephiles. Study 2 showed that, within a sample of nonpatient volunteer androphiles, those individuals who reported the greatest degree of cross gender behavior in childhood also tended to report the worst relationships with their fathers. This correlation was replicated within a sample of androphilic patients in Study 3. The consistent pattern of results obtained from these three studies suggests that the emotionally distant relationships of fathers and androphilic sons relate to the sons' atypical childhood gender identity (or observable gender role behavior) rather than to the sons' erotic preference for male partners per se.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Serum lipids in fathers and sons at middle age: the study of sons to men born in 1913.

OBJECTIVE: To relate lipid levels in middle-aged men to that of their fathers at 50 years of age measured 30 years earlier. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: In 1963, 855 men born in 1913 took part in a cardiovascular risk factor survey when they were at 50 years of age. In 1993, 475 sons to these men, aged 44-56, were invited to another examination; 263 of these men were examined (response rate: 56%) and compared with their 217 fathers when they were examined at 50 years of age in 1963. In the 1993 survey, 798 men aged 50, were also examined, from a general population sample of men born in 1943 (response rate: 55%). SETTING: City of Göteborg, Sweden. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum lipids in sons as a function of lipids in their fathers. RESULTS: Compared with the men born in 1913, both sons and men born in 1943 had lower mean serum cholesterol, but higher body mass index (BMI) and serum triglycerides. There was a significant relation between serum cholesterol in sons and their fathers (r = 0.25; P < 0.0001). Amongst sons to fathers in the highest cholesterol quartile (>6.9 mmol x L(-1)), 37% had serum cholesterol above 6.5 mmol x L(-1), compared with 16% amongst sons to fathers in the lowest quartile (<5.7 mmol x L(-1)) [adjusted odds ratio 3.73 (1.52-9.12)]. Sons to fathers with the highest serum cholesterol levels had slightly lower BMI; otherwise there was no relation between serum cholesterol in the father and any other lifestyle or biological risk factor in the sons. Serum triglyceride concentration in the father was unrelated to any variable in the son. CONCLUSIONS: There was a moderately strong association between serum cholesterol concentration in fathers and sons at middle age. However, secular trends were also important in determining serum cholesterol concentrations in those born at a later period, indicating a major role of environmental factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Like father like son? Sons of patients of European or Indian origin with coronary artery disease reflect their parents' risk factor patterns.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the extent to which risk factor patterns associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients of Indian origin and in those of North European origin undergoing coronary angiography for suspected angina were reflected in their apparently healthy sons aged 15-30 years. DESIGN: Prospective study in which risk markers were measured in patients of Indian origin and in matched European patients undergoing angiography and in their sons. SETTING: Patients attending a regional cardiac centre and their families. PATIENTS: 102 consecutive male patients of Indian origin undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography for suspected angina and 89 of their sons aged between 15 and 30 years; 102 age matched male European patients and 82 sons. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Father son correlations for risk markers predicting the severity of parental CAD; differences in mean levels of these markers between young males of Indian origin and those of North European origin. RESULTS: Lp(a) lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and serum insulin were independent predictors of the severity of CAD in patients of Indian origin and in those of North European origin. In both groups, there was strong correlation between paternal and filial serum insulin (r = 0.41 Indian origin, r = 0.49 North European, P < 0.001), Lp(a) lipoprotein (r = 0.44 Indian origin, r = 0.48 North European, P < 0.001), and total cholesterol (r = 0.39 Indian origin, r = 0.45 North European, P < 0.001) concentrations, and the risk factor profiles of the sons were predictive of CAD severity in their fathers. Sons of patients of Indian origin had significantly higher serum insulin (Indian origin 14.3 mU/l v North European 8.4 mU/l, P = 0.002) and Lp(a) lipoprotein (Indian origin 19.1 mmol/l v North European 10.5 mmol/l, P = 0.001) concentrations than sons of patients of North European origin. CONCLUSIONS: Apparently healthy young men aged 15-30 years from either ethnic community already reflect risk marker patterns associated with coronary artery disease in their parents, both for genetically determined factors such as Lp(a) lipoprotein and environmentally influenced factors such as insulin and cholesterol. Health promotion measures aimed at reducing the prevalence of CAD should include the adolescent and young adult populations, particularly those with a family history of CAD, or who are from ethnic communities in which this diagnosis is prevalent.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[son Pseudogenes do not contain five repeating elements of the region of complete tandem repeats present in the homologous sequence of the son gene].

Recently we have published a sequence of the coding region of the son gene, containing at least six areas of the tandem repeats [V.V. Bliskovsky, F.B. Berdichevsky, A.V. Tkachenko, M.E. Belova, I.M. Chumakov--Molecularnaya biologiya, 1992, V. 26. P. 793-806; V.V. Bliskovsky, A.V. Kirillov, V.M. Zacharyev, I.M. Chumakov--Molecularnaya biologiya, 1992, V. 26. P. 807-812]. The presence of several areas of tandem repeats with different nucleotide sequences of the repeated elements within one and the same gene supports the proposition that genomic localization of the sequence influences its duplication. Here we present a nucleotide sequence of the son pseudogene isolated as the result of hybridization screening of a human genomic library using the sequence of the son gene as a probe. The comparison of the gene and the pseudogene nucleotide sequences shows that the sequence of pseudogene does not contain five repeated units of an area of the tandem repeats, which are presented in the homology sequence of the son gene. Because the pseudogene was probably generated by the reverse son-gene transcript insertion to the genome, and so the nucleotide sequences of the coding region of the gene and the sequence of the pseudogene were identical at this moment, the differences between the gene and the pseudogene are the results of their evolution after the generation of the pseudogene. Possible factors, influenced the son gene and the son pseudogene evolution are discussed.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Fathers and sons: their relationship and personality characteristics associated with the son's smoking behavior.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the interrelationship of the domains of father personality attributes, father socialization techniques, and adolescent personality attributes, and the son's use of tobacco. A sample of 246 male adolescents and their fathers from intact homes was administered questionnaires. Two main findings emerged. First, each of the three domains was significantly associated with the son's tobacco use despite control on the remaining domains. Second, the effectiveness of the father may interact synergistically with or be mitigated by the son's personality attributes in its association with the son's tobacco use. In concert, the findings support the importance of examining the father-son relationship for a greater understanding of the son's tobacco use.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A test of the "sexy son" hypothesis: sons of polygynous collared flycatchers do not inherit their fathers' mating status.

According to the original "sexy son" hypothesis, a female may benefit from pairing with an already-mated male despite a reduction in fecundity because her sons inherit their father's attractiveness. We used data from a long-term study of collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) collected during 24 years to test this prediction. Our results show that the sons of polygynously mated females fledged in poor condition and therefore did not inherit their father's large forehead patch (a condition-dependent display trait) or mating status. From the female's perspective, polygynous pairing resulted in fewer recruited grandchildren than did a monogamous pairing. The reproductive value of sons did not outweigh the fecundity costs of polygyny because the low paternal care reduced the attractiveness of sons. When there are long-lasting parental effects on offspring attractiveness, costs of polygyny may include the production of nonsexy sons.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Mother-son interactions in disruptive and nondisruptive adolescent sons of male alcoholics and controls.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of the study was to describe mother-son relations in adolescent sons of male alcoholics. METHOD: Eighty-two mother-son dyads were observed interacting in a laboratory setting. They were subdivided into four groups: sons of male alcoholics (SOMAs) with and without behavioral problems, boys who were not SOMAs but had behavioral problems, and controls. Disruptive boys were included and distinguished from SOMAs because while there is often co-occurrence of these two problems they are not always found in the same individual. RESULTS: It was found that the biological mothers of the disruptive boys were less supportive and nurturing of their sons than were the other mothers. They were also rated as less mature, more anxious, and less confident in themselves as parents. There were no significant findings for the SOMAs or their mothers, whose interactions resembled the control group. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible that sons of male alcoholics' differences may be due to the disruptiveness of the boys rather than to their family alcoholic status per se.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Aggressivity among sons of substance-abusing fathers: association with psychiatric disorder in the father and son, paternal personality, pubertal development, and socioeconomic status.

An association between childhood aggression and risk for subsequent development of a substance abuse disorder is now well-accepted. In order to better understand the relationship between the presence of paternal substance abuse and aggression among their offspring, 10-12 year old sons of fathers with (n = 34) and without (n = 39) a history of a substance abuse disorder were contrasted on demographics, aggressivity, biological indices of reproductive maturation, and the presence of psychiatric diagnoses. In addition, personality factors, the potential for physical abuse, and psychiatric diagnoses were also ascertained among their fathers. Sons of substance-abusing fathers were found to be significantly more aggressive than sons of nonsubstance abusers. However, they also differed from comparison boys on the basis of SES and school grade attained, as well as the proportion with specific psychiatric disorders. Substance-abusing fathers differed from nonsubstance-abusing men in terms of personality factors and the presence of specific psychiatric disorders, including antisocial personality. They also showed significantly higher child abuse potential scores. A multiple regression analysis of factors contributing to aggression in the boys revealed that a paternal personality factor characterized by stress reactivity, alienation, and aggression was the most robust contributor to aggression among the boys. The boys' diagnoses of attention deficit disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and lower household socioeconomic status were also significant predictors of aggressivity. Contrary to expectations, paternal, psychiatric diagnoses, substance abuse status, and potential for physical abuse were noncontributory. The results suggest potential mechanisms by which both aggression and risk for substance abuse may be transmitted from father to son.

Aggression↗
PubMed1977

Relationships between sons' feelings of being understood by their fathers and measures of the sons' psychological functioning.

Factor analysis of a questionnaire designed to measure a son's feeling of being understood by his father is reported. The questionnaire, which contained 12 paragraphs each purporting to be an aspect of the son's feeling of being understood by his father, was administered in small groups to a sample of 413 male college students along with three indices of son's level of general functioning--a self-concept scale, a somatic complaints inventory, and the degree of help-seeking behavior. Five interpretable factors were extracted from the data. The meaningfulness of the factors was substantiated by their significant correlations with certain of the other measures administered to the sample. Three of the factors were correlated positively (p less than .01) with Ss' self-concept, while two were correlated negatively (p less than .01) with the number of somatic complaints by the Ss'.

Child Rearing↗
PubMed1990

Sons of alcoholics report greater hangover symptoms than sons of nonalcoholics: a pilot study.

We investigated alcohol-induced hangovers among college men at high and low risk for alcoholism. Thirteen sons of alcoholics reported significantly (p less than 0.001) greater hangover symptoms in the past year than 25 sons of nonalcoholics. The two groups reported comparable quantity-frequency of recent drinking. To the extent that hangover represents an acute withdrawal syndrome to alcohol, this raises the question of whether sons of alcoholics are "dependence-prone."

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Characteristic craniofacial appearance and brachytelephalangy in a mother and son with Kallman syndrome in the son.

We report on a mother and son with a similar facies characterized by a square forehead, small nose, telecanthus, and thin upper lip. They both had a similar metacarpal-phalangeal profile characterized by marked brachytelephalangy. They were both short in comparison to other family members, and the son had hypogonadotropic-hypogonadism and anosmia. We favor the hypothesis of a single autosomal dominant gene with variable expression of the hypogonadism and anosmia, although there are alternative explanations for the combination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Bone-marrow transplant from father to son and subsequent graft from son to father.

An 11-year-old boy with acute myeloblastic leukaemia in first remission received an allogeneic mismatched bone-marrow transplant (BMT) from his father in 1979; subsequent HLA typing showed that his haemopoietic system had been repopulated by the donor cells. In 1986 hypereosinophilic syndrome, secondary to a T-cell lymphocytic lymphoma, developed in the father, then aged 45 years. A full haematological remission was obtained by means of standard acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treatment. He then received melphalan, total body irradiation, and a BMT from his son. Graft-versus-host disease was transient in both patients, and father and son remain well and disease-free 20 months and 10 years, respectively, after BMT.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed1991

Nonassociative mechanisms in preferences for alcoholic flavors: differences between sons of alcoholics and sons of nonalcoholics.

We studied nonassociative processes in the development of preferences for wine flavors in high- and low-risk groups for alcoholism. Twenty college-age sons of nonalcoholics had greater "Liking" ratings for red wine flavors to which they had 20 prior exposures in the laboratory than flavors to which they had been exposed five times or zero times. Fourteen sons of alcoholics did not show this mere exposure effect. The results indicate differences between high- and low-risk groups for alcoholism in the nonassociative process by which preference for particular alcoholic flavors is established.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

"My son is still walking": stages of receptivity to discussions of advance care planning among parents of sons with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an inherited progressive neuromuscular disease that generally results in death by early adulthood. Because of its life-threatening nature, discussions of advance care planning are extremely relevant to families with affected children and adolescents. Seventeen parents of sons with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were interviewed about their attitudes, experiences, and the nature of their discussions about these topics. Parents showed a lack of familiarity with and experience communicating about advance care planning. They also discussed opportunities for communication that centered on transitional life events. Parents appeared to vacillate between hope for future treatments, avoidance of emotionally difficult aspects of the disease, and presence with the fullness of life's experiences. These data suggest a model for future research in which windows of opportunity for discussion may exist as sons are approaching significant transitional milestones and parents are able to see the world through a lens of "presence."

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Polygyny: insufficient father-son contact and son's masculine identity.

In polygynous societies in which the family consists of husband, wives, and children only, if each cowife lives in a separate quarter with her children, males are more likely to be circumcised or segregated at puberty. These customs are interpreted as the measures to rectify boys' mother-oriented personality development because of limited contact with their fathers due to their mother's separate quarters. Circumcision and segregation can be explained better in terms of the son's insufficient contact with the father rather than a very close relationship with the mother due to the long postpartum sexual taboo.

Circumcision, Male↗
PubMed1993

Heart-rate reactivity and alcohol consumption among sons of male alcoholics and sons of non-alcoholics.

Recent studies have demonstrated that sons of male alcoholics with multigenerational family histories of male alcoholism are characterized by sober heart-rate hyperreactivity to aversive stimuli, susceptibility to alcohol-induced dampening of that hyperreactivity and by increased resting heart rate while intoxicated. Regression analyses indicate that the magnitude of alcohol-induced change in resting and reactive cardiac response is significantly and powerfully associated with the degree of self-reported voluntary alcohol consumption among 85 non-alcoholic males who are either lacking or who have moderate or extensive family histories of male alcoholism. It appears that heightened sensitivity to alcohol-induced increase in resting and decrease in reactive heart rate might mark or underlie familial risk for developing alcoholism.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Selection for more toxigenic son-thalli or less aflatoxin-producing son-thalli starting from a mother-colony of Aspergillus flavus.

The ability of progeny from either a toxigenic or nontoxigenic thallus to synthesize aflatoxin over several successive generations is determined. This study demonstrates that it is possible to select for more and more toxigenic strains or for less and less active ones starting with the same thallus. Moreover, toxigenic strains can be derived from atoxigenic strains and vice versa by a simple selective operation. Lastly, these various operations have enabled the author to propose a genetic theory for the toxigenesis of Aspergillus flavus.

Aflatoxins↗