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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

[Invariance in relation to transformations: a comparison of space perception and imagined space].

The present paper is based on the assumption of a functional equivalence between the processes of perception and imagination and a functional isomorphism between physical and phenomenal relations. The intention is to look for systematic deviations between 'measured', 'perceived' and 'imagined' space. Therefore a room was equipped with 32 pieces of furniture, giving it the appearance of a combined library and study room. A miniature model (1:10) of the room was constructed. In a two-factorial design with 10 experimental conditions, subjects performed model-reconstructions. The first factor refers to cognitive modality and represents different amounts of information of the physical layout, the endpoints of the continuum being 'complete insight' and 'no insight'. The second factor is a rotation of the model during the reconstruction (0 degrees vs. 180 degrees). Data analysis is based on location and orientation measures of the objects and distinguishes between 'semantic' and 'geometric' errors. The main results are: Even under conditions of only partial insight the spatial relations of the missing objects can be consensually reconstructed. While the absolute amount of the reconstruction errors largely depends on the two factors (modality and rotation), substantial relations of the original room are preserved under the different experimental conditions. The results are in good accordance with the assumption of functional equivalence and are critically discussed with respect to the concept of functional isomorphism.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Helmholtz and Zoellner: nineteenth-century empiricism, spiritism, and the theory of space perception.

J. K. F. Zoellner began writing on "experimental proofs" of a fourth spatial dimension, and of the existence of spirits, in 1878. His arguments caused strong controversy, with rebuttal essays by Wilhelm Wundt and others. The author argues that Zoellner's case that these matters are experimental questions rested on arguments which Hermann von Helmholtz, inveighing against rationalist views of space and space perception, had recently published. Zoellner's use of Helmholtz's arguments to advance and defend his spiritist views occasioned strong criticism of Helmholtz, affected careers and reputations of scholars in Berlin and Leipzig, and caused enduring controversy over the credibility of Helmholtz's empiricist theory of space perception.

Germany↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Quality of space perception of moving objects in the aged].

The quality of visual spatial perception for movable objects clearly decreases in old age. This significantly concerns the dynamic visual acuity as well as the dynamic stereoscopy and the parallaktoskopy of motion. The main cause for this is the decrease of the association ability in the CNS during ageing, which leads to the loss of the exact sensomotoricity of the eyes. The senile changes were investigated by the binocular prism rotation device (n = 103) and the parallacto-scopometer (n = 79). The reduction of the dynamic vision in old age is above all important as tho the fitness for traffic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Errors in space perception due to accommodative retinal advance.

Accommodative retinal advance may be defined as the forward shift of the entire retina from contracture of the ciliary muscle in accommodation. The anterior border moves forward 0.5 millimeters at maximum accommodation, with an asymmetrical distoriton of the image of space. It is as though the retinal image is projected on a thin sheet of rubber pulled out on three sides, the fourth being fixed by attachment to the optic nerve. Accommodative retinal advance explains some puzzling errors of space perception described in dozens of papers and monographs, usually attributed to unequal crowding of retinal receptors, or the mystical upper cerebral activity. The horopter error, the alley error, and the Aubert-Foerster phenomenon are discussed. Credit is given to those early experimenters whose theories have been confirmed.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1990

The relationship between form and space perception, constructional abilities, and clumsiness in children.

The Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT) (Ayres, 1989) were administered to 21 children with learning disabilities and 18 children without learning disabilities, aged 5 to 8 years. The children with learning disabilities were divided into two groups, clumsy and nonclumsy, on the basis of their scores on the Test of Motor Impairment (Stott, Moyes, & Henderson, 1984). It was hypothesized that the learning-disabled children in the clumsy group would score significantly lower than the learning-disabled children in the nonclumsy group on the six SIPT subtests that measure form and space perception and visual construction and that the nonclumsy learning-disabled children, in turn, would score significantly lower than the non-learning-disabled children. It was further hypothesized that there would be a significant correlation between the degree of clumsiness and the degree of visual-perceptual and constructional deficits. An analysis of the data indicated that both groups of learning-disabled children scored lower than the non-learning-disabled children on four of the six SIPT subtests. The clumsy and nonclumsy children with learning disabilities, however, differed from each other on only two subtests. The degree of clumsiness correlated significantly with three of the six subtests. The results are discussed in terms of variations in perceptual and motor skills related to subtypes of learning disabilities.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Further evidence for the role of proprioception in space perception.

In this paper results are presented of errors in spatial localization found after encircling procedures for retinal detachment both in the operated and in the normal eye. Also changes in spatial localization were found in strabismus patients in which a stretch on the operated muscle was exerted after an adjustable recession. In both groups of patients a manipulation of the eye muscle was performed without inducing an eye muscle imbalance in the retinal detachment patients and without modifying the eye position in the strabismus patients in which a stretch was exerted. These data provide further evidence in favour of the role of proprioceptive information in space perception.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

[Dysfunctions of space perception and spatial ability in schizophrenia (author's transl)].

Thirty-seven acute schizophrenics and 25 normal subjects were investigated with regard to their spatial perception, representation, and their spatial ability, Schizophrenics showed significantly poorer performances (in terms of quantity) in those variables, which characterized the ocular apprehension of structures and wholes, the relation of parts to a whole, or the analysis of a whole in its various components as well as the availability of visual engrams, partly in the sense of spatial representation, and the practical realization of imagined spatial configurations. On the other hand, in ocular apprehension, interpretation, and when necessary the practical realization of two-dimensional represented spatial symbols and configurations and perspective abilities there was only statistical trend for quantitatively poorer performances in schizophrenics compared with healthy persons. Factor analysis of the intercorrelation matrices for 14 variables separated out the same 4 factors in each group for space perception and spatial ability. In spite of the demonstrated "quantitative" differences for the single variables between the two groups a marked similarity in a "qualitative" sense was found, when the two-factor structures were compared mathematically (similarity coefficient: 0.664). In order to specify these differences, 56 schizophrenics were classified as paranoid or nonparanoid and investigated in the above-mentioned manner. While these groups did not show any significant quantitative difference concerning their performances at variable level, they showed entirely different structures using factor analysis. Spatial perception of the paranoid schizophrenics seemed less structured and their perceptual conception less systematical. On the other hand, when factor structures from nonparanoids and healthy controls were compared mathematically, both groups showed a marked similarity (0.783). An attempt was made to relate these results to other findings of literature and to theories of cognitive and perceptual dysfunctions of schizophrenics.

Adult↗