[Immunochemical characterization of a neuro-specific, non species specific antigen. Quantitative study and histological localization in the rat].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adrenal Medulla↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Species Specificity”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Cell-specific antigens in chicken erythroid nuclei: species specificity.
Antisera raised to dehistonized chicken reticulocyte chromatin were tested for their cell and species specificity. Quantitative microcomplement fixation and immunohistochemical localization revealed the presence in chromatin of erythroid cell-specific nonhistone protein antigen(s). The antigenic specificity was shown to depend on the association of the antigenic protein(s) with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Although the antisera were exceptionally cell specific, they cross-reacted with erythroid cells of other avian species. The extent of cross-reactivity was found to approximate the phylogenetic distances of the tested avian species. Erythroid cells from fish and amphibians were not reactive. Reconstitution experiments of partially purified chicken reticulocyte chromosomal nonhistone protein antigens with DNAs isolated from several vertebrate species showed that the species specificity of the antigenic complexes is determined principally by the species origin of the nonhistone proteins. Our results show that a cell-specific chromosomal nonhistone protein(s) has undergone evolutionary change and the relative immunological differences are consistent with the accepted phylogenetic distances of the species examined.
Animals↗
Production of specific antibodies to contractile proteins, and their use in immunofluorescence microscopy. II. Species-specific and species-non-specific antibodies to smooth and striated chicken muscle actin.
The injection of rabbits with insoluble or soluble G-actin from chicken smooth or striated muscle will produce antibodies that are equally reactive, and species and tissue non-specific in immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence and actin-activated Mg2+-ATPase inhibition tests. These antibodies have been used for the identification of actin-containing fibrils in a variety of tissues. When G-actins from chicken smooth or striated muscle are immobilized by chemical linkage to Affi-Gel 702 microbeads, their immunogenicity is increased, but the antibodies obtained against them are species-specific and will only react with actin and actin-containing structures from chicken and are therefore limited in use. It is concluded from this work that insoluble G-actin is the preferable immunogen to obtain precipitating antibodies for wide use.
Actins↗
Preparation of anti-alpha 2-macroglobulin using Canavalia lineata DC lectin for differentiating species-specificity of blood stains.
To differentiate species-specificity of blood stains, anti-alpha 2-macroglobulin was raised in rabbits against Canavalia lineata DC lectin-serum complex (LSC). Adsorption of anti-LSC with human lipoprotein resulted in antiserum specific for alpha 2-macroglobulin. It was confirmed by Ouchterlony test that the antiserum adsorbed successively with monkey serum or anti-LSC adsorbed directly with monkey serum reacted with only human serum but not with mammalian ones. Immunoelectrosyneresis and anti-LSC consumption test could identify species-specificity of blood stains kept for up to two years and for up to several years, respectively. It is indicated that anti-LSC is quite effective for differentiating species-specificity of blood stains.
Adsorption↗
The effect of superior temporal lesions on the recognition of species-specific calls in the squirrel monkey.
Eleven squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were trained to discriminate species-specific calls from non-species-specific complex sounds in a go, no-go procedure with social contact as positive reinforcement. The task required that the animals not only responded to a particular call but that this response should be generalized to any squirrel monkey call, whether or not it had been presented previously in training. After having reached a performance level of 75% correct responses in three consecutive sessions, seven animals received bilateral lesions of the auditory cortex; the other four animals served as controls. It was found that small lesions within the superior temporal gyrus did not interfere with the discrimination task. Lesions destroying about three quarters of the auditory cortex led to loss of retention; during retraining the animals did not reach criterion, but performed significantly above chance. These animals were able, however, to master a simplified version of the task where one species-specific call had to be discriminated from one non-species-specific sound. Animals with almost total ablation of the auditory cortex were capable of mastering neither the generalized task nor the simplified version. From these results, together with those of the literature, it is concluded 1) that recognition of complex sounds is not possible after complete auditory cortex ablation, probably because of interference with gestalt-formation processing, and 2) that species-specific calls are processed in the auditory system in the same way as other complex sounds.
Agnosia↗
Response of nonhuman animals to speech and to species-specific sounds.
Three questions relate to how nonhuman species respond to speech and species-specific sounds: (1) Do nonhuman species perceive human speech in a human-like fashion? (2) How do nonhuman species perceive their own vocalizatios? and (3) How does human perception of animal sounds differ from the animals' perception of those sounds? Four methodologies are available for studying an animal's perception of sounds: (1) discriminative conditioning; (2) habituation-dishabituation; (3) playbacks in captivity; and (4) playbacks in situ. Each of these techniques has a different degree of ecological validity and has different intrinsic biases toward the conclusions one might draw. Experiments using these methodologies for each of the three questions are reviewed and the methodological problems of each are discussed. A two-stage model of perceiving species-specific sounds is presented which accounts for both categorical perception of sounds and within category discrimination of sounds.
Animal Communication↗
[Participation of species specific and group specific ornithosis antigens in immune reactions].
The immunogenic properties of the species-specific antigen localized in the elementary particle membrane and group-specific or inner antigen of the causative agent of ornithosis were studied. The species specific antigen was shown to induce the antibody neutralizing the infectious properties of the agent as well as those agglutinating elementary bodies, inhibiting hemagglutination, and complement-fixing antibody detectable in the direct and indirect complement-fixation tests. The results indicate that the antigens most clearly defining the species-specific properties of the causative agent of ornithosis are localized in the elementary particle membrane. These antigens may be used for differential diagnosis studies employing not only CFT but also other antibody tests.
Agglutination Tests↗
[Detection of humoral antibodies to species-specific and group ornithosis antigens in the dynamics of the infection].
The time course of antibody production to group- and species-specific antigens of ornithosis agent was studied by complement fixation (CFT) and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests. In rabbits after a single intravenous inoculation of the ornithosis agent, antibody to the homologous species-specific antigen appeared in the peripheral blood 3--5 days after inoculation and reached maximum levels during the 1-st week, and to the group-specific antigen could be detected 3--5 days after inoculation but reached maximum titers only 3--4 weeks later. In practical serological diagnosis of ornithosis and other chlamydia infections, the group antigen is used which gives retrospective diagnosis at 10--14 days or later. The results of the study suggest that the use of CFT with the species-specific antigen will not only differentiate ornithosis from other chlamydial infections but also will permit early serological diagnosis of ornithosis.
Animals↗
Detection and measurement of species-specific malarial antibodies by immunofluorescence tests.
Species-specific serodiagnosis of malaria could be made by means of the standardized indirect fluorescent antibody test, either by determination of the usual end-point titres or by fluorescent intensity measurements on antigens. The malarial antibody levels could also be measured by the fluorescent intensity measurements at a single serum dilution. Thus the fluorescent intensity measurements could effectively replace the end point titre determination, with the advantages of standardization and saving in technician time.
Adolescent↗
The requirement of viable thymocytes for species-specific attachment to and release from macrophages.
The role of the thymocyte in its species-specific binding to macrophages has been explored. Although formalin treatment of macrophages resulted in loss of binding to thymocytes, formalin treatment of thymocytes did not have this effect. However, two differences between living and formalin-treated thymocytes were noted. Formalin-treated thymocytes bound to macrophages of any species whereas the binding of living thymocytes was species specific. Living thymocytes attained maximum binding in approximately 1 hr and then the fraction bound gradually diminished. Formalin-treated thymocytes remained bound to the macrophage and appeared to be phagocytized. Released thymocytes did not bind to fresh macrophages, but released macrophages bound to fresh thymocytes. The results suggest that the binding of thymocytes to macrophages results in maturation of thymocytes.
Animals↗
Sensitivity of TSTA and species-specific cell membrane antigens of tumor cells to glutaraldehyde treatment.
In vivo immunogenicity and in vitro species-specific membrane antigens in tumor cells treated or untreated with glutaraldehyde (GA) were studied. Two different syngeneic Syrian hamster transplantable tumor cell lines (spontaneous liver cancer and SV40-induced sarcoma) not only lost immunogenicity after GA treatment but were responsible for enhancement of test-tumor growth in immunized animals. In vitro mixed hemadsorption test used for determination of species-specific membrane antigens in Syrian hamster, green monkey and interspecies hybrid cells revealed drastic alteration of antigens on the membrane of cells treated with GA.
Aldehydes↗
[Hyperacute rejection of renal xenografts after presensitization of the recipients induced by treatment with donor species-specific spleen antigen (author's transl)].
This paper reports about experimental xenografting of kidneys in closely related species (fox/dog) modifying primary graft rejection by pretreatment of the recipients with semisoluble donor species-specific spleen antigen. This kind of pretreatment does not induce immunological enhancement which protects the graft from damage, but causes presensitization of the recipients and subsequently the hyperacute rejection of the transplants. Arteriovenous gradients of platelets and leukocytes as well as those of fibrinogen and clotting factors II, V, VIII, and IX suggest a greater degree of intravascular coagulation within the first minutes after revascularization. Hemagglutinating antibodies induced by pretreatment of the recipients with donor species-specific spleen extract seem to be responsible for the rapidity of rejection and for the reduction of survival time.
Animals↗
Perception of sounds used in species-specific communication: the auditory cortex and beyond.
The auditory cortex, located in the superior temporal gyrus, has been studied in squirrel monkeys with respect to its role in detecting species-specific vocalizations. Single neurons tested with selected vocalizations from the species' repertoire have been grouped into seven functional categories. Each category reflects a different level of processing with regard to vocalizations and artificial sounds. It is argued that, while the auditory cortex has the capability to detect and distinguish species-specific vocalizations, the interpretation of their biological significance likely takes place elsewhere.
Animal Communication↗
Failure to detect mouse species-specific antigens in Toxoplasmin Sevac.
Toxoplasmin--a highly purified extract from the protozoa Toxoplasma gondii propagated in mice--was tested for the presence of the mouse species-specific antigens by immunodiffusion in agar gel and by PCA test. Neither test gave positive reaction. It was concluded therefore that Toxoplasmin Sevac used for the detection of dermal hypersensitivity to toxoplasma antigens in humans does not contain any detectable contamination by mouse species-specific antigens within the limits of sensitivity of both methods used.
Animals↗
Alternative transcription of the mouse Gh gene identifies an immune-associated transcript with species-specific structural divergence.
Growth hormone (GH) in mice is primarily expressed in the anterior pituitary, although Gh expression has been reported in extrapituitary tissues, including immune organs. However, the structure of immune-associated Gh transcripts remains poorly characterized. To determine whether splenic Gh transcripts differ from pituitary Gh mRNA, 5'- and 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) analyses were performed. While 3' RACE showed a shared polyadenylation site, 5' RACE identified a novel exon located approximately 2 kb upstream of the conventional exon 1, generating a transcript (spl-Gh mRNA) with a distinct first exon but shared downstream exons with pituitary Gh mRNA (pit-Gh mRNA). RT-PCR analysis revealed that spl-Gh mRNA is predominantly expressed in immune tissues such as spleen and bone marrow, and its distribution did not correlate with Pit-1 mRNA expression. Quantitative RT-PCR further demonstrated that spl-Gh mRNA was expressed at levels comparable to those of pit-Gh mRNA in the mouse spleen, indicating that spl-Gh is one of the major Gh transcript forms in this tissue. Sequence analysis indicated that spl-Gh mRNA is predicted to retain coding potential for a GH protein. Comparative genomic analyses further demonstrated that genomic features associated with the spl-Gh transcriptional unit are conserved only in a subset of closely related Mus species. In contrast, although a spl-Gh-related transcript was detected in rat spleen, no properly spliced mouse-like transcript was identified under the present experimental conditions. The detected transcript exhibited intron retention and an in-frame stop codon, suggesting that it is unlikely to produce a functional GH protein. These findings identify a distinct immune-associated Gh transcript generated through alternative transcription of the mouse Gh gene and suggest that immune-associated Gh transcriptional mechanisms have undergone species-specific divergence among rodents. Together, these findings reveal previously unrecognized complexity in Gh gene regulation and highlight species-specific differences in immune-associated Gh transcripts.
Animals↗
Reference genome bias in light of species-specific chromosomal reorganization and translocations.
BACKGROUND: Whole-genome sequencing efforts, have during the past decade, unveiled the central role of genomic rearrangements-such as chromosomal inversions-in evolutionary processes, including local adaptation in a wide range of taxa. However, employment of reference genomes from distantly or even closely related species for mapping and the subsequent variant calling can lead to errors and/or biases in the datasets generated for downstream analyses. RESULTS: Here, we capitalize on the recently generated chromosome-anchored genome assemblies for Arctic cod (Arctogadus glacialis), polar cod (Boreogadus saida), and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to evaluate the extent and consequences of reference bias on population sequencing datasets (approx. 15-20 × coverage) for both Arctic cod and polar cod. Our findings demonstrate that the choice of reference genome impacts the mapping statistics, including mapping depth and mapping quality, as well as core population genetic estimates, such as heterozygosity levels, nucleotide diversity (π), and cross-species genetic divergence (DXY). Furthermore, using a more distantly related reference genome can lead to inaccurate detection and characterization of chromosomal inversions, i.e., in terms of size (length) and location (position), due to inter-chromosomal reorganizations between species. Additionally, we observe that some of the verified species-specific inversions are split across multiple genomic regions when mapped against a heterospecific reference. CONCLUSIONS: Inaccurate identification of chromosomal rearrangements as well as biased population genetic measures could potentially lead to erroneous interpretation of species-specific genomic diversity, impede the resolution of local adaptation, and thus, impact predictions of their genomic potential to respond to climatic and other environmental perturbations.
Animals↗
Species specificity of the immediate hypersensitivity to schistosomal proteolytic enzyme.
An acidic proteolytic enzyme which digests host haemoglobin can be isolated and purified from schistosomes. This small glycoprotein is an allergen which sensitizes the host, as shown by immediate hypersensitivity reactions. These are specific for either Schistosoma haematobium or S. mansoni and can be demonstrated by mast cell degranulation in mice or by intradermal skin tests in monkeys. Although high levels of total IgE may be found in acute and chronic schistosomiasis, there was no evident relationship between the worm burden in monkeys and immediate hypersensitivity reactions to either purified enzyme or crude schistosomal extracts. It is suggested that an in vivo correlation between worm burden and manifestations of the allergic response may be perturbed by high titres of non-specific IgE or other homocytotropic antibodies, thus accounting for false negative skin test reactions. Alternatively, a return to low or subnormal IgE levels may allow the restoration of the allergic response, giving rise to false positive reactions. Purified schistosomal antigens offer certain advantages over crude skin test preparations in terms of uniformity of antigen content, dosage and specificity. In addition, the enzyme may represent a species-specific tool for new immunochemical analyses of schistosomiasis.
Animals↗
Species specificity of informatin.
Informatin, the protein moiety of nuclear pre-mRNA containing particles, exhibits species specific antigenic properties but shows also some interspecies cross-reactivities.
Animals↗