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Results for “Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared”

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PubMed2026

Systematic evaluation of one-dimensional-to-two-dimensional near-infrared spectroscopy transformations with deep learning for quantifying coconut sap adulteration.

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy have limitations when combined with deep learning (DL) algorithms because they rely on low-dimensional datasets. Therefore, we investigated the potential of transforming one-dimensional (1D) NIR spectra into two-dimensional (2D) spectrograms using synchronous and asynchronous techniques and the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and their effectiveness by integrating with DL for detecting adulteration in coconut sap. NIR spectra (12,500-4000 cm-1) were collected from binary mixtures (0%-100%;w/w). The performance of all DL (convolutional neural networks-CNN, AlexNet and ResNet) models was compared with that of partial least squares (PLS). The models were ranked in the mentioned order based on their performances: 2D-CWT > 2D-asynchronous > 2D-synchronous > 1D/2D-PLS. The important features of the best model can be explained and visualized using gradient-weighted-class-activation-mapping. The findings highlight that the 1D-to-2D NIR data transformation combined with DL is a highly robust approach because it addresses the feature representation gap in NIR data and effectively captures the spatial-spectral correlations.

Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared↗

PubMed2025

Influence of soil types with different soil-forming process on the qualitative and quantitative detection of microplastics by near-infrared spectroscopy.

Microplastics (MPs) have become a pressing global environmental threat, with soils-acting as sinks for MPs from multiple sources-gaining increasing attention. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy offers a promising tool for MPs detection due to its rapid, non-destructive, and field-applicable features. Although previous studies have focused on the effects of individual soil components on the NIR detection performance of MPs, there is still a lack of systematic research on how the complex background-formed by the coupling of multiple physicochemical properties in natural soils-affects detection performance. This study focuses on soil types with different soil-forming processes, selected five representative agricultural soils to systematically evaluate how the combinations of physicochemical properties they represented affect the performance of NIR-based qualitative and quantitative analysis of MPs in soils. The results demonstrated that soil type significantly affected both the spectral response and detection performance of MPs. Brown Pedocals and Brown Earth exhibited clearer characteristic absorption and stronger linear responses, achieving higher identification accuracy under low (<1.5 %) or zero MPs concentrations and the best quantitative performance (R2 ≥ 0.988, prediction set root mean square error (RMSEP) ≤ 0.110 %). In contrast, Phaeozem and Red Soil were more prone to misclassification at low concentrations, while Fluvo-aquic Soil showed the poorest quantitative performance. This study is the first to reveal, at a holistic level, the critical constraints posed by natural soil complexity on the NIR detection of MPs, offering targeted empirical evidence to support the application of NIR technology in real-world soil environments.

Soil↗

PubMed1992

Non-invasive measurements of O2 availability in human skeletal muscle with near-infrared spectroscopy.

The availability of O2 in the human vastus lateralis muscle has been investigated with non-invasive near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) using a commercially available unit (RunMan, NIM Inc. Philadelphia). The measuring probe placed above the skin illuminates the underlying tissue and measures the reflected light at two wavelengths (760 and 850 nm). Due to differences in the absorption spectra between HbO2 and Hb the difference in light intensity at these two wavelengths will be a relative index of tissue oxygenation. Prolonged arterial occlusion and static contraction have been studied. Arterial occlusion resulted in a decreased O2 saturation with a half-time of 2.3 +/- 0.2 min (mean +/- SE, n = 4). Restoration of blood flow resulted in a rapid tissue reoxygenation with a half-time of 24 +/- 2 s. Reoxygenation after static contraction occurred with a half time of 19-37 s. The half-time of reoxygenation subsequent to exercise and/or ischemia may be a valuable parameter in sports medicine and in the evaluation of peripheral vascular disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Near-infrared spectroscopy of H2O sorbed in bovine nasal cartilage.

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Adsorption↗

PubMed1992

Comparison of near-infrared light spectroscopy, bioelectrical impedance and tritiated water techniques for the measurement of fat-free mass in humans.

Fat-free mass (FFM) was measured with three different methods: near-infrared spectroscopy, bioelectrical impedance and tritiated water technique, in 76 (39 females/37 males) subjects (age 47 +/- 2 [SEM] years, BMI 26.8 +/- 0.6 kg m-2). From bioelectrical impedance measurements FFM was calculated with manufacturers formula and a formula developed by Deurenberg et al [1]. FFM estimated from tritiated water technique (51.9 +/- 1.1 kg) was significantly lower than measured with near-infrared spectroscopy (57.4 +/- 1.4 kg; p < 0.001) and bioelectrical impedance calculated with manufacturers formula (59.6 +/- 1.5 kg; p < 0.001), but did not differ from the estimation made according to Deurenberg (52.1 +/- 1.2 kg). All the methods were highly intercorrelated, although the correlation coefficients were lower in the obese than lean subjects. Obesity seems to influence the bioimpedance method more than the near-infrared spectroscopy method. The results demonstrate that the near-infrared spectroscopy and the bioelectrical impedance method are simple and reproducible techniques to estimate fat-free mass in normal weight man. Both measurements are based partly on the anthropometric measurements. However, it is necessary to use an adjusted formula to obtain reliable measures of fat-free mass with the bioimpedance method in obese subjects.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2026

Clinical efficacy and brain mechanism characteristics of guide chi and regulate spirit tuina therapy in the treatment of post-stroke walking dysfunction: A randomized controlled trial based on fNIRS.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to preliminarily evaluate the role of Guide Chi and Regulate Spirit(GCRS) Tuina in enhancing walking function in post-stroke patients with walking dysfunction; secondly, by using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), it investigates the effect of GCRS Tuina on the restoration of brain function in this patient population. METHODS: Participants in the control group received 4-week rehabilitation treatment, while those in the Combined Tuina Group (CTG) additionally received GCRS Tuina therapy for another 4 weeks on this basis. Functional Ambulation Category (FAC), Fugl - Meyer Assessment Scale for Lower Extremity Motor Function (FMA - LE), and Modified Barthel Index (MBI) were evaluated at the baseline and after 4 treatment weeks. A gait and motion analysis system was used to measure step length, stride, walking speed, and step frequency. FNIRS was used to measure the resting-state functional connectivity(FC) strength, as well as the β - value and HbO2 concentration mean during the walking task. RESULTS: A total of 60 participants completed the randomized, and 53 completed the trial and entered the statistical analysis. Compared with the Single Rehabilitation Group(SRG), the CTG group had higher FAC, FMA-LE, and MBI scores after 4 weeks. After the treatment course, the standardized step length, stride, walking speed, and step frequency of the CTG were higher than SRG. At the Region of Interest(ROI) level, the CTG exhibited 13 inter-ROI FC strengths that were higher than SRG, and the differences could survive the FDR correction (PFDR<0.05). Under the walking task, the CTG group had higher β values in 18 channels and higher Oxyhemoglobin(HbO2) concentrations in 19 channels than the SRG (PFDR <0.05). CONCLUSION: GCRS Tuina therapy can significantly improve patients' walking function, enhance lower limb motor ability and daily living ability. It can improve walking efficiency. Tuina can significantly increase the FC and enhance the activation levels and HbO2 concentrations. The stimulation of Tuina may help reconstruct the brain's motor control network, restore impaired motor function, promote the occurrence of neural plasticity, strengthen the neural circuits in the cognitive-motor-sensory cortex to improve walking function. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study has been registered with the International Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Registry (ITMCTR2024000654).

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Effects of acute resistance exercise on prefrontal oxygenation and task-switching performance: Considerations of loading strategies and blood flow restriction.

Although acute resistance exercise (RE) has been proposed to influence cognitive flexibility and underlying neural mechanisms, it remains unclear whether these effects vary across loading strategies and whether exercise-induced prefrontal hemodynamic responses translate into cognitive outcomes. The present study examined (1) prefrontal cortex (PFC) oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) responses across exercise sets and conditions, (2) the effects of low-load (LL), LL with blood flow restriction (BFR), and high-load (HL) RE on task-switching performance, and (3) whether exercise-related PFC O2Hb responses were associated with pre- to post-exercise changes in task-switching performance. Thirty physically active adults completed three randomized, counterbalanced RE conditions consisting of four sets of barbell squats. LL was performed at 30% one-repetition maximum (1RM) with and without BFR, whereas HL was performed at 70% 1RM. Cognitive flexibility was assessed pre- and post-exercise using a modified Stroop task, indexed by switch-cost reaction time (RT) and accuracy. PFC O2Hb was assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy during exercise and expressed as changes from the resting baseline for each set (Sets 1-4). PFC O2Hb increased across sets, rising from Set 1 to Set 3 before plateauing, with no differences observed across conditions. Switch cost RT and accuracy did not improve from pre- to post-exercise, and no differences across conditions were detected. PFC O2Hb during the final set was not associated with changes in switch cost. These findings suggest that although acute RE elicits robust increases in prefrontal hemodynamic activity, such responses may not translate into acute improvements in cognitive flexibility.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Acupuncture improves depressive symptoms and prefrontal cortical function in mild to moderate depressive disorder: A randomized sham-controlled trial and fNIRS study.

BACKGROUND: Depressive disorder is a common mental illness associated with substantial functional impairment. Although pharmacotherapy is widely used, its effectiveness is often limited by adverse effects and poor adherence. Acupuncture has been increasingly applied as a complementary treatment for depression, and its neurobiological characteristics remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: This randomized, sham-controlled trial aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of acupuncture for mild to moderate depressive disorder and to investigate its effects on prefrontal cortical function using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). METHODS: Patients with mild to moderate depressive disorder were randomly assigned to a real acupuncture (RA) group or a sham acupuncture (SA) group and received standardized treatment for 8 weeks. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36), and a traditional Chinese medicine syndrome score. A subset of participants underwent fNIRS assessment during resting-state and task-based conditions to evaluate prefrontal cortical activation and functional connectivity. RESULTS: Compared with baseline, the RA group showed significant reductions in SDS and SAS scores and significant improvements in SF-36 emotional domains, with effects emerging at Week 4 and persisting up to 12 weeks after treatment. Improvements were greater and more stable in the RA group than in the SA group. fNIRS analyses revealed enhanced activation in dorsolateral and medial prefrontal regions and strengthened prefrontal functional connectivity following acupuncture, whereas neural changes in the SA group were limited. CONCLUSION: Acupuncture is effective for improving depressive and anxiety symptoms and quality of life in patients with mild to moderate depressive disorder. Modulation of prefrontal cortical activation and connectivity may underlie its antidepressant effects.

Humans↗

PubMed1992

Near infrared spectroscopy. Investigation and assessment of perinatal brain injury.

Near-infrared spectroscopy is a new technique for noninvasive monitoring of tissue oxygenation and haemodynamics. Quantitative measurements can be made of oxyhaemoglobin, deoxyhaemoglobin, oxidized cytochrome and various haemodynamic indices. This technique is likely to prove increasingly valuable for: cot-side monitoring brain oxygenation and haemodynamics in babies; investigating the mechanisms of damage to the brain; according the results of treatment; and assigning long-term prognosis.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Effectiveness of passive vs. assistive robotic gait training on functional recovery and neuroplasticity post-stroke: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study seeks to compare the impacts of various robotic gait training (RAGT) modes on lower limb motor function recovery in stroke patients while exploring the corresponding neural mechanisms. DESIGN: A single-blind, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-eight patients aged 18-80 who had experienced their first unilateral subacute stroke accompanied by walking impairments were included. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomly assigned to: (1) assistive mode training, (2) passive mode training, or (3) control group receiving only traditional rehabilitation. Clinical and neurological outcomes were assessed at pre-intervention (T0), and post-2-week intervention (T1). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcomes were evaluated using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Lower Extremity, Berg Balance Scale, Modified Barthel Index, the Functional Ambulatory Category, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS: Among the 48 patients recruited, significant time effects were observed across all groups in FMA-LE scores (p < 0.001). Notable improvements were detected in the conventional group (MD = 2.69, p＜0.01) and the passive group (MD = 3.67, p < 0.001), with the assistive mode also demonstrating a significant effect (MD = 1.79, p < 0.05). BBS scores improved across all groups; however, no significant differences were noted between the groups (p = 0.11). Similarly, MBI scores showed a significant time effect (p < 0.001), without notable group differences (p = 0.29). CONCLUSION: All training modalities effectively enhanced motor function, balance, and daily living skills in stroke patients. Distinct cortical activation and connectivity patterns were observed between training modalities, which may reflect different neuroplastic mechanisms. These preliminary neural differences may help inform personalized rehabilitation strategies, although no clinical superiority of one mode over another can be concluded from the present data.

Humans↗

PubMed1992

Kinetics of cerebral deoxygenation during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in neonates.

Brain injury associated with neonatal congenital heart operations performed during deep hypothermia and/or total circulatory arrest is often attributed to cerebral hypoxia. We studied the kinetic changes in cerebrovascular hemoglobin O2 saturation (HbO2%) and total hemoglobin concentration (Hbtotal) in 17 neonates undergoing cardiac surgery as they were cooled to 15 degrees C, underwent total circulatory arrest, and were rewarmed. HbO2% and Hbtotal in brain vasculature were monitored noninvasively by near-infrared spectroscopy. Neonates were cooled over 12 min and rewarmed over 15 min while being perfused using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Total circulatory arrest lasted from 20 to 70 min. We found that HbO2% in brain vasculature increased during the initial 8 min of CPB as nasopharyngeal temperature decreased, and then remained constant until circulatory arrest. After the onset of circulatory arrest, cerebrovascular HbO2% decreased curvilinearly for 40 min; no further hemoglobin desaturation was observed from 40 to 70 min of arrest. The changes in cerebrovascular Hbtotal were quite different from those in HbO2%, as Hbtotal decreased during the initial minute of CPB and circulatory arrest and then remained constant until recirculation. Brain intravascular HbO2% and Hbtotal increased within 3 min after the onset of recirculation to prearrest levels, and during rewarming, HbO2% decreased to normothermic baseline values. The results demonstrate that cerebral oxygenation increased during CPB cooling; O2 was consumed by the neonatal brain during the initial 40 min of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest; and cerebral oxygenation was restored on recirculation. These observations may be important in identifying the etiologies of brain injury during neonatal congenital heart surgery.

Brain↗

PubMed2026

Use of Wearable Sensors in Angelman Syndrome: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Wearable sensors are a promising method for collecting clinical trial outcome data for people with Angelman syndrome (AS). However, there has yet to be a systematic probe into the ways in which wearable sensors have been successfully used in AS. The current study aims to provide a quantitative summary of wearable sensors used in AS, including contexts of use and psychometric properties, and to present key narrative highlights. METHOD: Literature searches were performed in three electronic databases: APA PsycInfo, PubMed and Web of Science Core Collection. Data items were categorized into four categories: sample characteristics, study methodological details, wearable sensor characteristics and psychometric properties assessed. Sample characteristics included sample size, age, biological sex, race/ethnicity and cognitive/developmental functioning. Study methodological details were subdivided into study design and setting. Wearable sensor characteristics included sensor type, placement site, means of attachment, assessed construct and sensor-related data loss. Psychometric properties assessed included reliability and validity of sensor-derived data. RESULTS: We identified 16 articles through our systematic review. Wearable sensors were used to study sleep (n = 10, 62.5%), language (n = 2, 12.5%), gait (n = 2, 12.5%), caregiver proximity (n = 1, 6.3%), EEG power (n = 1, 6.3%), and arousal (n = 1, 6.3%) in AS through actigraphs, vocalization recorders, inertial sensors, radio-frequency identification watches, wireless EEG caps, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy caps, respectively. Findings from these studies broadly indicate that wearable sensors are feasible, reliable and valid for assessing a range of behaviours relevant to AS. CONCLUSIONS: Wearable sensors are a promising solution to enhance assessments in AS. However, with the small extant literature characterized by small sample sizes and restricted focus on a few relevant features in AS, there remains ample opportunities to explore the use of wearable sensors in people with AS. Additional studies will better inform clinical decision-making and ultimately improve the lives of people with AS and their families.

Humans↗

PubMed1992

Identification of heme macrocycle type by near-infrared magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures.

The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and near-infrared magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of the azide and cyanide adducts of nitrimyoglobin and hydroperoxidase II from Escherichia coli have been measured at cryogenic temperatures. For the first time, ligand-to-metal charge-transfer transitions in the near-infrared have been observed for an Fe(III)-chlorine system. It is shown that near-ultraviolet-to-visible region electronic spectra of 'green' hemes such as these are an unreliable indicator of macrocycle type. However, the combined application of EPR and near-infrared MCD spectroscopies clearly distinguishes between the porphyrin-containing nitrimyoglobin and the chlorine-containing hydroperoxidase II.

Circular Dichroism↗

PubMed1992

Recent advances in methodology for analysis of phytate and inositol phosphates in foods.

This review summarises the methods available for the analysis of phytate and structurally related molecules, i.e., inositol polyphosphates. Phytate has been determined by colorimetry, low pressure ion exchange column chromatography, phosphorus-31 fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P FT NMR), near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among these techniques anion exchange column chromatography and HPLC were shown to be best suited for separation of inositol phosphates. Since inositol phosphates do not have a characteristic absorption spectrum, their detection in HPLC analysis is limited to methods employing monitoring of refractive index, post column reaction products, conductivity or indirect detection although other detection methods may be feasible. As refractive index detection under isocratic eluent conditions is relatively easy to manipulate, anion-exchange HPLC methods using a low capacity column or ion-pair HPLC methods are recommended for the analysis of inositol phosphates in nutritional studies.

Chromatography↗

PubMed1992

Structural analysis of pigeon lens crystallins by near-infrared Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy.

Crystallins from pigeon eye lenses were isolated and purified by gel-permeation and anion-exchange chromatographies and characterized by gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis and Raman spectroscopy. alpha- and beta-Crystallins could be obtained in relatively pure forms by single-step size-exclusion chromatography whereas an extra step of ion-exchange chromatography was needed for the separation of delta crystallin from the beta-crystallin fraction. In contrast to most characterized vertebrate species, a large amount of glycogen is eluted as a high molecular form in the first peak of gel filtration column. Structural analyses of total crude soluble proteins and purified alpha-, beta- and delta-crystallin fractions were made with respect to their amino acid compositions and characteristic near-IR Fourier-transform Raman spectra. The results indicate that the major secondary structures of alpha- and beta-crystallins are mainly anti-parallel beta-pleated sheet in nature as judged by the Raman signals at 1242 (amide III) and 1669-1670 cm-1 (amide I) whereas delta-crystallin consists of a significant content of alpha-helices as evidenced by the Raman signal at 1657-1660 cm-1 (amide I). The low intensity of S-S disulfide stretching vibration at 508-510 cm-1 coupled with the presence of S-H stretching at 2560-2580 cm-1 for alpha-, beta- and delta-crystallin pointed to the fact that sulfhydryl groups in most crystallins are resistant to air oxidation during the process of homogenization and protein extraction. It is also found that the relative Raman signal intensities of Tyr, Phe, and Trp residues in purified crystallins correlate very well with the data obtained from amino acid analysis. Especially noteworthy is the demonstrated usefulness of applying Raman techniques in the detection of the microenvironments of the aromatic amino acids such as Tyr and Trp in the native crystallins, which may prove useful in the study of contribution of these aromatic residues to crystallin packing and stability.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1992

Fourier transform resonance Raman spectroscopy of phytochrome.

The Pr and Pfr forms of phytochrome in H2O and D2O have been studied by Fourier transform resonance Raman spectroscopy with near-infrared excitation (1064 nm). It is demonstrated that this technique is a powerful method for analyzing the chromophore structures of photosensitive pigments. The high spectral quality allows discussion of vibrational assignments based on an empirical approach using previously published data obtained from model compounds. The reduction in intensity of a high-frequency band assigned to the ring-C/D methine bridge vibration is an indication for the non-coplanarity of the ring D in Pfr. The high intensity of a C-H out-of-plane vibration also supports this hypothesis. In Pr, a broad peak at approximately 1100 cm-1 is assigned to an out-of-plane vibration of a strongly hydrogen-bonded pyrrole C=NH+ group. It is missing in Pfr, suggesting deprotonation of the corresponding ring during the transformation from Pr to Pfr.

Chemical Phenomena↗

PubMed2026

Dissecting the genetics of forage quality traits in soft red winter wheat in the U.S. southeast region.

Winter wheat plays a viable role in agriculture, not only as a primary grain crop but also as a valuable forage source that bridges fall-spring forage gaps in many regions, including the southeastern (SE) U.S. Despite its nutritive potential, genetic basis of forage-quality traits remains insufficiently understood, limiting breeding efforts for dual-purpose cultivars. This study aimed to dissect the genetic architecture of forage quality in 182 soft red winter wheat (SRWW) genotypes adapted to the SE U.S. using genome-wide association study (GWAS). Field experiments were carried out in randomized complete block design across three Georgia locations over two growing seasons (2023-2025), with forage sampled at the end of tillering and evaluated using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Significant phenotypic variation was observed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid and neutral detergent fiber (ADF, NDF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), total digestible nutrients (TDN), sugars (SUG), and relative forage quality (RFQ). Heritability estimates ranged from low-to-moderate in combined environments and from low-to-high within individual locations. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive associations among fiber-related traits and negative associations with TDN, RFQ, and SUG, while CP declined with increasing fiber. Genome-wide association analysis identified 282 significant marker-trait associations (P < 1×10-4) across 19 chromosomes, which were consolidated into 121 QTLs, including 27 major-effect QTLs. Three QTLs QRfq.uga-3B.1, QRfq.uga-3B.2 (RFQ) and QDm/Sug.uga-7A (DM, SUG) were stable across locations while QAdf/Adl.uga-2A (ADF, ADL) and QDm/Sug.uga-7A (DM, SUG) indicated multi-trait control. Notably, 25 of the 27 major QTLs were putatively novel, highlighting substantial untapped allelic diversity for forage-quality improvement in SE SRWW. Favorable allele accumulation resulted in an overall improvement in forage quality, increasing desirable nutritive traits (DM, RFQ, SUG, CP) while reducing undesirable traits (ADF, ADL). Candidate gene analysis linked six major QTLs with genes implicated in abiotic stress response, plant development, and metabolic regulation, supporting their functional relevance in forage-quality determination. Incorporating these loci into breeding programs provides a robust genetic framework for marker-assisted selection, enabling the development of dual-purpose wheat cultivars with enhanced forage quality, thereby strengthening wheat's utility as a reliable forage resource during periods of seasonal feed scarcity in SE production systems.

GWAS↗

PubMed1992

Near-infrared FT-Raman spectra of the rat brain tissues.

Near-infrared Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy was applied to brain tissues in situ. The spectra were obtained from the cerebral cortex, white matter of the cerebrum, caudate-putamen, thalamus, synaptosomal fraction, and myelin fraction. High-quality Raman spectra in the 400 to 2940 cm-1 range were measured without interference of autofluorescence. Common spectral bands were assigned. The ratios of the intensity at 1664 (amide I), 1442 (CH2 deformation), 2885 (CH2 asymmetric stretching), 2938 cm-1 (CH3 symmetric stretching) could be used for differentiation between the gray and white matters.

Animals↗