Two species of nematoda (Spirurida: Spiruridae) from Australian dasyurids.
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Animals↗
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Protospirura kaindiensis n. sp. (Spirura: Spiruridae) and other helminths from Pseudohydromys (Muridae: Hydromyinae) from Papua New Guinea.
One cestode and 3 species of nematodes are recorded from Pseudohydromys murinus and Pseudohydromys occidentalis (Muridae: Hydromyinae), from Papua New Guinea, for the first time. Heterakis fieldingi (Ascaridida: Heterakidea) has previously been known from Australia. Odilia sp. resembles Odilia praeputialis in the orientation of the synlophe and the number and size of ridges but differs in the length of spicule and lack of a praepuce. Protospirura kaindiensis n. sp. (Spirurida: Spiruridae) is readily distinguished from all other members of the genus by the number and arrangement of caudal papillae and the length of the spicules.
Animals↗
The evolutionary expansion of the Spirurida.
The possible origins of the 12 superfamilies of the Spirurida are considered, based on comparative morphology, host and geographic distributions. The available evidence suggests a complex origin of these nematodes, some families being derived from the Seuratoidea, and others from the Cosmocercoidea (Ascaridida). The spirurid radiation is an old one and seems to have occurred primarily in the Secondary or early Tertiary eras. Since then, expansion has occurred with host capture as a prominent mechanism. The Dracunculoidea Procamallanidae and Camallanidae are probably derived from the Chitwoodchabaudiidae and the Rictularioidea from the Schneidernematidae. The Seuratidae may have given rise to the Gnathostomatoidea, the Physalopteroidea, the Thelazioidea, the Habronematoidea, the Spiruroidea and the Acuarioidea. The filarioid nematodes appear to have several origins with the Diplotriaenoidea derived from the Spiruroidea, while constituents of the Aproctoidea derived from the Cystidicolinae, the Seuratoidea and the Spiruroidea. The Filarioidea are thought to have arisen from the Spiruroidea and the Thelazioidea. The evolution of tissue parasitism as a secondary phenomenon is considered in various groups.
Adaptation, Biological↗
Redescriptions of the species of Physaloptera Rudolphi, 1819 (Nematoda: Spirurida) parasitic in bandicoots (Marsupialia: Perameloidea) in Australia.
The species of Physaloptera Rudolphi, 1819 (Nematoda: Spirurida) occurring in bandicoots (families Peramelidae and Thalacomyidae) in Australia were re-examined and re-described. Physaloptera peramelis Johnston & Mawson, 1939 was found in Perameles nasuta Geoffroy and occasionally in Isoodon macrourus (Gould) in eastern Australia. Ph. peragale Johnson & Mawson, 1940 from Macrotis leucura (Thomas) from the Northern Territory is treated as a junior synonym of Ph. peramelis. Ph. thalacomys Johnston & Mawson, 1940, originally described from Macrotis leucura from the Northern Territory was also found to occur in Perameles gunnii Gray in Victoria. Specimens here identified simply as Physaloptera sp. were found in both Perameles nasuta and Isoodon macrourus from north-eastern New South Wales. They may be Ph. parvicollaris Johnston & Mawson, 1940 or Ph. sarcophili Johnston & Mawson, 1940, but current deficiencies in the descriptions of these two named species preclude an unequivocal identification of the specimens found in bandicoots.
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Physocephalus sp. (Spirurida, Spirocercidae) larvae in stomach granulomas of the blue spiny lizard, Sceloporus serrifer (Phrynosomatidae) from Texas.
Prevalence of larval nematodes (Physocephalus sp., Spirurida, Spirocercidae) and associated cysts are reported from the blue spiny lizard, Sceloporus serrifer, from Texas (USA). Prevalence of infection was 29%, with seven of 24 animals infected. Larvae were found in gastric submucosal and occasionally mucosal cysts with a mean (+/- SE) of 287 +/- 9.04 microns in diameter. The nematodes evoked a chronic granulomatous response including cyst formation with focal destruction of gastric glands. Cysts resolved into areas of fibrosis. Sceloporus serrifer is a new host record for Physocephalus sp.
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Thelazia rhodesi (Spirurida, Thelaziidae), bovine eyeworm: morphological study by scanning electron microscopy.
Thelazia rhodesi (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) is a parasite of ruminants, which causes ocular infections. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the surface ultrastructure of adult worms of this nematode. At the anterior end of both sexes, the buccal opening was orbicular. Around the mouth, four pairs of cephalic papillae and two lateral amphids were seen. A pair of lateral cervical papillae was present. In the female, the vulva was located at the anterior part of the body, and the tail end was stumpy with two phasmids near its extremity. In the male, the tail was blunt, without caudal alae, and curved ventrally. There were 14 paired preanal papillae, one single papilla directly anterior to cloaca, one paired postanal papilla, and two phasmids at the posterior end. The spicules were unequal and dissimilar. The cuticle was transversally striated and appeared serrated.
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Molecular epidemiological survey on the vectors of Thelazia gulosa, Thelazia rhodesi and Thelazia skrjabini (Spirurida: Thelaziidae).
A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)- based assay developed for the specific identification of Thelazia gulosa, Thelazia rhodesi and Thelazia skrjabini (Nematoda, Spirurida), which cause bovine ocular thelaziosis, was evaluated for its usefulness in detecting the intermediate hosts and in estimating the infection prevalence of vectors in field conditions throughout 5 years (from 1997 to 2001). A total of 5190 flies were captured and identified as Musca larvipara, Musca osiris, Musca autumnalis, Musca tempestiva or Musca domestica. Genomic DNA was extracted from pools constituted by heads, thoraces, abdomens and wings of 10 flies of each species, and 2076 samples were subjected to a PCR assay to specifically detect the ribosomal ITS-1 sequence of bovine Thelazia. Amplicons were sequenced and subjected to digestion with CpoI restriction enzyme. M. autumnalis, M. larvipara, M. osiris and M. domestica species were shown to be PCR positive. T. gulosa was specifically detected by PCR in M. autumnalis, M. larvipara, M. osiris and M. domestica, whereas T. rhodesi is in M. autumnalis and M. larvipara. Of 27 positive samples, 23 were positive for T. gulosa and 4 for T. rhodesi, with a mean prevalence of 2.86% in the whole fly population collected. The highest mean prevalence values of infection were detected in M. autumnalis (4.46%) and M. larvipara (3.21%), and the former species was confirmed to be the vector of T. gulosa and T. rhodesi. This study is the first report of M. osiris as a vector of T. gulosa and M. larvipara as a vector of T. gulosa and T. rhodesi under natural conditions. The occurrence of Thelazia in fly populations in the Apulia region of Italy (in the 5 grazing seasons considered) indicates that cattle thelaziosis is enzootic in southern Italy. This molecular assay should be a useful epidemiological tool for assessing the role of different species of flies as intermediate hosts of thelaziae.
Animals↗
Biology of Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) eyeworms in naturally infected definitive hosts.
Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) eyeworm causes ocular infection in carnivores and humans in the Far East; this infection has been recently reported also in Europe--northern and southern Italy--in dogs, cats and foxes. The natural vector/s of T. callipaeda is/are unknown and the development of the nematode in its definitive hosts is limited to an experimental trial on dogs. To contribute new insights into the development of T. callipaeda in the definitive host in field conditions, eyeworms were collected from naturally infected dogs from an area with a high prevalence of infection (up to 60.14%) in the Basilicata region of southern Italy, from January 2002 to December 2003. Conjunctival secretions were also collected and examined for the presence of immature stages. The presence of blastomerized eggs throughout the period--except for the months from May to November--indicates a seasonality in the reproductive activity of T. callipaeda, coinciding with the presence/absence of the vector. In fact, 1st-stage larvae were found in the lachrymal secretions of dogs in summer (June--July 2002 and 2003), ready to be ingested by flies feeding about the eyes. The evidence of 4th-stage larvae in March 2002 and April, July and October 2003 may be accounted for by the presence of flies that act as intermediate hosts of T. callipaeda from early spring to early autumn. The presence of immature stages in October indicates an overlapping generation of nematodes and a 2nd cycle of vector infection. This basic knowledge of the development of T. callipaeda will hopefully help future epidemiological studies to identify the intermediate hosts and define the likely risk for vectors in field conditions.
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Larval spirurida (Nematoda) from the crab Macrophthalmus hirtipes in New Zealand.
Previously undescribed third-stage larvae of two species of Spirurida were found in the haemocoel of the stalk-eyed mud crab Macrophthalmus hirtipes (Heller) (Ocypodidae) in New Zealand. Examinations by light and scanning electron microscopy showed that the larger larvae (about 7 mm long) belonged to a species of Ascarophis van Beneden, 1871 (Cystidicolidae), the genus including parasites of fishes, whereas the smaller larvae (about 4-5 mm long) belonged to the Acuariidae, a family with species parasitic as adults mostly in aquatic birds. In a sample of 82 specimens of M. hirtipes collected in July 2002 from Papanui Inlet, on Otago Peninsula, South Island, 74 crabs (90.2%) were infected with larval nematodes with an intensity of 1-18 (mean 4.6) nematodes per crab; no distinction between nematode species was made in these estimates, although juvenile Acuariidae greatly outnumbered larval Ascarophis. Apparently, crabs play a role as intermediate hosts of these nematode species. This is the first record of larval representatives of Cystidicolidae and Acuariidae from invertebrates in the Australasian Region.
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Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) of carnivores and humans: morphological study by light and scanning electron microscopy.
Thelazia nematodes cause ocular infection in several mammals and are transmitted by dipteran flies. Thelazia callipaeda Railliet and Henry 1910 (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) is common in the Far East, where it causes eyeworm infection in carnivores and humans. In the past few years, it has also been reported in dogs, cats and foxes in Northern and Southern Italy. Although a great deal of work has been carried out in China and other Eastern countries, knowledge of the morphology of T. callipaeda is scanty. Eighty-three nematodes collected from the eyes of naturally infected dogs from the Basilicata region (southern Italy) were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy, and the most important features of the nematodes were described. The morphological characteristics useful for the identification of T. callipaeda are discussed.
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Fine structure of body surface of Thelazia skrjabini (Nematoda: Spirurida, Thelaziidae).
Thelazia skrjabini (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) is a parasite of cattle that causes ocular infections. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the surface ultrastructure of adult worms of this nematode. At the anterior end of both sexes, the buccal opening was orbicular. Around the mouth, two circles of cephalic papillae were seen: the inner circle with six papillae and the outer circle with four submedian papillae. At both lateral sides of the head, two amphids were observed. A pair of lateral cervical papillae was present. In the female, the vulva was located at the anterior part of the body and the tail carried an anal pore and two phasmids near the tip. In the male, the tail was blunt without caudal alae and curved ventrally. There were 31 to 38 unpaired preanal papillae, two paired postanal papillae, and two phasmids at the posterior end. The cuticle had fine, scarcely visible transversally striations. At the anterior end of the two cases, one abnormal mass was seen.
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Dracunculus mulbus n. sp. (Nematoda: Spirurida) from the water python Liasis fuscus (Serpentes: Boidae) in northern Australia.
A new species of Dracunculus Reichard, 1759 (Nematoda: Spirurida) is described from the tissues surrounding organs in the body-cavity of the water python Liasis fuscus Peters in northern Australia. One to 14 worms were recovered from 22% (27/120) of pythons examined. Males were located principally around the lungs, liver and heart of the hosts, and females were recovered from peritoneal tissue surrounding the intestines and lining the body-cavity. This species differs from previously described species of Dracunculus in the position of the papillae at the posterior end in males, and in the possession of thick, narrow caudal alae. Submedian cephalic papillae are single in both sexes. Dorsal and ventral anterior cephalic papillae are absent in males. This is the first report of a species of Dracunculus from the Australian region.
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Development of lymphatic filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) in mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) fed artificially on microfilaremic blood.
The efficiency of laboratory colonies of mosquitoes such as Anopheles stephensi Liston, Aedes aegypti (L.) Liverpool strain, Ae. aegypti wild type, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, Culex sitiens Wiedemann, and Armigeres subalbatus Coquillett in supporting the development of Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobbold) (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) microfilariae to infective larvae was investigated. The mosquitoes were fed on heparinized microfilaremic human blood by using a membrane-feeding unit with Parafilm as membrane. The rate of infection, parasite development, and parasite burden were compared with that in the known vector mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Cx. quinquefasciatus showed the highest percentage of infection, followed by Ae. aegypti Liverpool strain and An. stephensi. The rate of development of the parasite was more or less similar in all the three species, and infective larvae were found on day 13. When the larvae were harvested on day 17, Cx. quinquefasciatus yielded the highest numbers, followed by Ae. aegypti Liverpool strain and An. stephensi. The percentage of infection was low, and the development was slow in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus compared with the other susceptible species. The parasite developed to second-stage larvae only by day 22 and to infective larvae by day 28. When 2-wk-old Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were fed on microfilaremic blood, they could develop the parasite to infective larvae by day 13 postfeeding. All other species of mosquitoes tested were found to be refractory to parasite development. It is shown that Cx. quinquefasciatus is the most suitable mosquito host for the production of infective larvae. However, Ae. aegypti Liverpool strain, which is commonly used for Brugia malayi filarial parasite, also can be used for generation of W. bancrofti infective larvae to circumvent the problem of maintaining two mosquito species.
Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
Nematode larvae (Spirurida: Physalopteridae) causing infarction of the bowel in an infant.
A case is reported of an 11-month-old baby suffering from gangrene of the distal portion of the small bowel due to infestation by larval worms belonging to the order Spirurida, family Physalopteridae and probably the genus Physaloptera. Microscopically, the resected bowel showed ischaemic necrosis, eosinophilic granulomata and larval worms in the lumen and wall of blood vessels. The inflammatory process extended into the mesentery, where the vessels showed focal necroses, thrombosis and endarteritis. Infection in this child in the Queensland countryside is considered to have resulted from ingestion of insects on grass eaten when at play, the grass having been contaminated by bandicoots.
Humans↗
Larval nematodes (Ascarops sp., Spirurida, Spirocercidae) in liver granulomata of the western fence lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis (Iguanidae).
Prevalence of larval nematodes (Ascarops sp., Spirurida, Spirocercidae) and associated granulomata are reported from livers of wild populations of the western fence lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis. Granulomata were circumscribed by layers of fibrocytes. The encysted nematode was surrounded by masses of histiocytes, cellular debris and cells with pyknotic nuclei.
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Thubunaea dactyluris Sensu Fabio and Rolas, a synonym of Physalopteroides venancioi (Spirurida, Physalopteridae).
Specimens of Thubunaea dactyluris Karve, 1938 sensu Fabio and Rolas, 1974 from the lizard Ameiva ameiva of Brazil and types of Physalopteroides venancioi (Lent, Freitas, and Proença, 1946) from the toad Bufo paracnemis of Paraguay were re-examined. The male caudal papillae and the tooth arrangement demonstrated that these specimens were conspecific and are all assigned to P. venancioi. The occurrence of Physalopteroides dactyluris (Karve, 1938), a nematode parasite of lizards of India and Turkmenistan, is invalidated for Brazil.
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Spiroxys contorta (Nematoda: spirurida) in gastric granulomas of Apalone spinifera pallida (Reptilia: testudines).
Non-caseating granulomas containing larval spirurid nematodes (Spiroxys contorta) were observed in the gastric submucosa and muscularis externa of two pallid spiny softshells (Apalone spinifera pallida) from northcentral Texas (USA). In early granulomas, nematodes were not surrounded by a fibrous capsule but in older, mature granulomas, a fibrous capsule was present. Granulomas without nematodes also were present.
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Protein profile analysis from advanced third-stage larvae (AdvL3) and adult worms of Gnathostoma binucleatum (Nematoda: Spirurida).
Proteins from crude extracts of advanced third-stage larvae and adult Gnathostoma binucleatum nematode worms showed protein profiles in SDS-PAGE analysis similar to Echinococcus granulosus, Trichinella spiralis, Dipylidium caninum, Ancylostoma caninum, Ascaris lumbricoides and Toxocara canis. The immunoblot analysis of the human serum infected or suspected to be infected with G. binucleatum using the total larvae extract recognized the 40, 60, 80 and 115 kDa proteins and using the total adult worm extract recognized only the 80 and 115 kDa proteins. However, the 115 kDa protein showed cross-reactions with A. caninum, A. lumbricoides, T. canis and D. caninum with human serum positive to gnathostomosis, while the 40 kDa protein was only recognized with the G. binucleatum total larvae extract. The results obtained suggest that the use of antigens from the advanced third-stage larvae of the parasite were best recognized for immunodiagnosis of gnathostomosis.
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