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Adaptive sports improve health and quality of life for people with disabilities, yet the extent of adaptive sports exposure in physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) training is unclear. This cross-sectional study reviewed the public websites of 115 accredited physical medicine and rehabilitation residency programs and 26 sports medicine fellowship programs for any mention of adaptive sports, characterizing exposure type, target populations, and associated program characteristics. Adaptive sports were mentioned by 32 residency programs (27.8%) and 8 fellowship programs (30.8%). Mention varied significantly by geographic region in both cohorts (residency, West 64% vs. South 19%, P=.017; fellowship, Midwest 80% vs. South 0%, P=.035) and, among residencies, was associated with larger program size and a greater number of associated subspecialty fellowships. Residency exposure was predominantly volunteer-based, whereas fellowship exposure was exclusively clinical or undisclosed; target populations served were frequently unspecified. Programs have an opportunity to expand structured adaptive sports training and to clearly convey these opportunities to applicants and patients.
This study identifies areas of current and anticipated future utilization of Sport Science Specialists by National Sport Governing Bodies in National level Sport Programs. The results of the survey are discussed in terms of financial and time commitments for sport administrators and sport scientists, respectively.
Studies about life-time sport of different groups of population in Switzerland showed that 82% of 1990 apprentices in the town of Zürich and 59% of young peasants were active in sports in their leisure time. On Saturdays, 45% of the inhabitants of Zürich spent any hours with leisure time sport, on Sundays even 70% (including mountaineering). From seniors (80 years old), 63% were active in sports formerly in their life, from men dead before 65 years from the same factory only 44%.
The incidence and complications of sport injuries in athletics, basketball, gymnastics, hockey, netball, cricket, tennis and soccer were analysed from questionnaire responses of 239 sport participants in Pretoria. Lower limb injuries were most common (73%). Torn tendomuscular organs represented 29,3% of the total number of injuries; sprains, strains and dislocations 35,9%; and fractures 20,5%. Medical treatment was sought by 62,8% of the patients. A total of 60,7% of the subjects was advised to suspend further participation in sport, but 30,6% failed to do so and more than half of these again sustained injuries. Those who were booked off from work totalled 18,0%, but a further 4,5% stayed away from work voluntarily.
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INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the specialization-injury relationship, and explore whether the specialization-injury relationship is moderated by study design, sport type, age, sex, and injury measurement type, injury mechanism, and anatomical location. METHODS: We searched eight databases by related keywords and assessed the quality of the included studies using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) statistical software 3.7 examined heterogeneity, sensitivity, publication bias, overall effect size of specialization-injury relationship, and moderation effects. This review was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251233318). Searches were conducted in eight electronic databases from inception to March, 2026. RESULTS: The 15 included studies showed moderate heterogeneity, stable sensitivity analyses, and no publication bias. The overall odds ratio of the sports specialization-injury relationship was 2.00 (95% confidence interval [1.58-2.55], p < .001). Moderation analyses indicated that sport type significantly influenced the specialization-injury relationship, whereas no significant moderation effects were observed for study design, sex, age, injury measurement type, injury mechanism, and injury anatomical location. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate a positive association between sport specialization and injury risk among youth athletes, with variation across sport participation contexts. Specifically, athletes in both contact and non-contact sports demonstrated higher pooled odds of injury than those involved in multiple sports. Although the evidence is heterogeneous and should be interpreted with caution, these findings highlight the potential role of diversified sport participation in relation to injury.
Sports and play can constitute useful components in the production-free programmes of workshops for the disabled. As a result of a survey carried out in 1976 with the help of a questionnaire statements can be made on the sports situation of 150 workshops catering for 19 450 disabled people, i.e., two thirds of the workshop places currently available. Approximately 60% of the disabled do not have the opportunity of participating in sporting activities: 28% have one sports lesson per week, 9% two and 2% three. Table tennis and ball games are the most frequently mentioned. This applies also for the leisure time sports of the disabled. - As there is only a small number of appropriate facilities belonging to the workshops it is recommended that those of neighbouring schools and clubs be used. Sports lessons are usually given by special teachers' assistants with an additional qualification, as there are only a few physical education instructors with a particular knowledge of sports for the disabled. As an interim solution group leaders could be trained as sport supervisors.
BACKGROUND: Previous studies indicate that sports drinks may improve rehydration, compared to water, an effect likely achieved by manufacturing sports drinks to contain carbohydrates and sodium. However, there is a growing preference for natural products and a "food first" approach to sports nutrition. Fruit juices naturally contain similar concentrations of carbohydrates to sports drinks, but fruit juices may produce a more stable blood glucose profile. Fruit juices also naturally contain electrolytes, particularly potassium, but their potential as effective rehydration alternatives to sports drinks, which have higher sodium concentrations, is not well understood. This study compared the rehydration efficacy and glucose responses following consumption of a 100% fruit juice (Raw Hydrate®; FRU), a glucose-based sports drink (SPO), and water (WAT) after exercise-induced hypohydration. Importantly, rehydration beverages were matched for water volume, rather than total volume, to ensure that any potential differences in water balance were not due to unequal water volumes between trials, a limitation affecting previous rehydration research. METHODS: After familiarization, 17 adults (age: 28 ± 8  years; BMI: 23.8 ± 2.9 kg/m2) completed three trials in a randomized cross-over design. The participants cycled in the heat (~35°C) to induce ~2% body mass loss (BML), then rehydrated over a 1 h period in a laboratory (~21°C) with a water volume equivalent to 150% of BML from either FRU, SPO, or WAT. This was followed by an additional 4 h of seated rest (5 h rehydration period), when blood glucose was measured (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, and 2 h after beverage consumption), and all urine produced was collected. RESULTS: During the 5 h rehydration period, there was no effect of trial on total urine volume (FRU: 1266 ± 403 mL, SPO: 1338 ± 361 mL, WAT: 1394 ± 360 mL; P = 0.156) or water retention (FRU: 42 ± 12%, SPO: 37 ± 10%, WAT: 35 ± 11%; P = 0.059). The blood glucose area under the curve differed by trial (P < 0.001), with all beverages significantly different from each other (FRU: 10.12 ± 0.72 mmol/L/2h, SPO: 12.48 ± 1.34 mmol/L/2h, WAT: 7.90 ± 0.47 mmol/L/2h; P < 0.003). CONCLUSION: Rehydration efficacy was similar between all beverages, but each elicited a distinct glycemic response. For sports drink consumers seeking a natural alternative or implementing a "food first" nutritional strategy, switching to a 100% fruit juice will not compromise rehydration effectiveness, but may elicit a lower blood glucose response. Although, it should be noted that an additional three participants were withdrawn from the study because of gastrointestinal issues after consuming the 100% fruit juice. This was likely a product of the present study's design, where a large volume of 100% fruit juice (average ~2,300 mL) was consumed in a short period of time (1 h). Whilst this is a commonly used study design to robustly assess the rehydration efficacy of different beverages, future studies should distribute fluid intake over a longer duration, in order to improve ecological validity and reduce the risk of gastrointestinal issues.
Physical education of physically handicapped and sensorily imparied children - with its general goals and, especially, its efforts to improve social integration - is understood as an essential part of rehabilitation. The pre-requisites, possibilities and limits of setting up sports teams are discussed on the basis of the types of disabilities suffered by the team members. In addition to homogenous and non-homogenous teams, sports teams should be developed in which the disabled are active alonside the non-disabled. More than ever, sports will be for those disabled who are able to participate - a means of enlarging social contacts. The personality of the sports teacher, who must have a broad knowledge of the methods applied in sports for the disabled, is considered a decisive factor on whom success or failure depends. The given examples are based on experiences gained by the author and his colleagues. The setting up of such sports teams should be followed by new approaches in the clubs and associations activities, as well as in the financing of sports for the disabled. Suggestions are made on how this can be realised.