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Results for “Standard American diet”

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PubMed2025

Mediterranean and standard American diet consumption in psychosis and non-psychosis affective disorders groups: Symptoms and cognition.

UNLABELLED: Research supports an association between diet and health, and emerging evidence suggests that diet is associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, no human study has examined an anti-inflammatory diet across rigorously defined psychiatric diagnoses and its associations with symptom severity and cognition. As inflammation is implicated in mental illness, we investigated adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), an anti-inflammatory diet, and the standard American diet (SAD), and examined cross-sectional relationships with psychiatric symptoms and cognition. METHOD: Participants included 54 individuals with psychotic disorders, 30 with non-psychosis affective disorders and 40 healthy controls. Participants underwent diagnostic interviews, PANSS symptom ratings, and MATRICS cognitive assessments. The self-report GBAQ was used to assess adherence to the MD versus SAD. RESULTS: The psychosis group was significantly more likely to consume the SAD than healthy controls (p = 0.007), with MD adherence predicting better working memory (r = 0.461, p < 0.001). In the non-psychosis affective disorders group, MD adherence predicted slower processing speed (r = -0.376, p = 0.049). In the non-psychosis affective disorders group, MD predicted reduced PANSS General Psychopathology scale (r = -0.449, p = 0.013), as well as the Activation (r = -0.362, p = 0.049), and Dysphoric Mood factors (r = -0.403, p = 0.027). DISCUSSION: This first-of-its kind study identified poor dietary choices in persons with psychosis, showing significantly lower symptoms and better cognition in association with the MD in transdiagnostic analyses. It supports the study of dietary interventions for prevention and treatment of psychiatric conditions.

Humans↗

PubMed1978

Measurment of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) apolipoprotein B in serum by radioimmunoassay: comparison of immunoreactivities of rhesus and human low density lipoproteins.

A sensitive and specific double antibody radio-immunoassay for the major apolipoprotein (apoB) of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) serum very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) is described. The anti-serum was raised to LDL (d 1.030-1.040 g/ml) and the LDL(2) (d 1.020-1.050 g/ml) was labeled with (125)I by the chloramine-T or iodine monochloride method. The assay, which was sensitive to 0.02-0.5 micro g of LDL(2), had an inter-assay coefficient of variation of 4.5%. This assay was successfully used to measure apoB in the whole serum and low density lipoproteins of control monkeys maintained on a standard Purina monkey chow (PMC) diet and of three groups of monkeys fed atherogenic diets: an "average American diet," a 25% peanut oil and 2% cholesterol-supplemented PMC diet, and a 25% coconut oil and 2% cholesterol-supplemented PMC diet. The control monkeys (n = 13) had a serum cholesterol of 146 +/- 28 mg/dl and an apoB of 50 +/- 18 mg/dl. In the monkeys maintained on the atherogenic diets the serum apoB was elevated: 103 +/- 28 mg/dl (American), 102 +/- 35 mg/dl (peanut oil), and 312 +/- 88 mg/dl (coconut oil). The values for serum total cholesterol were 333 +/- 65 mg/dl (American), 606 +/- 212 mg/dl (peanut oil), and 864 +/- 233 mg/dl (coconut oil) and were elevated relative to controls (P < 0.001). For each of the diets, total serum cholesterol correlated with serum apoB (P < 0.001). The slopes of the regression lines of serum apoB vs. cholesterol for the monkeys on the PMC, American, and coconut oil diets were similar (m = 0.531, 0.401, and 0.359, respectively), but differed from that of monkeys on the peanut oil diet (m = 0.121). The immunoreactivities of rhesus and human LDL were compared using specific antisera raised against these antigens. In homologous assay systems, monkey and human LDL exhibited unique immunological determinants. The same results were obtained with the delipidated preparations of the two LDLs using antisera raised against either monkey or human apoB. Crossover studies using a heterologous tracer with each anti-serum resulted in the selection of a specific population of antibodies directed against antigenic sites shared by these two LDL species.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Management of obesity in black females in a community model clinic: A preliminary study.

During a three-month period, March-May 1978, 23 black females were accepted as patients in the obesity program at the model office of the Department of Community Health and Family Practice, College of Medicine, Howard University.An aggregate of 55 visits made by these patients was recorded for the same period.The mean age of the patients was 38.3 years (SD:13.67), and half of the patients were below 40. Nearly 70 percent had a history of obesity in either one or both parents. More than one half had had high blood pressure and 70 percent of the patients had attempted dieting previously. Common snacks taken by the patients were carbohydrate-rich foods.Based on previous medical and dietary history and behavior patterns related to food intake, the patients were prescribed low-calorie or modified high-protein diets. Each patient at the clinic had a program devised individually for her. A team consisting of a physician, nutritionist, and health educator looked for patterns of behavior causing patients to overeat.The mean initial weight of all patients was 218 lb at registration and the weight after seven weeks of follow-up was 213.8 lb.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Nutritive intake of black and Hispanic mothers in a Brooklyn ghetto.

The nutritional status of black and Hispanic mothers living in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, New York, was evaluated, using three-day dietary recall, a questionnaire on food buying and preparation techniques, and anthropometric measurements. Mean nutrient intake of both groups was considerably lower than the 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances for all nutrients studied except protein, ascorbic acid, and phosphorus. Body weight and triceps skinfold values for both groups were higher than standard, suggesting obesity. Reasons for these findings are discussed with emphasis on the importance of nutrition education.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Diet and nutrition of hunter-gatherers.

The diets and nutrition of hunter-gatherers are discussed with the !Kung Bushmen (San) of the Dobe area, Botswana as the example. In general they show no qualitative deficiency of specific nutrients though they are thin and may be undernourished (by our standards) at some seasons. They show little or no obesity, dental caries, high blood pressure or coronary heart disease; their blood lipid concentrations are very low; and they can live to a good old age if they survive infections or accidents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Nutrient intake of low-income, black families in southwestern Mississippi.

A dietary intake study for 250 low-income households in Claiborne County in southwestern Mississippi was conducted from June through August 1974. Data were obtained during daily home visits for seven days by trained college students. The adequacy of nutrient intake for individuals was evaluated by comparing the data with the 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances by age and sex. The data was also compared with those of the Ten-State Nutrition Survey and HANES. Mean intakes of protein, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid for all subjects were above the RDAS; those of energy, calcium, iron, and preformed niacin were below the allowances. Whereas calcium was the nutrient least adequately consumed by all persons, protein was most adequately consumed. Sixty per cent of children had calcium intakes below two-thirds of the allowance. By sex, 66.7 per cent of all males and 73.3 per cent of all females had calcium intakes below two-thirds of the standard. None of children received less than two-thirds of the allowance for protein. Nutrient intake was low for a substantial number of the subjects. Adolescents, ages eleven to eighteen years, of both sexes had the poorest diets for all nutrients. Regarding the sex difference, females had better nutrient intakes than did males for all nutrients except calcium and iron.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Cancer epidemiology in the San Francisco Bay Area.

The Third National Cancer Survey of 1969--71 included the five counties of the San Francisco--Oakland Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. The complete cancer reporting for this area, begun by the Third National Cancer Survey, was continued by the California Tumor Registry as part of the San Francisco Bay Area Resource for Cancer Epidemiology. The population-based cancer-reporting system provided an excellent data base for epidemiologic studies, a number of which (planned or in progress) were described briefly. Those in progress include: cancer of the ovary, corpus uteri, and breast as related to child bearing, fertility, exogenous hormones, etc.; the relationship of diet to breast cancer occurrence among Japanese; diet and colorectal cancer among blacks; and the relationship of cervical cancer to cytology in Alameda County. Other study proposals are under consideration.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Dietary studies of older Americans.

Dietary surveys assessing the nutrient intake of older Americans have been briefly summarized to make information readily available to researchers, nutrition educators, and other interested persons. Calories and eight nutrients are discussed in terms of studies reporting means below the standards used, or at least one-third of the subjects with inadequate intakes. Food energy and calcium were the nutrients most frequently found to be below standards. The mean caloric intake was below the standards used in all large national surveys and a number of the smaller studies. Calcium was deficient in many of the studies, with more women likely to have an inadequate intake than men. Protein and niacin were the nutrients most often found to be sufficient. The mean intake of protein was adequate in all reviewed studies, with the exception of the Ten-State Survey, regardless of standard or dietary methodology used to estimate protein consumption. Nevertheless, several studies reported that at least one-third of their subjects fell below the standard used. The mean intake of niacin was inadequate in the Missouri Congregate Meals Program Survey and in two small studies. The Ten-State Nutrition Survey reported at least one-half the females and one-third the males with intakes less than 6.6 mg/1000 kcal.

Aged↗