GABA-dopamine interaction in substantia nigra and nucleus accumbens--relevance to behavioral stimulation and stereotyped behavior.
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Ouabain induced stereotyped behavior in rats.
Stereotyped behavior was induced in rats with ouabain administered intraventricularly in doses of 2, 3 and 4 microgram in 50 microliter saline. Haloperiodol reduced the stereotyped behaviour. Monoamine turnover studies showed a reduction in concentration of norepinephrine in hippocampus and midbrain, an increase in norepinephrine turnover in the medulla oblongata and a reduction in dopamine turnover in the striatum. The interpretation of these finds is discussed. It is suggested that this model could be significant clinically as it demonstrates that impairment of Na+-K+-ATP'ase may result in behavioral abnormalities characterised by stereotypy.
Animals↗
Behavioral rating scales for assessing phencyclidine-induced locomotor activity, stereotyped behavior and ataxia in rats.
Behavioral rating scales were developed for quantification of phencyclidine (PCP)-induced locomotor activity, stereotyped behavior and ataxia in rats. The dose-response relationship for PCP-induced locomotor activity was found to be an inverted U-shaped function over the first 25 min after injection while over the last 30 min of the experiment the function was highly linear. A linear dose-response relationship was found for ratings of stereotyped behavior and ataxia throughout the 90 min period of observation. The ratings of these two behaviors were found to be closely parallel. The effects of PCP on locomotor activity were found to be greatest during those intervals when stereotyped behavior and ataxia were at moderate levels. Ratings of locomotor activity may be confounded by ataxia when PCP is administered alone or in combination with other drugs.
Animals↗
Effects of penfluridol and other drugs on apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in monkeys.
The effects of some drugs on apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior were studied in male cynomolgus monkeys. Apomorphine produced the dose-dependent stereotyped behavior characterized mainly by continuous licking and biting, and repetitive movements of the hands, head and body in the monkeys. Penfluridol as well as haloperidol showed a clear antagonistic effect on the apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior, while chlorpromazine was less antagonistic than haloperidol. The antagonistic effect of penfluridol lasted longer than that of haloperidol. Reserpine did not inhibit the apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior though the drug elicited markedly the behavioral depression and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine also did not block the stereotyped behavior. Nialamide did not depress the apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior. In provoking the stereotyped behavior in monkeys, apomorphine probably acts directly on dopamine receptors in the extrapyramidal system, and penfluridol is suggested to act as a dopamine receptor blocker with a long action. The results indicate that protection against apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in monkeys may be a useful method for evaluating neuroleptic drugs.
Animals↗
Acute increases by p-chlorophenylalanine of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in the rat.
The stereotyped behavioral syndrome induced in the rat by apomorphine was enhanced by acute systemic administration of PCPA. This effect was dependent on the dose of PCPA and half-maximal at approximately 150 mg/kg, i.p.; it occurred within 30 min, was greatest between 1 and 5 h and had nearly disappeared by 24 h after an acute dose of PCPA. A similar effect was not found at 24 or 48 h following 3 repeated doses of PCPA of 300 mg/kg/day. This effect of PCPA was not reversed by 5-HTP or by high doses of a decarboxylase inhibitor. PCPA alone did not produce stereotyped behavior, although it produced some behavioral excitation in high doses following inhibition of monoamine oxidase. This acute behavioral effect of PCPA to potentiate apomorphine-induced stereotyped responses is unexplained. It does not seem to be due to depletion of 5-HT or to the formation of an amine as an active metabolite. We suggest that PCPA can have behavioral excitatory actions independent of its 5-HT-depleting action.
5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
Possible mechanisms involved in the stereotyped behavior elicited by amphetamine.
In a variety of animals, amphetamine administration produces an increase in locomotor behavior and an induction of repetitive, stereotyped behaviors. There is now considerable evidence to suggest that the induction of stereotyped behaviors is accomplished, in part, by alterations in catecholaminergic transmission in the central nervous system. By recording the spontaneous activity of neurons in the rat brain substantia nigra, reticular formation, basal ganglia, and elsewhere during systemic administration of amphetamine and related drugs, or during administration by means of microinfusions directly into these brain regions, relationships may be drawn between the biochemical and behavioral effects of these drugs and drug-induced changes in neuronal activity in the central nerovous system. Current evidence, for example, suggests that amphetamine produces an inhibition of neuronal activity in the neostriatum and pars compacta of the substantia nigra by means of dopamine released from dopaminergic terminals in the neostriatum and dopaminergic dendrites in the substantia nigra respectively. In addition, current evidence suggests the possibility of a GABA-mediated functional antagonism between excitatory cortical and/or thalamic input to the neostriatum and dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra which could be involved in the apparently mutually exclusive occurrence of amphetamine-induced locomotion and stereotyped behaviors that follow amphetamine administration. Such evidence may also have relevance to a variety of behavioral disorders involving the basal ganglia and catecholaminergic transmission in the central nervous system.
Amphetamine↗
Stereotypic behavior and heart rate in pigs.
Heart rate responses to feeding of both loose-housed and tethered sows, some of which engaged in persistent behavioral stereotypies, were recorded telemetrically in order to determine if stereotypic behavior occurs in response to, and serves to reduce increased sympathetic nervous activity. Heart rates rose in response to feeding (after which stereotypic behavior is most common) and this was greater for tethered sows. This response was partly blocked by a beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist (carazolol), but not by naloxone, although the latter tended to lead to overall increases in heart rate. Thus long-term tethering of sows leads to greater sympathetic nervous responses to feeding. No consistent relationships were found between heart rate and the performance of stereotypic behavior. In Experiment 1, using sows tethered for 6-8 months, neither basal heart rates nor heart rates following naloxone or carazolol differed between high- and low-stereotyping sows. In Experiment 2, using sows tethered for 1-2 months, high-stereotyping sows had lower basal heart rates than low-stereotyping sows. Marked reductions in heart rate caused by a beta-adrenoreceptor blocker did not lead to any change in stereotypic behavior, and preventing stereotypic behavior led to a reduction not an increase in heart rates. The results suggest that stereotypies are performed in situations where heart rate is high, but they provide no evidence that stereotypies reduce this heart rate.
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
Reduction of stereotyped behavior in profoundly retarded individuals.
High-frequency, stereotyped behavior may interfere with the acquisition of appropriate behavior. Through the use of a procedure involving access to vibratory stimulation and its response-contingent withdrawal, stereotyped behavior of two profoundly retarded students was virtually eliminated. A reversal design, employed in Experiment 1, demonstrated that the nonoccurrence and the occurrence of stereotypic hyperventilation was a function of the presence or absence of the intervention procedure. In Experiment 2, a multiple-baseline design provided evidence that the procedure repeatedly produced suppression of stereotyped mouthing across three settings in which it was employed. The observed level of suppression was similar to that typically achieved by contingent application of aversive stimulus procedures. In addition, the procedures seemed to be learned quickly by teachers and administered effectively by public school personnel.
Adolescent↗
Dose-response effects of beta-phenylethylamine on stereotyped behavior in pargyline-pretreated rats.
We studied the dose-response and the time-course effect of beta-phenylethylamine (4.0-64.0 mg/kg, ip) on stereotyped behavior and motor activity in male Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated 2 hr eariler with pargyline (0.25-8.0 mg/kg, iv). Stereotyped behavior, defined as repetitive, nongoal-directed head movements and sniffing, and changes in motor activity were observed immediately after injection of beta-phenylethylamine for a 1 hr period. With increasing doses of pargyline pretreatment, beta-phenylethylamine produced, in a dose-response relationship, progressively more stereotyped behavior accompanied by increased motor activity. Without pargyline pretreatment, only 64.0 mg/kg beta-phenylethylamine induced behavioral changes. Stereotyped behavior and increased motor activity had an onset at 4-6 min after the injection of beta-phenylethylamine, peak at 10-30 min, and gradual decline in the next 10-20 min. These results are discussed in terms of a possible relationship with the degree of inhibition of Type a and Type B monoamine oxidase acused by the different doses of pargyline.
Animals↗
Prevalence and situational causes of stereotyped behaviors in blind infants and preschoolers.
Parents of 85 blind children aged from 10 months to the 6th year of life were asked regarding the frequency, duration and typical situations of the occurrence of various stereotypic behaviors in their children. The Bielefeld Parents' Questionnaire for Blind and Sighted Infants and Preschoolers was used as the instrument of measurement. All of the children displayed at least one stereotypic behavior; most displayed several stereotypic behaviors according to the parents' reports. Eye poking and body rocking dominated within the prevalence hierarchy. Four typical situations could be identified in which stereotypic behaviors were shown: monotony, arousal, demand, and during feeding or eating. The results suggested that repetitive hand and finger movements, stereotypic manipulation of objects, and making a face(s) mainly occur within arousal situations whereas eye poking, whimpering, and sucking thumbs or fingers especially are linked to monotony.
Arousal↗
Changes in drug-induced stereotyped behavior after 6-OHDA lesions in noradrenaline neurons.
Drug-induced stereotyped behaviors are often assessed by rating scales where the eventual appearance of sniffing, licking, and biting are rated as increasing intensity of dopaminergic stimulation. A 6-OHDA induced bilateral lesion (4 X 3-8 mug/4 mul 6-OHDA) in the ascending noradrenaline neurons, lateral to the medial raphe nucleus, of 180 g Wistar rats, affecting selectively noradrenaline and not dopamine or 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons, caused a change in the d-amphetamine sulphate (5-3 mg/kg s.c.) and phenethylamine hydrochloride (40 mg/kg) induced stereotyped sniffing behavior to the performance of discontinuous or continuous licking behavior; biting/gnawing was rarely induced. The site of the lesion and the partial antagonism of 6-OHDA by the uptake inhibitor protriptyline indicate a noradrenergic influence on the behavioral expression of the dopaminergically mediated stereotyped behavior.
Animals↗
Effect of drugs influencing central serotonergic mechanisms on methamphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior in the rat.
Pretreatment with L-tryptophan, a precursor of serotonin, was found to decrease the intensity of stereotyped behavior induced by methamphetamine, while methysergide, a serotonin antagonist, was found to increase the intensity of methamphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior. These results suggest that the intensity of methamphetamine-induced stereotypy depends on the balance between central dopaminergic and serotonergic systems and that the central serotonergic system may have an opposing, tonic effect upon central dopaminergic systems involved in the mediation of stereotypy. In contrast to L-tryptophan, however, pretreatment with quipazine, a serotonin agonist, and clomipramine, a selective, serotonin neuronal uptake blocker, was found to potentiate the stereotyped behavior induced by methamphetamine. The probable mechanisms by which quipazine and clomipramine might have potentiated the methamphetamine-induced stereotypy are discussed.
Animals↗
[Cholinergic modulation on stereotyped behavior and behavioral hypersensitivity (reverse tolerance) in rats].
The failure in the mutual balance between striatal/mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons and the inhibitory system, and a decreased activity of mesocortical dopaminergic neurons may account for biological base of paranoid schizophrenia. We tested this hypothesis by investigating stereotyped behavior and "reverse tolerance" in dopaminergic supersensitivity co-existing with a low-level activity of the inhibitory cholinergic system induced by the chronic administration of methamphetamine (MAP) 4 mg/kg in combination with scopolamine (SCOP) 0.5 mg/kg, in male Wistar rats. For investigating the influence of mesocortical dopaminergic neurons, experiments were designed to compare these behavioral responses in isolated rats, in which the activity of mesocortical dopaminergic neurons seemed to be reduced, to those in group-housed rats. The treatment with MAP plus SCOP produced significantly more potent effect in enhancing stereotyped behavior and "reverse tolerance" than the treatment with MAP only. Stereotyped behavior and "reverse tolerance" induced by the MAP plus SCOP treatment were more intense in isolated rats than in grouped rats. Effects of haloperidol (1 mg/kg) and pimozide (2 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg) on stereotyped behavior were less in MAP plus SCOP treated rats and isolated rats. The data may support a working hypothesis.
Animals↗
D-serine antagonized phencyclidine- and MK-801-induced stereotyped behavior and ataxia.
D-Serine, a selective agonist at the strychnine-insensitive glycine binding site, antagonized PCP-induction of stereotyped behavior and ataxia in a dose-dependent manner. At intraventricular doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mumol/rat, D-serine significantly attenuated PCP-induction of stereotyped behavior in rats. Only doses of 0.5 and 1.0 mumol/rat of D-serine antagonized PCP-induction of ataxia. D-Serine (0.5 mumol/rat) also antagonized MK-801 induced stereotyped behavior and ataxia. These results suggest that agonists at the strychnine-insensitive glycine site may be clinically useful as a novel class of atypical antipsychotic agents.
Animals↗
[Behavioral stereotypes in former inmates of the Auschwitz Concentration Camp].
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Adaptation, Psychological↗
[Compulsive movements and jumping behavior. A contribution to the classification of stereotyped behavior].
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Animals↗
Effects of single and long-term droperidol administration on open-field and stereotyped behavior of rats.
The effects of single and long-term droperidol administration on rat open-field and apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior were studied. A single dose of droperidol decreased dose dependently not only locomotion and rearing frequencies in the open-field but also the apomorphine effects. Long-term droperidol administration induced significant tolerance to all parameters of activity recorded in the open-field. Unlike other dopamine blockers, droperidol withdrawn from long-term droperidol administration wasn't able to increase rats' open-field parameters significantly. However, like other dopamine blockers, droperidol withdrawn produced an augmented responsiveness to apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior. These results suggest that the supersensitivity of central dopamine receptors developed after droperidol treatment may have peculiar characteristics.
Animals↗