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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Stereotypic biases in social decision making and memory: testing process models of stereotype use.

Two information-processing mechanisms that could potentially contribute to judgmental discrimination against the members of stereotyped social groups were examined in two experiments, using a mock juror decision-making task. Both postulated mechanisms involve biased processing of judgment-relevant evidence. The interpretation hypothesis asserts that the activation of stereotypic concepts influences the perceived probative implications of other evidence. The selective processing hypothesis asserts that stereotype-consistent evidence is processed more extensively than is inconsistent evidence. Judgment and memory data from the first experiment supported the general notion that stereotype-based discrimination emerges from biased evidence processing. The specific pattern of results supported selective processing rather than interpretation biases as the critical process underlying observed judgmental discrimination. The second experiment corroborated this conclusion by showing that a manipulation that prevents selective processing of the evidence effectively eliminated biases in judgments and recall pertaining to stereotyped targets. Implications for a general understanding of stereotyping and discrimination are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Stereotype, self-stereotype and metaperception of men and women].

Male and female self-stereotype, and metaperception were studied in a 613-University student sample (291 men, 322 women). Seventy-nine bipolar items from the Factorial Scales of Self-concept were used as a measure. Factor analyses of items were independently calculated for their application to both men and women. The principal findings were as follows: 1) Male stereotype basically includes instrumental characteristics while female stereotype includes expressive as well as instrumental attributes; 2) Male and female self-stereotypes are in accordance with their respective stereotypes; 3) Men as well as women have a fairly accurate idea of how they are perceived by the opposite sex.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Selective antagonism by clonidine of the stereotyped and non-stereotyped motor activity elicited by atropine.

The effects of clonidine, an indirectly-acting cholinergic antagonist, on 5 behaviors elicited by atropine (locomotion, rearing, sniffing, grooming and gnawing) were studied in rats. Clonidine did not alter the prevalence or magnitude of atropine-elicited locomotion and rearing. In contrast, clonidine suppressed the occurrence and degree of 3 stereotyped behaviors, namely, sniffing, grooming and gnawing. This selectivity of clonidine suggests differences in the neural pathways subserving the various stereotyped motor activities.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Stereotypes of mental illness: a comparison with ethnic stereotypes.

This paper draws on empirical and theoretical studies to argue that popular and professional conceptions of mental illness share specific traits with ethnic stereotypes: (1) they are exaggerated and serve to erect a qualitative boundary where none objectively exists: (2) they are maintained through selective perception, rationalization, and sanctions; (3) they help to erect the "thresholds,' i.e., the criteria, for crossing or recrossing the boundary; (4) they serve to define relations, including those of power, between groups; (5) because they perform these important cognitive and conative functions, they persist despite a flow of personnel across them and despite repeated demonstrations of their inaccuracy. They cannot be expected to change until the actual relations between groups change.

Attitude↗
PubMed1977

A-B status and sex stereotyping among psychotherapists and patients. Toward a model for maximizing therapeutic potential.

Previous studies indicate that mental health professionals, when evaluating the mental health of males and females, sex role stereotype to the disparagement of females. Some feminists have further assumed that male therapists in particular discourage self-actualization of females, and have argued that female patients should be seen by female therapists only. This study examined the major hypothesis that among both male and female therapists and among both male and female patients, there may be identifiable kinds of therapists and patients who sex role stereotype more than others. A total of 240 subjects (male and female) were recruited from three populations: professional psychotherapists, medical and nursing students, and psychiatric patients. Each subject was administered an A-B therapist scale and a sex role stereotyping questionnaire. Analysis of variance of this 3 x 2 x 3 factorial study revealed: a) patient groups stereotyped significantly more than professional therapist groups (p less than .01), with student groups stereotyping intermediately; b) within each major group, male subjects stereotyped significantly more than their female counterparts (p less than .01); and c) within each male group and within each female group, A status subjects stereotyped significantly more than B status subjects (p less than .01), with AB status subjects stereotyping intermediately. Previous research has indicated that A status psychotherapists are more effective in treating schizophrenic disorders, while B status therapists are more effective in treating neurotic disorders. Since our results reveal a strong relationship between A-B status and degree of stereotyping, our discussion explores the possibility of differentially matching psychotherapists and patients in order to maximize therapeutic potential. Matching could be done according to complementary differences between psychotherapist and patient (in terms of A-B status and sex role stereotyping) or according to similarities between psychotherapist and patient, depending on whether reconstructive or supportive therapy is the objective. Sex of patient and therapist as well as diagnosis of the patient are other variables considered in the model for maximizing the therapeutic potential.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Chronobiological aspects of stereotyped motor behaviour in mentally retarded children.

Normally developed children show many diverse patterns of behaviour. By contrast, the behaviour of severely mentally retarded children is restricted mainly to primitive motor acts called stereotypes. Due to the severity of the mental retardation, these children are also markedly reduced in their susceptibility to environmental influences. Systematic observations of the pathological motor patterns of these children make it feasible to investigate possible endogenous mechanisms related to these primitive motor activities. The stereotyped motor behaviours of six severely mentally handicapped children were observed continuously for several days. Each child performed at least two forms of stereotyped behaviour. Using spectra of variance and cross-correlation analysis, the data were investigated with respect to underlying periodicities. A 2.5-hour cycle was consistently found in every stereotyped activity observed. Furthermore, stable phase relationships were revealed between the periodic variations of different stereotyped movements in one and the same child. Thus the temporal courses of hand and oral stereotypes were synchronous, whereas head and whole-body stereotypes were delayed by half a phase with respect to stereotyped hand waving. A possible relationship is discussed between the 2.5-hour periodicity of stereotyped behaviour and Kleitman's "Basic Rest Activity Cycle".

Child↗
PubMed1977

Development of sex-trait stereotypes among young children in the United Staes, England, and Ireland.

The Sex Stereotype Measure II (SSM II), a 32-item revision of the Williams, Bennett, and Best Sex Stereotype Measure, was developed to assess children's knowledge of conventional, sex-trait stereotypes defined by American university students. The procedure employed brief stories and human figure silhouettes which were individually administered to 5- and 8-year-old children in the United States, England, and Ireland and group administered to 11-year-olds in the United States. In the United States, knowledge of sex-trait stereotypes was found to develop in a linear fashion between the ages of 5 and 11, with more male traits than female traits being known at each age level. Cross-nationally, there was a high degree of similarity in the nature of the sex stereotypes being learned by the children in the 3 countries, although the rate of learning appeared slower among the Irish children. In all countries there was a clear progression in sex-stereotype learning from age 5 to age 8. English boys had greater knowledge of stereotypes than English girls, but this was not true in Ireland and the United States. Generally, knowledge of male stereotype traits appeared to develop earlier while knowledge of the female traits increased more rapidly between ages 5 and 8. The similarity in sex-stereotype learning in the 3 countries is discussed, and studies in progress in other countries of greater cultural diversity are noted.

Behavior↗
PubMed1975

Effects of penfluridol and other drugs on apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in monkeys.

The effects of some drugs on apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior were studied in male cynomolgus monkeys. Apomorphine produced the dose-dependent stereotyped behavior characterized mainly by continuous licking and biting, and repetitive movements of the hands, head and body in the monkeys. Penfluridol as well as haloperidol showed a clear antagonistic effect on the apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior, while chlorpromazine was less antagonistic than haloperidol. The antagonistic effect of penfluridol lasted longer than that of haloperidol. Reserpine did not inhibit the apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior though the drug elicited markedly the behavioral depression and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine also did not block the stereotyped behavior. Nialamide did not depress the apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior. In provoking the stereotyped behavior in monkeys, apomorphine probably acts directly on dopamine receptors in the extrapyramidal system, and penfluridol is suggested to act as a dopamine receptor blocker with a long action. The results indicate that protection against apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in monkeys may be a useful method for evaluating neuroleptic drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Stereotypic behavior and heart rate in pigs.

Heart rate responses to feeding of both loose-housed and tethered sows, some of which engaged in persistent behavioral stereotypies, were recorded telemetrically in order to determine if stereotypic behavior occurs in response to, and serves to reduce increased sympathetic nervous activity. Heart rates rose in response to feeding (after which stereotypic behavior is most common) and this was greater for tethered sows. This response was partly blocked by a beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist (carazolol), but not by naloxone, although the latter tended to lead to overall increases in heart rate. Thus long-term tethering of sows leads to greater sympathetic nervous responses to feeding. No consistent relationships were found between heart rate and the performance of stereotypic behavior. In Experiment 1, using sows tethered for 6-8 months, neither basal heart rates nor heart rates following naloxone or carazolol differed between high- and low-stereotyping sows. In Experiment 2, using sows tethered for 1-2 months, high-stereotyping sows had lower basal heart rates than low-stereotyping sows. Marked reductions in heart rate caused by a beta-adrenoreceptor blocker did not lead to any change in stereotypic behavior, and preventing stereotypic behavior led to a reduction not an increase in heart rates. The results suggest that stereotypies are performed in situations where heart rate is high, but they provide no evidence that stereotypies reduce this heart rate.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1990

Multiple stereotypes of elderly and young adults: a comparison of structure and evaluations.

Following Schmidt and Boland's (1986) method, college student informants sorted a trait set into 1 or more groups with reference to elderly or young adults. Analysis of these data confirmed the existence of multiple stereotypes of both age groups but showed little similarity between stereotypes of the elderly and the young. Other informants made attitude, age, and typicality judgements of persons representing either the elderly or young adult stereotypes. Results showed that attitudes varied with the stereotype activated and were similar for analogous elderly and young adult stereotypes. Results also suggested that young adults do not view negative stereotypes as more typical of the elderly than positive ones; however, they believe the negative stereotypes are more characteristic of the old-old than are the positive and see positive stereotypes as more typical of young adults than negative ones.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The age dependence of stereotyped behaviours in blind infants and preschoolers.

As part of a research programme on early intervention and family care for blind infants and preschoolers, the Bielefeld Parents' Questionnaire for Blind and Sighted Infants and Preschoolers was given to 85 parents of congenitally blind children. All 85 children (from 5 to 72 months) in the sample were totally blind and had no further serious disabilities. A comparison of five age groups of blind infants and preschoolers indicated that the repertoire of stereotyped behaviour patterns depended on age. After expanding from the first to the second year of life, the range of different stereotyped behaviours decreased from the age of 3 years up to school enrollment. The amount of stereotyped behaviours showed a similar course. Among the individual stereotyped behaviours, only the frequency of eye poking and body rocking increased from the first to the second year of life and then maintained a relatively high level across the entire preschool age range. The situational and person-specific conditions under which stereotyped behaviours could typically be observed also appeared to change with the child's age. While in the first years of life, monotony and arousal situations dominated among the elicited stereotyped behaviours, the 4- to 6-year-old blind children increasingly exhibited stereotyped behaviours in situations in which they were confronted with cognitive and concentrative demands. Various possible explanations of the age dependence of stereotyped behaviour patterns in blind infants and preschoolers are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

The effects of stereotyped behaviour on orienting and tonic cardiac activity.

The relationship of cardiac activity to stereotyped behaviour was studied in profoundly mentally retarded persons, using both inter-group comparisons. The first intra-group comparison involved examining the relative magnitude of an orienting response to an auditory stimulus during the occurrence or nonoccurrence of stereotyped body rocking. While no differences were found between periods of rocking and non-rocking when behavioural measures of orienting were used, smaller changes in post-tone heart rate were observed during periods of stereotyped rocking. A second intra-group comparison found that stereotyped behaviour was associated with a significant increase in heart rate but no change in heart rate variability when compared to periods of no stereotyped activity. Finally, using an inter-group comparison, individuals who displayed stereotyped body rocking exhibited higher tonic heart rates and lower heart rate variability during periods of no stereotyped behaviour than was observed in matched control subjects. This result suggests that stereotyped behaviour may be correlated with reduced vagal tone.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1977

Differential activation by some 2-aminotetralin derivatives of the receptor mechanisms in the nucleus accumbens of rats which mediate hyperactivity and stereotyped biting.

A series of 2-aminotetralin derivatives were injected into the nucleus accumbens of rat to assess the nature of the dopamine mechanisms in this nucleus which modulate hyperactivity and stereotyped behaviour. It was shown that (1) Derivatives with either 5,6- or 6,7-dihydroxy substitutions were each able to induce hyperactivity and stereotyped behaviour, but substitutions in the 5,6-positions conferred greater potency throughout the series. This differential was emphasised by the continued activity of 2-amino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin in the absence of nialamide whilst the action of 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxytetralin was greatly reduced. (2) The hydroxyl functions in both the 5,6- and 6,7-series were essential for activity: dimethyoxy derivatives were inactive. (3) Generally, substitution of the nitrogen atom with one or two methyl groups, or with a butyl group, reduced or abolished activity. However, N-ethyl and N-propyl substitution markedly enhanced stereotypic potential in the 5,6-dihydroxy series (but not in the 6,7-series). The N-isopropyl derivative in the 5,6-series reflected the activity of the N-propyl compound but a further substitution of the N atom with the methyl group (N-isopropyl-N-methyl) greatly reduced the stereotypic potential without modification of the hyperactivity response. In contrast, N,N-dipropyl substitution abolished the hyperactivity response whilst increasing sterotypic potential. (4) alpha and beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine failed to reduce the hyperactivity induced by 2-amino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin or the stereotyped behaviour induced by 2-(N,N-dipropyl)-amino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin. Both behaviours were, however, very sensitive to blockade by haloperidol, indicating that both the hyperactivity and stereotyped responses are dopamine-dependent. It is concluded that the dopamine mechanisms in the nucleus accumbens which mediate/regulate hyperactivity and stereotyped behaviour are different. Further, it is suggested that the 2-aminotetralins may be valuable tools in studies designed to assess the topography of cerebral dopamine systems.

2-Naphthylamine↗
PubMed1986

Stereotyped behavior correlates better than ataxia with phencyclidine-receptor interactions.

The interaction of phencyclidine, dexoxadrol, their analogs and stereoisomers with phencyclidine receptors was compared to their ability to induce stereotyped behavior and ataxia after i.c.v. administration to rats. The order of potency for binding to phencyclidine receptors revealed that among the stereoisomers of phencyclidine derivatives, the (+) isomer was more potent than the (-) isomer. A similar order of potency of phencyclidine derivatives and degree of stereoselectivity was seen in the assays for stereotyped behavior and phencyclidine receptor interactions, which resulted in a good correlation between the relative potencies for binding to phencyclidine receptors and inducing stereotyped behavior. However, the order of potency for induction of ataxia and the stereoselectivity was different than that seen in the assays for phencyclidine receptor interactions and stereotyped behavior. A comparison of relative potencies for binding to phencyclidine receptors to induction of ataxia still resulted in a good fit to a straight line, but the line did not intersect the origin, indicating that a non-phencyclidine receptor component is also involved in mediating ataxia. Dextrorphan and 2-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-3-propylamine were equipotent as phencyclidine in phencyclidine receptor and behavioral assays. The order of potency for interacting with phencyclidine receptors and inducing phencyclidine-like behavior by the isomers of cyclazocine were opposite to that of other phencyclidine analogs. Also, the order of potency for induction of ataxia by the isomers of N-allylnormetazocine was opposite to that for phencyclidine receptor interactions. Ethylketocyclazocine did not induce any stereotyped behavior or ataxia, indicating that it is unlikely that a kappa opioid receptor interaction plays a role in mediating ataxia. Furthermore, stereotyped behavior and ataxia were not due to interactions with mu, kappa or delta opioid receptors as naloxone did not antagonize the behavioral effects of phencyclidine, (-)cyclazocine or (-)N-allylnormetazocine. These results indicate that stereotyped behavior is mediated by phencyclidine receptors, whereas ataxia is mediated by more than just phencyclidine receptors.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stereotypes of football players as a function of positions.

Sports experts agree that different football positions require different personality characteristics and a varied level of motor skill, e.g., quarterback position presumably demands a calm personality, a cerebral endowment, and great motor finesse. By contrast, some other positions may require sheer physical strength and a combative aggressive personality. This study investigated whether football coaches stereotype players according to their various positions and attempted to determine the profile, magnitude and consistency of such stereotyping on both personality traits and motor skill dimensions. This study also investigated the relationship between such stereotypes and the players' scores on psychological tests. On two separate occasions, each of six coaches rated thirteen football positions as to their players' motor skill and personality characteristics. Coaches were instructed to base their ratings on their actual experiences with the players of each position throughout their coaching careers. MMPI-derived scales and the 16 PF test were administered to 251 players. Test-retest correlation coefficients indicate that the six coaches were reliably stable in their stereotypes of the players. Coefficients of concordance indicate significant agreement among the coaches on the stereotypes. Only the 16 PF scores yielded a personality picture consistent with the coaches' stereotypes. Effect of such stereotyping on interpersonal relationships between coach and player are discussed.

Behavior↗