PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Strabismus”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

A longitudinal study of children with a family history of strabismus: factors determining the incidence of strabismus.

A longitudinal study of ocular refraction, position, and fixation was performed in children with a family history of strabismus. The children were examined at regular intervals between 3 months and 4 years of age, and the results are discussed in terms of changes in refraction between different ages and correlations between refraction and development of strabismus and amblyopia. Six of 34 children (17.6%) developed constant or intermittent esotropia. The strabismus was first noted between 18 and 30 months of age except in one case. All esotropic children were 4 dioptres hypermetropic or more at 6 months, and their hypermetropia remained almost unchanged through the years. Seven additional children were 4 dioptres or more hypermetropic at 6 months but did not develop a squint. In contrast to the squinting children the hypermetropia in these children changed towards emmetropia. This emmetropisation was most pronounced during the first 2 years of age. The implications of these results for an early diagnosis of strabismus amblyopia are discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Clinical comparison of congenital or early onset paretic vertical strabismus vs. acquired paretic vertical strabismus.

Thirty-five patients having paretic vertical strabismus were evaluated to determine which clinical parameters could best be used to differentiate congenital or early onset vertical strabismus from late onset vertical strabismus. Those patients with late onset deviations had a higher incidence of diplopia, a higher incidence of cyclodeviation, a higher incidence of compensatory head posture, and manifested larger vertical deviations in the primary position. However, the degree of incomitance, the prevalence of amblyopia, and the level of stereoacuity, did not distinguish the two patient groups. Prism therapy was equally successful for both groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Length-tension measurement of oblique eye muscles in strabismus operations for differentiating trochlear paralysis and strabismus sursoadductorius].

In a group of patients with a motility typical of a superior oblique palsy (a hypertropia increasing in adduction, in down-gaze and on head-tilt, a V-pattern and an excyclotropia), we recorded length-tension diagrams of oblique eye muscles during strabismus surgery. In 14 cases a length-tension recording was made during surgery in general anaesthesia, before and after intravenous administration of succinylcholine, that produces a fierce contraction of eye muscles. Among 14 patients that had eye motilities compatible with a superior oblique muscle palsy, 7 indeed had a non-contracting superior oblique muscle, but others had oblique muscles that contracted vividly. We also made length-tension diagrams of oblique eye muscles during strabismus surgery with local, tetracain eye-drop anaesthesia. Here, the recording was made three times, while the patient looked ahead, into the field of action of the muscle and out of the field of action of the muscle. Some patients indeed had a non-contracting superior oblique muscle and a stiff inferior oblique muscle, but others had superior oblique muscles that contracted vividly, despite an eye motility typical of a superior oblique palsy, with a positive Bielschowsky head-tilt test. This finding confirms the assumption of Kaufmann, Kolling and others that these cases have a non-paretic motility disorder. Viirre et al. found in normal monkeys that disruption of fusion by one week of occlusion of one eye allowed abberrations of conjugate horizontal and vertical eye movement like upshoot-in-adduction to become manifest.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Long-term results after strabismus surgery in convergent strabismus.

The results of surgery in 714 patients with convergent strabismus from a private practice are presented. In 90.2% one operation was enough. The minimum follow-up is 3 years, the average follow-up is 9.2 years. The age of onset of strabismus and the binocular status are the key factors for prognosis. The first factor cannot be influenced through therapy, the second can be. The pre- and postoperative treatment is of utmost importance on the sensory result and on the surgery itself.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Strabismus in patients over the age of 60 years.

We studied all cases of strabismus surgery performed at the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital between January 1, 1981 and June 30, 1986. Of the procedures, 106 (5.4%) were performed on patients over the age of 60 years. Strabismus in patients over age 60 represents a category of diseases which are different from those of childhood. Horizontal deviations were seen in 74% of the patients equally divided between esotropia and exotropia. Vertical strabismus was seen in 17%, and a combined vertical horizontal strabismus was seen in 9% of patients. In children, the overwhelming majority of ocular deviations are horizontal, with esotropias outnumbering exotropias. The strabismus was of adult onset in 71% of cases and of childhood onset in 29% of the patients. The etiology in the adult onset strabismus group included neuroparalytic, restrictive, sensory, and post-cataract surgery strabismus, as well as decompensated exophoria/intermittent exotropia; this was in contrast to children where the most common etiology of strabismus is innervational disturbances in fusional vergences. The major indications for surgery were diplopia and aesthenopia in 71% of cases. Diplopia is uncommon in childhood. Corrective surgery for the relief of diplopia may be enhanced with the use of adjustable sutures and postoperative prism therapy. Precise realignment is the goal of strabismus surgery in all age groups, however, the role of adjustable sutures and prisms is more important in the treatment of the functional complaints of older patients. Exploration and lysis of adhesions and scar tissue are major components of surgery on patients with restrictive strabismus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Saccadic intrusions in strabismus.

Fixational eye movements were studied to determine the presence of and to quantify saccadic intrusions under monocular and binocular viewing conditions in subjects with intermittent strabismus, amblyopia without stabismus, or constant strabismus amblyopia. Saccadic intrusions were present under most test conditions in intermittent strabismus, were rarely observed in amblyopia without strabismus, and were prominent during monocular fixation with the amblyopic eye in constant strabismus anblyopia. This suggests that the presence of saccadic intrusions was related to strabismus and not amblyopia. There was no relationship between saccadic intrusion amplitude and visual acuity. Two possible mechanisms for producing intrusions are abnormally rapid regional visual adaptation and strabismus-induced fixation degradation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Length-tension recording system for strabismus surgery.

To meet the need for both scientific information and a clinical means for measurement of the mechanical parameters of the most difficult individual strabismus cases we present a technique for directly measuring and plotting the length-tension characteristics of the tissues supporting the eye. Semiconductor strain gauges mounted on the shanks of a custom machined eye forceps and an ultrasonic method of making continuous duction measurements of the eye have proved feasible. When the forceps are interfaced with a dedicated microcomputer, the system provides a permanent, quantitative, length-tension record displayed in real-time. The instrumented length-tension forceps system has provided a noninvasive means for quickly and simply assessing the mechanical underlying determinants of strabismus pathology in the office, the laboratory or in the operating room, and can aid in the planning and immediate intraoperative alteration of strabismus surgery. Under operator coordination, measurements can be made which precisely define the mechanical load which the eye muscles must move. The resulting objectively determined tissue stiffness asymmetries and muscle restrictions limiting ocular motion indicate the purely mechanical contributions to a patient's strabismus. Measurements of active force indicate the magnitudes and patterns of innervation over the entire range of gaze. By comparison of these active force and passive stiffness records, nerve signal imbalances may be quantitatively distinguished from mechanical imbalances in strabismus. It is the detailed interaction of these nonlinear muscle forces and mechanical elements which determines the position of each eye in strabismus and therefore the proper surgical treatment. A brief description of actual use and a few examples of clinical results are included from over 200 human records.

Calibration↗
PubMed1992

[Surgical treatment of strabismus in children (a 12-year study)].

A group of 2205 operations of strabismus in the course of 12 years reveals a clear predominance of operations of dynamic strabismus (94%), as compared with surgery of paralytic strabismus and ocular torticollis on account of nystagmus (6%). This fact provides evidence of a marked ratio of a non-paralytic aetiology of strabismus in the child population. In esotropia, the most frequent type of strabismus, the authors consider as most suitable the technique of weakening of the inner rectus muscles by a dosed elongation according to Gonin-Hollwich, as compared with the classical retroposition of this muscle. In exotropia the authors recommend reinforcing operations only or in combination with a weakening operation of the rectus muscles. The gradual development of application of the technique of surgery of the hyperfunctional lower oblique muscle is in favour of treble partial myotomy (elongation). They operate paretic strabismus when the IIIrd, IVth, VIth nerve are affected and supranuclear paresis of the levators by a complex procedure incl. transposition operations of the functional muscles. The authors operate ocular torticollis after a careful analysis of the congenital nystagmus, using special techniques on the rectus and oblique muscles which adjust the position of the head and bulbs.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Natural strabismus in monkeys. Convergence errors assessed by cover test and photographic methods.

A standard set of clinical prism and cover tests and a recently developed photographic method were used to assess binocular alignment in ten monkeys that previously were determined to have a naturally occurring infantile strabismus. Extensive measurements of the alignment state were made for fixation attempts throughout the field of gaze. Patterns of alignment errors were examined in an attempt to compared the strabismus found in individual monkeys with common syndromes of human infantile strabismus. Two monkeys showed patterns consistent with the syndrome of essential infantile esotropia. Five monkeys had patterns consistent with accommodative esotropia. One monkey that had bilateral anterior chamber hemorrhage at birth had a constant-angle esotropia. One monkey that previously had been shown to have a large-angle esotropia during development exhibited only exophoria, and in a final monkey in which large-angle esotropia was found during development, the strabismus had resolved. These results demonstrate that naturally occurring strabismus in monkeys might be related to syndromes seen in children. In addition, they provide extensive information about other characteristics of strabismus that have not been examined previously. These include a characterization of the magnitude of the misalignment in terms of error surface plots of bias and a detailed analysis of scatter in the measurements that show coupling relationships between the two eyes.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The value of strabismus surgery.

Strabismus surgery is indicated for a variety of conditions stemming from misalignment of the eyes, abnormal head posture, and nystagmus. Although part of the value of such surgery lies in the fact that it improves appearance, it differs from cosmetic surgery, because, unlike the latter, it is designed to restore only normal configuration for ocular alignment--straight and/or aligned with the object of regard. A wide array of diagnostic tests are used to determine the precise treatment required, the goal of which is to provide comfortable vision, normal head position, and normal human appearance. In some cases nonsurgical techniques can be used to treat strabismus, but there is no evidence that visual training is an effective means of straightening eyes in those cases where surgery is considered the treatment of choice. For the most common strabismus, essential infantile or "congenital" esotropia, 80+% of infants have "straight" eyes after the initial operation, and 90% after a second operation, most of these with "straight eyes" have residual deviation of 5 prism diopters of esotropia or less. More than 50% of surgically treated patients have stable, long-term satisfactory results. Considering the effort required on the part of the ophthalmologist, together with the physical and psychological benefit to the patient, the cost of strabismus surgery should be equal to that of any major ophthalmic surgical procedure. That strabismus surgery is compensated at a lower rate, than for example, cataract surgery, suggests that strabismus surgery is an excellent value.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1990

Jaw muscle tension after succinylcholine in children undergoing strabismus surgery.

The increases in tension at the masseter and adductor pollicis muscles following succinylcholine, 1 mg.kg-1, during halothane anaesthesia were measured in eight children, 3-10 yr, with strabismus. The results were compared with those obtained in a control group of general surgical patients. Supramaximal train-of-four (TOF) stimulation was applied to the ulnar nerve and the nerve to the masseter simultaneously. Jaw closure was measured by a force transducer system. In all patients, succinylcholine caused an increase in resting tone at the jaw and at the thumb. In the strabismus group, the magnitude of this increase was 55.7 +/- 23.2 g, mean +/- SD, at the jaw and 11.3 +/- 5.6 g at the thumb. This was not significantly different from the values obtained in controls, 45.3 +/- 33.4 g and 7.9 +/- 4.2 g, respectively. The duration of the phenomenon was 1-2 min in both muscles studied, and was not statistically different in the strabismus group. Time to complete neuromuscular blockade was significantly faster at the masseter, 31 +/- 6 sec--control groups; 39 +/- 11 sec--strabismus group, than at adductor pollicis, 61 +/- 34 sec--control groups; 75 +/- 28 sec--strabismus group (P less than 0.05 and 0.013 respectively). It is concluded that succinylcholine causes similar increases in jaw tension and comparable degrees of neuromuscular blockade in patients undergoing strabismus surgery as in other children.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗