PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Subarachnoid Space”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Activation of the coagulation system in the subarachnoid space after subarachnoid haemorrhage: serial measurement of fibrinopeptide A and bradykinin of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Fibrinopeptide A (FPA) levels as an indicator of thrombin activity in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of 25 patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) were measured serially by radioimmunoassay (RIA). FPA levels in CSF were extremely high on days 0-1 (1253 +/- 269 ng/ml, mean +/- standard error) but decreased rapidly (11.3 +/- 3.9 ng/ml on days 2-4, 10.7 +/- 5.9 ng/ml on days 5-7, and 6.3 +/- 1.5 ng/ml on days 8-14). In the controls the FPA concentration in CSF was 1.2 +/- 0.9 ng/ml (mean +/- standard deviation). Plasma FPA levels in patients with SAH showed no statistically significant changes with time. The bradykinin (BK) concentration in CSF and plasma in 27 patients with SAH was measured serially by RIA. The concentrations in CSF were 122.7 +/- 22.7 pg/ml (mean +/- standard error) on day 0, 38.6 +/- 6.1 pg/ml on day 1, 22.7 +/- 6.3 pg/ml on day 2, and 17.1 +/- 3.0 pg/ml or less thereafter. Plasma BK levels in patients with SAH were higher than those in the control group, but there was no statistically significant change over time. From the measurement of FPA it was apparent that the coagulation system in the subarachnoid space is strongly activated in the early stage of SAH. The formation of BK in CSF after SAH is thought to be due to the contact activation of Hageman factor (intrinsic factor) in the subarachnoid space. Trabeculae as collagen bundles in the subarachnoid space were considered to have a possible role in activating the Hageman factor of the coagulation system in SAH.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Changes in the subarachnoid space after experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage in the dog: scanning electron microscopic observation.

The possible changes in the subarachnoid space after subarachnoid haemorrhage were studied in animals by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). About 1 ml/kg of autogenous blood was injected intracisternally in 36 adult mongrel dogs to investigate changes in the subarachnoid space, over periods ranging from immediately after the injection to as long as 6 months. We have come to the conclusion that the injected blood disappears in about one to two weeks; the fibrosis or thickening of the arachnoid membrane appears in one to three weeks, and then returns to normal in a month in instances of rapid recovery, but there are some cases in which fibrosis persists for a long period and becomes chronic. The fact that an increase of fibrous tissue was found in the parietal region, where the injected blood had hardly reached, appears to indicate that the fibrosis is not always limited to the site of the haemorrhage but can occur in remote regions. We also discuss the usefulness of the SEM in the observation of the subarachnoid space, and the finding that vascular specimen preparations can be made by perfusing the brain with 2-10% phosphate-buffered formaldehyde solution.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Scanning electron microscopy of the subarachnoid space in the dog. IV. Subarachnoid macrophages.

Young dogs of both sexes were used in this study. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy were utilized for the examination of the spinal cord and choroid plexus with emphasis on the study of free cells. These procedures were modified so that, in certain cases, the same cells observed in scanning electron microscopy could be analyzed internally by transmission electron microscopy. One half of the animals were injected under anesthesia with horseradish peroxidase for observation of phagocytosis. This study confirms that the free cells observed in the subarachnoid space with the scanning and transmission electron microscopes are identical. The internal morphology of these cells corresponds to that of macrophages. This is further substantiated by the ability of these cells to localize horseradish peroxidase in discrete vacuoles within their cytoplasms. Both pial macrophages and epiplexus cells localize peroxidase in an identical manner in the same animal after one injection. In addition macrophages on the surface of the pia mater respond to extravasated red blood cells in a characteristic manner including phagocytosis. The plentiful population of macrophages on the surface of the pia mater supports the concept that these cells are of major importance in maintaining asepsis in the subarachnoid space.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Clearance of some quaternary amines from the spinal subarachnoid space.

The spinal subarachnoid space was perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the low lumbar level to the middle thoracic level or to the cisterna magna in anesthetized rabbits. 3-H-choline, 3-H-methyl-atropine or 3-H-decamethonium with carrier in different concentrations was added to the perfusate together with 14-C-inulin, the latter serving as a marker of the dilution of the perfusate by original CSF. Choline was eliminated from the perfusate partly by a saturable mechanism probably by an uptake into the spinal cord. About 15 per cent of the radioactivity of the choline infused was recovered from the spinal cord mainly as phosphorylcholine, betaine, and phospholipids. Amphetamine decreased the elimination of choline from ventriculocisternal perfusates and partly inhibited the uptake of choline in rabbit choroid plexus in vitro. In contrast, amphetamine did not influence the saturable elimination of choline in the lumbothoracic perfusion. Neither methylatropine nor decamethonium was eliminated from the perfusate by a saturable mechanism in the lumbothoracic perfusions. However, in perfusions including the cisterna magna methylatropine was partly eliminated by such a mechanism. The concentration of radioactivity in fourth ventricular choroid plexa suggested this structure to be responsible for the saturable part of the elimination. In conclusion, there is no active removal of quaternary amines in general from spinal CSF like the choroid plexus mediated clearance from ventricular CSF.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Growth of the graft and astrocytic reaction following transplantation of fetal brain to adult rat's brain. Part II: Cell suspension transplantation into the subarachnoid space].

Suspensions of basal forebrain cells of fetal rats were transplanted into the subarachnoid space of adult rats through a microsyringe needle which was transcortically inserted to the subarachnoid space. Two to 3 months after the transplantation, growth of the graft, neuritic elongation, neovascularization, and astrocytic reaction were examined by Nissl staining, histochemical staining for acethylcholinesterase and Klüver-Barrera's myelin staining, vascular relief images and immunohistochemical staining for laminin, and immunocytochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Transplanted fetal neurons survived and grew very well over the brain surface and exhibited facilitated neuritic elongation. Several bundles of myelinated fibers linking the subarachnoid and the subpial grafted cells were noticed, but the myelinated fibers penetrating the intact pia mater were not verified. In the grafted tissue, extracellular matrix was formed and a lot of small vessels and capillaries were noticed. Many GFAP-immunoreactive cells were seen in the graft. They had a tendency to gather perivascularly and near the margin of the graft tissue facing subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space is thought to be an adequate place for transplanted neuronal and glial cells to grow. The subarachnoid space contains the cerebrospinal fluid and also it contacts with rich pial vessels, so that it seems to be superior to the intraparenchymal area in respects of a supply of oxygen and nutrition and of low tissue pressure. Transplanted tissue may be supposed to work as the exocrine and/or endocrine organ which secretes neurotransmitters and their synthetic enzymes and neurotrophic factors. If this is true, it would imply that the subarachnoid space is considered as a promising site for implantation.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

US measurement of the subarachnoid space in infants: normal values.

The subarachnoid space was examined with real-time ultrasonography (US) in 89 healthy infants. US of the brain in all infants revealed no abnormalities. Three variables were measured in the coronal plane at the level of the foramen of Monro: the sinocortical width (SCW) ranged from 0.4 to 3.3 mm, the craniocortical width (CCW) from 0.3 to 6.3 mm, and the interhemispheric width (IHW) from 0.5 to 8.2 mm. All variables can be used routinely, as the SCW could be demonstrated in all infants, and the CCW and IHW were demonstrated in 96% (85 of 89). Correlation of sonographic measurements with the independent variables age, head circumference, body weight, and body length was poor. To differentiate normal from pathologically dilated subarachnoid spaces, the following upper limits are proposed on the basis of the 95th percentile: 3 mm for SCW, 4 mm for CCW, and 6 mm for IHW.

Female↗
PubMed1992

Follow-up study of macrocephalic children with enlargement of the subarachnoid space.

Eighteen macrocephalic children with enlargement of the subarachnoid space (ESAS), with or without mild ventricular dilatation, were followed prospectively to a mean age of 56 months. All were born at term, with uneventful neonatal period and negative tests for congenital infections. There were 17 boys and 1 girl and the mean follow-up period was 46 months (8-58 months). The initial neurologic evaluation, between ages of 2 to 33 months, disclosed abnormalities in 2 cases. At the follow-up one was still abnormal and the other had a normal neurological examination. Another child, who had a normal neurological examination at the age of 5 months, at the age of 7 years and 7 months had an IQ of 77. Thus the abnormality rate at follow-up was 11%. The OFC returned to the normal range in 45% of the children at the follow-up period. There were no cases of intracranial hypertension. One infant had subdural taps performed at the age of 13 months that disclosed a fluid with the same characteristics as the CSF. All the children had a CT-scan performed at the beginning of the study that revealed a large subarachnoid space; in 77% it was associated with mild ventricular dilatation. Eleven had CT-scans repeated, during the study period, which showed resolution of the process in 3 cases, improvement in 2, and unchanged in 6. We conclude that enlargement of the subarachnoid space in macrocephalic children is often a benign entity. ESAS and macrocephaly will still be present in the majority of children in the long-term follow-up.

Child↗
PubMed1992

The subarachnoid spaces in craniosynostosis.

A review of 85 patients with various forms of craniosynostosis showed predictable patterns of dilatation of the subarachnoid spaces in regions of compensatory skull growth. The characteristic pattern in sagittal synostosis (43 patients) included dilatation of the frontal and occipital subarachnoid spaces associated with the elongation of the anteroposterior dimension of the skull and widening of the interhemispheric fissure. In 11 patients with unilateral coronal synostosis, dilatations of the subarachnoid spaces over the contralateral frontal lobe, the sylvian regions, and the ipsilateral temporal lobe tip were consistent with the skull changes of contralateral frontal bossing, increased bitemporal dimension, and elevation of the sphenoid wing, respectively. Four patients with bilateral coronal synostosis also had enlarged subarachnoid spaces high over the convexities of the brain consistent with the towering configuration of the skull. Four patients with true lambdoid synostosis had dilatation of the subarachnoid space only over the ipsilateral frontal lobe associated with compensatory bossing of the frontal bone. Ten of 14 patients with lambdoid deformities had bilateral enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces suggesting brain atrophy and an underlying motor delay accounting for the position-induced skull changes. The findings suggest that focal hydrodynamic mechanisms are involved in the compensatory skull changes seen in craniosynostosis.

Atrophy↗
PubMed1979

Scanning electron microscopy of the subarachnoid space in the dog: evidence for a non-hematogenous origin of subarachnoid macrophages.

Injection of viable BCG into the subarachnoid space of immunized and non-immunized dogs produced a 10-fold increase in the populations of pial free cells. In immunized animals injected three days previously with BCG, stereoscopic SEM revealed that many pial cells had rounded up and were protruding into the subarachnoid space. With continued rounding these cells took on amoeboid characteristics, with shapes that suggested a capacity for cell movement. Internally, these pial cells possessed an increased volume of perinuclear cytoplasm and organelles. Reactive pial cells could be distinguished from macrophages of presumed hematogenous origin on the basis of their surface morphology. These findings suggested that pial cells had the ability to alter their normal structural and behavioral characteristics and to become macrophage-like under these conditions of secondary challenge by BCG.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Continuous pump pressures cannot be used to identify catheter tip migration into the subarachnoid space.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Migration of an epidural catheter into the subarachnoid space is a potentially lethal complication of continuous epidural anesthesia. We evaluated the use of pump pressure measurement during infusion in detecting such an occurrence. METHODS: Pump pressures at two flow rates (P1 and P10) and epidural space pressure (P0) were measured hourly in eight consecutive ASA Physical Status I parturients receiving continuous epidural anesthesia and compared to those of a patient whose catheter migrated into the subarachnoid space. In addition, total resistance to infusion (Rtot) was calculated as the slope of the least squares regression line linking pressure and flow. Epidural resistance (Repi) was computed as the difference between total resistance and catheter resistance; Repi = Rtot - Rcath. RESULTS: In epidural catheters, average P0 and P10 were 13 +/- 4 mmHg and 23 +/- 4 mm Hg, respectively, and did not change over time. Rtot and Repi averaged 960 +/- 180 RU and 980 +/- 120 RU, respectively. Pump pressures in the subarachnoid catheter were 10 mmHg for P0 and 20 mmHg for P10, while Rtot was 1000 RU. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that epidural and subarachnoid space resistance is essentially zero and the pump pressure in the system is used to overcome the catheter resistance. Both spaces offer the same total resistance to infusion and, therefore, pump pressure will not change when a catheter migrates into the subarachnoid space.

Anesthesia, Epidural↗
PubMed1976

[Dimer-X in the intracranial subarachnoid space--its toxicity (author's transl)].

The reaction of the rats to injection of Dimer-X into the intracranial subarachnoid space or the cerebrum was examined. When 28% iodine Dimer-X was injected into the subarachnoid space, 7 of 10 rats showed agitation, which is the most severe complication, and all died within one hour. All of the reactions were reduced with the lower concentrations of Dimer-X. The rats which were premedicated with Valium and/or Decadron revealed fewer and less severe complications. It is believed that the intracerebral injection method has many disadvantages, the results of its experiment are therefore reported without further elaboration. From the results of the experiment it is concluded as follows: 1) Dimer-X should not be injected into the intracranial subarachnoid space. 2) Dimer-X of low concentration in the subarachnoid space reduces the complications. 3) Complications from the subarachnoid application of Dimer-X can be reduced by premedication with Valium and Decadron.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Production and absorption rate of cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal subarachnoid space of the dog (author's transl)].

Adult mongrel dogs, weighing 10-17 kg. were anesthetized with Nembutal and cervical and lumbosacral laminectomy was performed. The spinal subarachnoid space was blocked by extradural ligation at the level of the C4 to interrupt CSF communication between the cranial and spinal space. Polyethylene catheters were placed in the cervical and lumbosacral subarachnoid space, and artificial Mock CSF buffer, pH 7.35-7.40, containing inulin of 25 mg/dl or 14C-inulin of 1.5-2 muCi/dl as a tracer was perfused in the sacro-cervical direction through the catheter. After a steady state of perfusion was acommplished, the CSF was collected from the outlet catheter. Production and absorption rate of the CSF were calculated after Pappenheimer and Heisey's equation. 1) Effects of CSF pressure on the rate of production (Vf) and absorption (Va) of CSF and on the difference between outflow fluid rate (Vo) and inflow fluid rate (Vi) were studied within the pressure range of -100 to +600 mmH2O. Then, regression lines were calculated by means of the least square method. See Article. Vf was little affected by changes in CSF pressure, while Va increased linearly as CSF pressure elevated. This suggests that the spinal subarachnoid space plays an important role as a site of CSF absorption when the intracranial pressure increases. Vo-Vi, that is difference between absorption and production rate, decreased linearly as the CSF pressure increased. 2) Under a constant CSF pressure of +200 mmH2O, the effects of glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, 0.25 mg/kg and hydrocortisone, 4.15 mg/kg) and a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (acetazolamide, 10 mg/kg) upon the production and absorption rate of CSF were determined 1/2, 1, 2 and 3 hours after intravenous administration. a) Effect of dexamethasone: The rate of CSF production was reduced to 60.5 +/- 2.4% (p less than 0.001) of the control level. The absorption rate of CSF also decreased to 59.2 +/- 6.09% (p less than 0.001) of the control. b) Effect of hydrocortisone: The production rate of CSF decreased to 67.4 +/- 6.61% (p less than 0.001), and the absorption rate to 76.5 +/- 3.94% (p less than 0.001) of the control level. c) Effect of acetazolamide: The production and absorption rate also decreased to 57.2 +/- 5.61% (p less than 0.001) and to 56.9 +/- 7.02% (p less than 0.001), respectively. 3) Pentration of tritiated dexamethasone and tritiated hydrocortisone from plasma to CSF. The penetration of tritiated dexamethasone and tritiated hydrocortisone from plasma to CSF in the spinal and cranial subarachnoid space was observed after the intravenous administration. The CSF/Plasma ratio of dexamethasone was 30.9% at 15 minutes and gradually increased to 91.5% and 93.5%, respectively, in the cranial and spinal CSF at 3 hours after the injection.

Acetazolamide↗
PubMed1977

Scanning electron microscopy of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni as observed in the subarachnoid space.

Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the pathogenic protozoan, Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, in the leptomeningeal subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord of the experimentally inoculated dog. Know to inhabit such areas as moist soils, stagnant waters, and sewage around the world, these protozoans have been identified as etiologic agents in numerous cases of meningoencephalitis. Infection occurs via a nasopharyngeal inoculation, through penetration of the olfactory mucosal epithelium and cribriform plate, into the subarachnoid space, whence it gains access to the central nervous system. Stock preparations of these amebae extracted directly from their culture medium for scanning microscopic study provided an index for their identification within the subarachnoid space and also permitted a heretofore unobserved survey of their pleomorphic surface features. From the observations of others, it had appeared that the ultimate portal of entry into the central nervous system involved some type of cytolytic process; however, this study illustrates an action of simple diapedesis in which the organisms seek a pathway of least resistance; namely the naturally-occurring pial fenestrations.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Induction of tolerance and withdrawal in rats receiving morphine in the spinal subarachnoid space.

Rats implanted with chronic catheters in the spinal subarachnoid space were given twice daily injections for 7 days of morphine sulfate, either intrathecally into the lumbar subarachnoid space (15 or 50 microng) or i.p. (20 mg/kg). The development of tolerance, as manifested in a reduction of the analgetic efficacy of these injections on the hot plate and tail flick, occurred in a dose dependent fashion over a period of 7 days. At this time, injections of i.p. morphine into animals which had received spinal morphine and vice versa revealed the existence of a two way cross tolerance between spinal and systemically administered morphine. Injection of naloxone into the spinal cord of animals exposed to i.p. morphine or conversely, i.p. naloxone in animals tolerant to intrathecal morphine, yielded a hyperreflexia and extreme sensitivity to handling. Other signs commonly observed in percipitated withdrawal, however, such as wet shakes and weight loss, were not observed.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1977

[Treatment of chronic leptomeningitis (arachnoiditis) by administration of ozone into the subarachnoid space].

The authors report of ozone administration into the subarachnoid space for the treatment of chronic scarring--adhesive processes in the pial membrane. Among the 104 studied patients, 62 had convexital leptomeningitis, 7--basal, 3--of the posterior cavity and 28 diffuse forms. In patients with leptomeningitis of the posterior cavity in the absence of an engorged papilla of the eyeground, ozone was introduced by occipital punctures, in convexital and basal leptomeningitis--by lumbar puncture. An introduction of ozone into the subarachnoid space was conducted in combination with resorptive and general therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Developmental morphology of the subarachnoid space and contiguous structures in the mouse.

Development of pia-arachnoidal membranes in the mouse occurs in four stages: the first (prenatal days 10-13) follows closure of the neural tube and is a period of initial vascularization of the developing telencephalon; the second (prenatal days 14-16) is a period of delineation during which the limits of the subarachnoid space are defined; the third (prenatal day 17 to birth) is a period of ensheathment of pia-arachnoidal blood vessels; and the fourth (birth to postnatal day 21) includes addition of smooth muscle to larger vessels, the appearance of macrophages in the subarachnoid space, and a general increase in extracellular collagenous and elastic fibers. The mesenchyme over the telencephalic surface in the 10-day fetus has a typically large extracellular space. By the 13th fetal day cerebrospinal fluid begins to seep into and replace it. The mesenchymal extracellular compartment is reduced peripherally, resulting in a compacted pia-arachnoidal tissue which limits the peripheral extent of the subarachnoid space. By the 21st postnatal day a subarachnoid space typical of the adult animal has been established.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Infiltration of India ink from subarachnoid space to nasal mucosa along olfactory nerves in rabbits].

The mode of the transportation of India ink to the nasal cavity was studied when it was given to the subarachnoid space chiefly through facial nerve sheath and partly by cisterna magna injection. From subarachnoid space India ink infiltrated through perineurium, epineurium and perineural space of the fila olfactoria and of olfactory nerve fibers to lamina propria of the olfactory mucosa and spread also to the respiratory mucosa. It was further taken into lymphatic vessels and accumulated in bilateral cervical lymph nodes. In normal rabbits, India ink didn't penetrate the basement membrane into the epithelial layer at all, but in rabbits with chronic rhinitis showing edema, degeneration and destruction of mucosa, India ink was found to pass easily through the basement membrane into the epithelial layer and further to leak into the nasal cavity in all cases. It was a new finding that in cases with rhinitis large particles like India ink could infiltrate from the subarachnoid space to the nasal cavity passing through the nasal mucosa, and was considered to be a possible cause of idiopathic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea.

Animals↗