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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

[Brucella titers in subclinical infections due to Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 in a pig-breeding farm (author's transl)].

According to the Federal German Veterinary Public Health Regulations part of the stock of a pig-breeding farm in Lower Franconia (South Germany) had to be destroyed due to the findings of positive serological titers against Brucella. B. suis was not isolated from various specimens examined by the local veterinary public health authorities, but the authors found Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 in 15 of 117 pigs investigated (12.8%). The organisms were cultured from 6 out of 117 specimens of fecal material (5.1%), and from 10 out of 55 pharyngeal tonsils (18.2%). The examination of 45 mesenteric and 2 submandibular lymphnodes remained negative. In 9 out of 93 sera titers against B. abortus between 1:20 and 1:40 were detected in tube agglutination but not in complement fixation tests. These sera and an additional serum specimen gave simultaneous reactions against Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 ranging from 1:40 to 1:640 (Table 2). By cross-absorption antibodies to Brucella were completely removed, but to Yersinia titers between 1:10 and 1:320 remained detectable in 7 sera. It may be concluded that the Brucella titers observed in the animals were caused by subclinical infections with Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 which is known to give rise to marked serological cross-reactions with various Brucella antigens. The importance of the above findings will be discussed in view of the current veterinary public health regulations.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Hypovitaminosis A and its control.

Hypovitaminosis A is considered to be the most common cause of blindness in the developing countries but it is not possible to estimate the prevalence of keratomalacia directly attributable to it. Subclinical hypovitaminosis A is not measurable at present in human subjects, but studies in animals indicate that the possibility of subclinical effects should not be ignored. The recommended procedure for identifying the "at risk" population involves a three-part survey to evaluate dietary intake, biochemical indices, and clinical signs. This article examines all three approaches in some detail, but in the present state of knowledge, none of them gives a satisfactory estimate of vitamin A status. For community assessment, the article discusses preliminary experience with a predictive model of the number of children in a population at risk of hypovitaminosis A that is based on associations noted repeatedly between protein-energy malnutrition and certain child-rearing practices, family economics, and morbidity. Criteria have been established for deciding on the need for a programme of prevention and the types of programme most appropriate in different situations are discussed. The methods of programme evaluation must take into account the stated objectives of the programme.

Child↗
PubMed1979

Some immunological effects of lead, cadmium and methylmercury.

Environmental contaminants may alter one specific or several segments of the immune response. It is often necessary to examine each parameter (humoral, cell-mediated and macrophage) to assess the extent that each is involved. Lead and cadmium exposure results in suppression of many aspects of the immune response of animals. This suppression often occurs at very low subclinical dosages and therefore is detrimental to the health of animals and perhaps man by methods other than the typical well-documented toxicity which results at larger dosages. Methylmercury has been shown to inhibit the primary, secondary and memory immune response but few studies have described possible effects on T lymphocytes and macrophages. The effect that methylmercury imposes on the immune system needs further investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effect of spectinomycin on T. pallidum in incubating experimental syphilis.

Animal experiments were performed to determine if a single-dose treatment for acute gonorrhoea with 2 g. spectinomycin could cure a simultaneously acquired syphilis at a very early stage of incubation. 300 treponemes (Nichols stain T. pallidum) were inoculated intratesticularly and 3 days later spectinomycin was administered in a dose which produced spectinomycin serum levels similar to those in patients who had received a single oral dose of 2 g. This dosage of spectinomycin did not prevent the development of syphilitic orchitis or reactivity to the FTA-ABS test, but it prolonged the subclinical incubation period.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Studies on Tyzzer's disease: application of immunofluorescence for detection of Bacillus piliformis and for demonstration and determination of antibodies to it in sera from mice and rabbits.

Bacillus piliformis antigens were demonstrated in smear preparations from infected mouse livers by direct immunofluorescence technique. Mouse serum antibodies against B. piliformis were demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence technique. The test was employed quantitatively both on sera from experimentally infected mice and on sera from clinically healthy mice from colonies infected with B. piliformis, and could be used for the quantitative demonstration of antibodies in sera from a stock of rabbits with Tyzzer's disease. It was found very useful for the detection of subclinical infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Actinobacillus seminis infection in sheep in the Republic of South Africa. I. Identification of the problem.

A clinical palpation and semen smear examination of 647 rams submitted to the Regional Veterinary Laboratory during 1967 revealed that 42 (6,5%) of these animals had clinical epididymitis or orchitis, 6 (0,9%) showed other types of genital lesions and 98 (15,1%) suffered from subclinical genital infection. A. seminis and A. seminis-like organisms were isolated from semen specimens of 18 out of 35 rams with clinical epididymitis or orchitis, 25 out of 33 rams with subclinical infection and none out of 13 rams which showed no neutrophils in their semen. On 4 stud farms where Elberg Rev. 1 vaccine was meticulously applied and the complete absence of Brucella ovis infection was established, of a total of 327 rams examined, 10 (3,6%) were found to be clinically and 72 (22,0%) subclinically affected. A. seminis was isolated from 5 out of 6 of these rams with clinical lesions and 10 out of 15 of those which showed evidence of subclinical infection.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1975

Foot-and-mouth disease in British deer: transmission of virus to cattle, sheep and deer.

After exposure for two hours to cattle with foot-and-mouth disease, each of the five species of deer found in the British countryside became infected. Clinical disease was typical and severe in the roe and muntjac deer, with some animals dying, less severe in the sika deer and usually subclinical in the fallow and red deer. Each species transmitted disease to its own species and to cattle and sheep. The amounts of virus present in the blood, and in oesophageal/pharyngeal samples and excreted as an aerosol during the course of the infection in the deer were similar to those recorded for the sheep and cattle in the same experiment. The fallow and sika deer commonly carried virus in the pharynx beyond 28 days after exposure; some red deer also became carriers. In epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease in the UK, it is likely that deer would have such intimate contact with farm animals as occurred in this study. The natural behavior of free-living deer in the UK suggests that, although the five species are susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease, they are unlikely to be an important factor in the maintenance and transmission of the virus during an epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease in domestic livestock.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed2026

Emergence of Babesia naoakii infection in Indonesian domestic cattle, a new host record in water buffaloes, and characterization of complete mitochondrial protein-coding genes.

Babesia (B.) naoakii, previously referred to as Babesia sp. Mymensingh, is a recently characterized tick-borne haemoprotozoan parasite of cattle. In Indonesia, we first reported its presence in 2022 from clinically affected cattle in Central Java. To investigate the wider epidemiology of this neglected ruminant-associated Babesia species, we surveyed apparently healthy cattle (Bos indicus) and water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) across three districts of Java, Indonesia. A PCR assay targeting the B. naoakii-specific apical membrane antigen 1 (ama1) gene detected the parasite occurrence in 34.39% of assessed cattle (87/253; 95% CI: 28.80-40.44%) and 30.77% of water buffaloes (12/39; 95% CI: 18.47-46.52%). These results represent the first record of B. naoakii infection in water buffaloes in the country and confirm that the parasite circulates in subclinically infected bovine hosts. To characterise this apicomplexan parasite further at the molecular level, we assembled in full length the three mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCGs): cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1 (cox1) and 3 (cox3), as well as cytochrome b (cytb). These genes were reconstructed by next-generation sequencing of blood DNA collected during the acute haemolytic-phase of B. naoakii infection, from calves that subsequently succumbed to the disease in the endemic area. Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated amino-acid sequences of cox1, cox3, and cytb placed the Indonesian isolates within a well-supported monophyletic clade, distinct from all previously characterised ruminant-associated Babesia species and sister to the Babesia bigemina/Babesia ovata lineage. This placement confirmed species identity and reinforced the genetic distinctiveness of B. naoakii in Indonesia. Notably, although B. naoakii circulates in peripheral blood and mirrors the diagnostic behaviour of the mild pathogen B. bigemina, its clinical impact more closely resembles that of the severe pathogenic B. bovis, particularly in young animals. This diagnostic-clinical discordance highlights the need for B. naoakii-specific molecular surveillance and species-level differentiation in regions of co-endemicity. Given the high prevalence in subclinically B. naoakii-infected adults, the documented severity of babesiosis in calves, and the potential for substantial economic losses, broader epidemiological investigations and species-specific control measures for B. naoakii are urgently performed. The same holds true for future epizootiological investigations of underdiagnosed B. naoakii-infections possibly circulating in Indonesian endemic ruminant bovids such as the banteng (Bos javanicus), the lowland anoa (Bubalus depressicornis) and the tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis).

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Hibitan and Iosan SST in the prevention of subclinical mastitis in cows].

The effect was tested of the disinfection preparations hibitan and iozan SST under field conditions in the course of six months. The animals treated were included in two groups: group I--with 20 cows, and group II--with 39 cows. All animals were free of mastitis-causing agents. The udder of the animals in the first was disinfected with hibitan-super-concentrate (7.5 per cent chlorhexidin gluconate). Prior to milking the udder was washed with a 0.12 per cent solution. After milking the teats were disinfected with a hibitan cream. The udder of the animals of the second group was disinfected with iozan SST (17.6 per cent tensit-iodo-iodide complex). Prior to milking the udder was washed a 0.5 per cent solution, and the teats after milking were disinfected with a 33 per cent iozan SST solution. It was found that the washing of the udder and teats as indicated above in the course of 6 months rules out the outbreak of the infectious subclinical mastitits in cows. It is suggested to adopt the use of the two preparations to prevent mastitis in field and farm practice.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Evaluation of urinary alkaline ribonuclease activity in the assessment of subclinical malnutrition in weanling rats.

The sensitivity of the hydroxyproline (OHP)/creatinine (Cr) index and the free urinary alkaline ribonuclease activity as indices of nutritional status have been compared using rats as an experimental model. The results have revealed that the OHP/Cr index is a better biochemical parameter than the urinary alkaline ribonuclease activity for indicating a subclinical degree of malnutrition.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The donor kidney: III. Angio-architecture and function of the reimplanted kidney.

In the autogenous kidney preserved under conditions of hypothermia the development of a partial no-reflow phenomenon is unavoidable after reimplantation. The phenomenon is ascribed to ischaemic lesions induced by preservation. The consequences are functional disorders in the acute period (temporarily pathologic angiogram, nephrogram and proteinuria) and scars due to chronic focal necrosis. These unavoidable changes of the current preservation procedures are mostly of subclinical importance.

Animals↗