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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Pool screen polymerase chain reaction for estimating the prevalence of Onchocerca volvulus infection in Simulium damnosum sensu lato: results of a field trial in an area subject to successful vector control.

Detection of infective parasites in the vector population can be an early indicator of recrudescence in areas freed of new cases of onchocerciasis. However, dissection of vector black flies is inefficient in areas subject to effective control. Recently, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay has been used to detect a single Onchocerca volvulus-infected black fly in pools containing large numbers of uninfected flies. This method had not been validated on wild-caught black flies in an area subject to effective vector control. Here, we report a method of restricting the pool screen PCR assay to infectious parasites and the results of a field test in an area subject to long-term vector control. The prevalence of infection determined by dissection did not differ from that determined by pool screen PCR. The results suggest that the PCR assay may be a useful tool for epidemiologic surveillance for 0. volvulus infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Developing a certificate course for hospice nurses: a Delphi survey of subject areas.

A Delphi survey of 16 national experts in hospice nursing was conducted to address which subject areas were the most important to include in a certification course for hospice nurses. The three-round survey elicited 70 subject areas which were ranked in order of importance according to the group opinion of the panel of experts. The means, average deviations, standard deviations, and variances for each rank were calculated. The panel showed a high degree of consensus and there was little change in ranking after the second round. The survey produced results that should be of interest to organizations concerned with developing certification courses and examination procedures for hospice nurses.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Libraries of strategies and ontology-driven subject area models as "corner stones" in Grid development.

Series of experiments of Grid-based calculations by Monte-Carlo simulation of molecular conformations have shown that there are classes of problems that could be "gridified" in short time with reasonable efforts. That could awake serious interest in the Grid from the biophysics and biochemistry community. Experiments with scientific problems that include both intensive computations and intensive data interchange have shown that libraries of strategies could provide an effective tool to adapt Grid-node infrastructure to problem structure. Libraries of strategies on different levels of Grid hierarchy--from local clusters to regional segments--could provide an effective usage of Grid resources. Ontologies provide a universal tool to link distributed databases. Besides, ontologies also allow for the formal construction of models of subject areas. These models are the tools to formalize information requests and to construct intellectual queries to information space. There should be a multi-level hierarchy of ontologies and a critical mass of low-level ontologies must be reached in order to build a knowledge space for a subject area.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1993

An investigation into whether nurses change their learning style according to subject area studied.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether nurses' preferred learning styles varied according to subject area studied. Thirty nurses in a postgraduate centre specializing in cardiothoracic care were interviewed using a semi-structured technique. The results suggest that there is a change in learning style as different subjects are studied. Other factors emerging were the importance of previous learning experience, the wish to share, to be acknowledged and the need for close links between theory and practice. This calls for nurse teachers to examine their practice, to update and undertake professional development and also to establish close clinical links.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

[Characterization of the leadership subject areas in the respiratory field in Spain].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to characterize the leading topics in respiratory system in Spain through a bibliometric analysis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: For identify and characterize the performance of the different research topics in respiratory system in Spain, we compile the production using a journal that turn out representative of a broad group of researcher. In this sense the journal Archivos de Bronconeumología is the most important publication in Spanish language of this field. RESULTS: A total of 2198 articles published in Archivos Bronconeumología from 1970 to 2000 were analyzed. In each three decades, we did not found differences except in the productivity index in oncology in the eighty decade and in respiratory failure and sleep disturbance (RFSD) and oncology areas in the ninetieth decade and in the Price index (consumption indicators) in the diagnostic and therapeutic techniques area in seventy decade. When we compare the productivity index of each subject areas between decades, we found a significant production increase in the ninetieth decade in asthma, RFSD, tuberculosis, non tuberculosis infection, circulation, oncology, pleural disease and interstitial areas versus the same in seventy decade, and also, we found significant differences between ninetieth and eighty decades in the asthma, RFSD, non tuberculosis infection, circulation and pleural disease areas. Tuberculosis area maintains an insularity index higher than the other areas. We also found a progressive increase in the insularity index of RFSD, non tuberculosis infection, oncology and interstitial disease areas. CONCLUSIONS: In general all the indicators maintains stable although the more productivity topics were respiratory failure and sleep disturbances, and oncology. The productivity has increased in asthma, respiratory failure and sleep disturbances, tuberculosis, non - tuberculosis respiratory infections, oncology, pulmonary circulation, pleura and interstitial disease.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Integrative strategy instruction: a potential model for teaching content area subjects to adolescents with learning disabilities.

In part because learning strategies are often taught in isolated resource settings outside of the contexts in which students with learning disabilities are expected to apply this knowledge, generalization has been a significant challenge to educators. To address this problem, an instructional model is proposed for integrating cognitive strategy instruction and content area instruction when teaching students in content area classes. Teacher-directed instructional procedures, cooperative learning, and direct explanation and dialectical strategy instruction are integrated into four key instructional processes: orienting, framing, applying, and extending. In this model, teacher-mediated instructional devices and routines used to teach content area subjects serve as a basis for teaching students to self-mediate parallel cognitive strategies and processes. The model is discussed in terms of its theoretical and philosophical orientations as manifested in its knowledge and instructional bases. A scenario is provided that depicts a social studies teacher implementing many of the principles and methods associated with the model.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The occurrence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle in and around an area subject to extensive badger (Meles meles) control.

The occurrence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle herds during the period 1966-92 in two geographically related areas in South-West England is compared. In one area comprising 104 km2 all badgers were systematically destroyed from 1975-81, after which recolonization was allowed; in the other, comprising 116 km2, small scale, statutory badger removal operations were undertaken from 1975 onwards where specific herds were detected with M. bovis infection. In the area with total clearance, no further incidents with M. bovis isolation occurred from 1982-92. Survival analysis and proportional hazards regression indicated that the risk of herds being identified with infection was less once badgers had been cleared from their neighbourhood, whereas it was greater in herds with 50 or more animals, and once cattle in a herd had responded positively to the tuberculin skin test, even though infection with M. bovis was not confirmed subsequently. The study provides further evidence that badgers represent an important reservoir of M. bovis infection for cattle and that badger control is effective in reducing incidents of cattle infection with M. bovis if action is thorough and recolonization is prevented.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Determination of sediment mutagenicity and cytotoxicity in an area subjected to petrochemical contamination.

This study is an evaluation of the mutagenic and cytotoxic activity of sediments in Bom Jardim stream, one of the tributaries of the Cai River basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This stream receives an indirect contribution of treated effluent from a petrochemical plant. The Salmonella/microsome assay, a microsuspension method, was used to evaluate moderately polar extracts of sediment samples at three points along the stream. The grain size analysis showed a lower mean content of fine particles in the principle face (front) of the complex, and this was also the sampling point with the lowest percentage of extracted organics. Low mutagenic activity was observed at the different sites studied, ranging from 3.3 to 8.3%; cytotoxic activity was more important in this area, ranging from 20 to 40%, adding up the results of assays in the presence and absence of external metabolism. In assays without S9mix there were more frequent mutagenic and cytotoxic responses, with frameshift mutations being the most frequent. The results also showed that there was a gradual, seasonal distribution of the responses as the stream mouth is reached, the most compromised points being in front of and downstream of the complex. Mutagenic and cytotoxic activity in sediment samples has proved important to determine environmental quality, despite the complexity of the chemical composition of the environmental matrix. Furthermore, use of the Salmonella assay to monitor mutagenesis and cytotoxicity helped identify the presence of pollutants. This assay is an important tool, aimed mainly at actions to preserve the genetic heritage of the fauna and flora affected by human activity and to improve environmental quality.

Brazil↗
PubMed2001

International gastroenterology research: subject areas, impact, and funding.

AIMS: To examine the volume and potential impact of gastroenterology research outputs from 1985 to 1998 from 14 developed countries; the overlap with research in cancer, infectious diseases, and genetics; and the funding sources for this research. To determine if countries' research outputs correlated with their burden of corresponding diseases and inputs to their research. METHODS: Selective retrieval of papers from the Science Citation Index and manual look up of a sample to determine funding sources. Classification of journals by four categories of research level (clinical/basic) and potential impact (low/high). RESULTS: Gastroenterology represents about 8% of world biomedical research but over 11% in Italy, Japan, and Spain. Its potential impact is highest (but declining) for the USA. It has increased noticeably in most European countries, particularly in Finland. Gastroenterology research has become more clinical in Japan, Spain, Australia, and the Netherlands but more basic in Canada, Germany, Finland, Israel, and South Africa. Funding comes primarily from national governments, followed by national private non-profit sources and industry but little industrial funding occurs in some countries. There is a strong and positive correlation between reported deaths from gastrointestinal neoplasms and countries' outputs of research in gastrointestinal oncology. CONCLUSIONS: Bibliometric analysis can reveal differences between countries in their research in a subject when a common methodology is applied to an international database. Variations in research methods in different countries can plausibly explain some of the variation in the potential impact of the work.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infusing teaching thinking skills into subject-area instruction.

Students can be taught clinical reasoning actively with the adaptation of the infusion approach for "teaching of" thinking. The authors demonstrate the "teaching of" critical thinking strategies for diagnostic decisions. The instructor uses a thinking map and models the process of diagnosis step by step. Working in small groups, students practice, monitor, and revise their strategies of clinical reasoning.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1985

Reciprocal changes of serum thyroglobulin and TSH in residents of a moderate endemic goitre area.

Subjects living in iodine deficient areas were reported to have elevated serum thyroglobulin (Tg) concentrations. This finding was interpreted as related to thyroid stimulation. Discrepant results, however, were found when serum Tg concentrations were correlated either with serum TSH or with goitre size. In this study we investigated the relationships between goitre size, serum Tg and serum TSH in 488 unselected adult subjects living in an endemic area of North-Western Tuscany (Garfagnana district). The control group comprised 352 subjects residing in a non-endemic area. In the endemic area a high prevalence of goitre was found (80.1%), thyroid enlargement being slight to moderate in the majority of cases and very large only in six subjects. Serum Tg concentrations increased and serum TSH levels decreased with the size of goitre. Statistical analysis by the chi-square cross correlation test showed that the converse changes of serum Tg and serum TSH in relation to goitre size were highly significant. These findings indicate that the increase of serum Tg occurring in endemic goitrous subjects may be related to factors other than TSH stimulation. Functional autonomy of the thyroid may account for the finding of low serum TSH and elevated serum Tg values in patients with large goitres. The present data do not exclude the possibility that the release of Tg is influenced by TSH stimulation, but indicate that other factors may be responsible for the increased levels of Tg found in endemic goitre.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neonatal neurology decision-making starting from systematic reviews of Cochrane Collaboration].

INTRODUCTION: Cochrane Collaboration (CC) provides growing and readily accessible resource to help that decision-making care is based on detailed, critical, and current reviews of the best available evidence. There are many clinical questions for which there is no good evidence on which to base clinical practice. AIM: To analyse the bibliometric characteristics of the systematic reviews (SR) about neonatal neurology published in Neonatal CC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bibliometric analysis of The Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews in Neonatal CC, Issue 1, 2004 (n = 169 SR). The dependent variable registered in each SR was subject area of study (mainly neurology subject area) and the rest of variables were considered independent: authors (number and country), dates (late review and update), characteristics of included clinical trials (number and type), characteristics of the newborns included (number and gestational age), reviewer's conclusions and potential conflicts of interest. RESULTS: Neurology was the third most important subject area in Neonatal CC (13 SR), after the subject area of respiratory (73 SR) and gastroenterology-nutrition (26 RS). We identified three selective clusters of secondary investigation in neonatal neurology SR: intraventricular haemorrhage (4 SR), perinatal asphyxia (4 SR) and opiate withdrawal syndrome (2 SR). The number of clinical trials (median 4), patients (median 193), update (46%), sufficient conclusion (54%) and potential conflicts of interest (8 %) in each SR is similar to the rest of SR in Neonatal CC; the only difference we found is less preterm infants (15%) in this SR. All the SR are about interventions for the treatment or prevention of diseases, and we don't found any review about diagnostic tests. CONCLUSIONS: At the moment, the neonatal neurology SR published in Neonatal CC are infrequent and almost half of them the reviewer's conclusions are insufficient for inferring probable effects in clinical practice. Many therapies in neonatal neurology persist without supportive evidence, and some common therapies may actually be harmful, and these are the conclusions found in SR about intraventricular haemorrhage. We detected no SR about important neuropediatric themes in neonatal period: hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, periventricular leukomalacia, neonatal seizures, hypotonia, etc.

Bibliometrics↗