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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

Short term culture of dissociated rat submandibular gland cells.

Submandibular glands of 4-week-old rats were dissociated by a procedure involving digestions with collagenase and hyaluronidase, chelation with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and mechanical force. The isolated cells were purified by centrifugation in a Ficoli solution and were maintained in culture for 36 hours. On the basis of trypan blue exclusions, about 70 per cent of the dissociated cells were viable. Electron microscopic observations indicated that the isolated acinar cells and intercalated and striated duct cells retained their essential in situ ultrastructural characteristics. During a 36-hour culture period the number of viable cells declined to about 40 per cent, and the various cell types formed mixed aggregates. The ultrastructural features of the intercalated and duct cells changed relatively little, but the acinar cells revealed several structural alterations. These included a decrease in the number of the secretory granules, fusions of the secretory granules, and an increase in the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. In general, the polarity of acinar cells became less distinct. The endogenous peroxidase activity in the acinar cells gradually diminished during the culture. Isoproterenol when added to the cultured cells failed to stimulate the incorporation of radioactive thymidine or the discharge of the secretory material from the acinar cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Measurement of heat production in dog submandibular gland.

In dog submandibular glands, we measured changes in metabolic heat production during a secretory period which was induced by electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani. When measured with fine thermocouples, the temperature of both the gland itself and venous blood from the gland increased by 0.1-0.7 degrees C at the maximum. The blood flow was about 0.3 g.min-1.g-1 wet weight of gland at a resting period and increased to 1-3 g.min-1.g-1 at the maximum of secretory response. The resting heat production in vitro, measured by a microcalorimeter, was 3.3 mW.g-1 at 27 degrees C and 7.8 mW-g-1 at 37 degrees C. The specific heat of the blood and the salivary gland, measured by a microcalorimeter, were 3.97 and 3.91 J.g-1, degrees C-1, respectively. The change in conductive heat loss, measured by a thermopile under stimulated conditions, ranged from 4 to 6 mW.g-1 at the maximum. Metabolic heat production during secretion in vivo (37 degrees C) was estimated from temperature changes in the glandular tissue and blood, blood flow, specific heat and resting heat production. Values obtained were in the range from 15 to 80 mW.g-1 at the maximum. Heat production increased rapidly within the first 20 sec to reach a maximum and then declined with time, but slow heat production continued. On the basis of the present results together with those from former studies on ionic transport in the salivary gland, we discussed the relation of heat production to transport of substances during secretory processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Partial dissociation between salivary secretion and active potassium transport in the perfused cat submandibular gland.

Isolated cat submandibular glands were perfused with Locke solutions in a thermostated chamber. Passive loss of potassium and uptake of sodium was achieved either by increasing the permeability of the cell membranes by acetylcholine (ACh) or by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump reversibly by cooling or by removal of extracellular potassium. Irrespective of the way by which the cells were potassium depleted and sodium loaded, re-establishment of normal conditions was sufficient to cause an active net uptake of potassium (probably coupled to net extrusion of sodium). However, while ACh-induced changes in intracellular concentrations of monovalent cations were accompanied by salivary secretion, virtually no secretion was observed when normal conditions were re-established after concentration changes caused by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump. It is concluded that while the transport mechanisms responsible for the maintenaance of the intracellular concentrations of monovalent cations undoubtedly is a (Na+-K+)-activated ATPase, the transport mechanism responsible for the formation of the primary saliva is probably of a different type, since it apparently is not directly activated by the intracellular sodium concentration.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1978

Submandibular gland tumors.

Tumors involving the submandibular gland are rare. However, the incidence of malignancy is much higher than in the parotid (approaching 50 percent). In addition, the 5-year survival rate in patients with malignant tumors of the submandibular gland is much poorer in our series--28 percent versus 71.8 percent for the parotid gland. Because of the poor prognosis in patients with malignant tumors involving the submandibular gland we feel that composite resections should be carried out for all tumors except low-grade mucoepidermoid tumors. In addition, postoperative radiation should be given for specific indications (detailed in the article).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Secretagogue-mediated discharge of nerve growth factor from granular tubules of male mouse submandibular glands: an immunocytochemical study.

Submandibular glands of male mice were stained for nerve growth factor by light microscopic immunocytochemistry. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was present in the granules of granular tubule cells, with the immunoreactive material often concentrated at the periphery of granules. Administration of the alpha-adrenergic agent, phenylephrine, to animals resulted in a marked depletion of NGF-containing granules from granular tubules. Some release also occurred following administration of the beta-adrenergic agent, isoproterenol. Cholinergic stimulation (pilocarpine) did not result in appreciable loss of immunoreactive granules from these cells. In vitro results were not as clear cut, immunocytochemically, as those obtained with intact animals. It is concluded that discharge of NGF from male mouse submandibular glands is mediated predominantly by alpha-adrenergic activation, and that this phenomenon is readily demonstrated in the intact animal.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Immunological studies of induced tumors of the rat submandibular gland.

The antigenic activity of rat submandibular gland carcinoma induced by 9,10 dimethyl-1,2 benzanthracene (DMBA) has been evaluated using rabbit antisera to normal submandibular gland extract and to extracts of the induced tumors. Extracts of all tumors and premalignant lesions show reduction in the concentration of several of the intrinsic antigens of the normal submandibular gland when they were evaluated by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Although all the induced tumors, including those used for antisera preparation, are well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma, a considerable variation is present in the antigenic pattern of each tumor. When antisera to several tumors, absorbed with rat serum and kidney extract, were used in studying extracts of all induced tumors, antigenic bands were observed. The number of these bands varies from three to five. All the induced carcinomas share the presence of two of these bands in the alpha and beta-globulin region, the remaining bands differ from one tumor to another.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1976

The effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and isoproterenol on the postnatal differentiation of rat submandibular gland.

The effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on the postnatal differentiation of rat submandibular gland and on the isoproterenol-induced changes of differentiation were studied. The rats were injected with BrdU for three consecutive days, beginning at two days of age. The total dose of BrdU was 0.9 mg/g body weight. BrdU caused a severe retardation of growth up to 15 days of age. A rapid growth of the animals between 15 and 22 days indicated a recovery from the effect of BrdU. The growth of the submandibular gland was retarded similarly with a corresponding decrease in DNA, RNA and protein content. Incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the submandibular gland was not altered in the BrdU-treated animals at one and three days after the last injection of the analog. At days 15 and 22 the rate of thymidine incorporation was greater in the submandibular gland of BrdU-treated rats as compared to littermate controls. Isoproterenol stimulated thymidine incorporation into the submandibular glands of two-week-old rats. This stimulation was not observed in rats which received BrdU at age 7-9 days, prior to the administration of isoproterenol. Election microscopic observations, including a quantitative analysis of the frequency distribution of the various cell types in the terminal tubules and developing acini, indicated a retardation of acinar cell differentiation in the glands of BrdU-treated rats. In addition, there was an increase in the number and size of the secretory granules in the terminal tubule cells. BrdU treatment, however, caused no obvious pathologic alterations in the submandibular gland. Administration of isoproterenol for five days, beginning at five days of age, caused an apparent acceleration of the differentiation of acinar cells. In the glands of isoproterenol-treated rats the acinar cells were enlarged and were filled with homogeneous secretory granules. Pretreatment with BrdU partially inhibited the effects of isoproterenol on differentiation and hypertrophy of the submandibular gland. With the given dose of BrdU, approximately 5% of thymine was replaced by bromouracil in the DNA of the submandibular gland. Such a replacement would be consistent with a direct effect of BrdU on the cytodifferentiation in the submandibular gland. However, because of the severe retardation of growth of the BrdU-treated rats, indirect effects can not be excluded.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[On the pathogenesis of the Küttner tumor of the submandibular gland -- Analysis of 349 cases with chronic sialadenitis of the submandibular (author's transl)].

In view of the etiology and pathogenesis of the so-called Kütter tumor (chronic sialadenitis of the submandibular gland) gland resections of 349 patients (salivary gland register at the Institute of Pathology, University of Hamburg; period 165--1974) were analyzed pathohistologically. In 143 cases (41%) a sialolithiasis of the submandibular gland occurred simultaneously. Regarding the degree of the inflammation 4 stages were distinguished (stage 1 = focal sialadenitis; stage 2= diffuse lymphocytic sialadenitis with salivary gland fibrosis; stage 3 = chronic sclerosing sialadenitis with salivary gland sclerosis; stage 4= chronic progressive sialadenitis with salivary gland cirrhosis). Twenty-five per cent of the cases were classified in stage 1, 19% in stage 2, 38% in stage 3, and 18% in stage 4. A predominance of the male sex (70%) was observed especially in stage 4. The initial stage is characterized by a periductally lymphocytic infiltration, ectasias of the ducts, and alteration of the secret in the duct lumens (spheroliths, microliths). In stages 2--3 an increase of the inflammatory infiltration with lymph follicles, considerable alterations of the ducts (metaplasias, dysplasias, regenerates of the ducts), and a parenchymal reduction were found. This process is combined with an increase of the interstitial connective tissue and a cicatrication of the salivary gland parenchyma. In the final stage, 4, a cirrhotic gland transformation with progressive loss of the parenchyma and considerable duct destruction appeared. From the pathogenetic course of the inflammation and the comparison with other forms of sialadenitis, the conclusion is drawn that two etiologic factors are important in the Küttner tumor: an initial disturbance of secretion with an obstructive electrolyte sialadenitis and an immune reaction of the salivary duct system with the final phase of an obstructive, progressive immunosialadenitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Regeneration of acini in submandibular gland autografts.

Regeneration of submandibular gland (SMG) secretory parenchyma is remarkably impaired in salivary gland diseases and under experimental conditions such as in tissue culture and after isografting. In our study acinar regeneration was found to depend on the site where the SMG tissue was implanted. Implantation of several 2-3 mm3 fragments of SMG subcutaneously in the back of the same donor adult male rat resulted in initial necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration of the autograft. Then there was epithelial proliferation with the appearance within 28 days of lobules which contained numerous duct-like structures and only a few or no acini. In contrast, implanting SMG fragments in the anatomical bed of the donor gland resulted in the appearance of a more differentiated autograft. Although the initial tissue changes were similar to those seen in the autografts in the subcutaneous tissues of the back, the SMG autograft in the neck also contained numerous acini by 42 and 56 days after implantation. These data support the view that the implantation site influences the course of cytodifferentiation in SMG autografts.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Ultrastructural localization of endogenous peroxidase in human parotid and submandibular glands.

The localization of endogenous peroxidase was studied in human parotid and submandibular glands using the medium of Strum & Karnovsky either at pH 7 or at pH 8.3, after a short fixation of the tissues with a low concentration of glutaraldehyde. At pH 7 reaction product was found in seromucous cells of both glands in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, in the elements of the Golgi apparatus, and in secretory products. However, while in the parotid gland all secretory granules showed peroxidase activity, in the submandibular gland some of the granules were left unstained. At pH 8.3 the pattern of reactivity was practically unchanged in the submandibular gland, whereas the amount of precipitate noticeable in the secretory granules of the parotid gland was greatly reduced. The method of Novikoff et al. for catalase revealed the presence of a number of small bodies having in the characteristics of peroxisomes. Acid phosphatase was not demonstrable in the secretory granules of either parotid or submandibular glands. The lead precipitate indicating enzyme activity was observed only in lysosomes and, occasionally, in the elements of the Golgi apparatus of some sermucous cells.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Epidermal growth factor in the submandibular gland and serum of mice with muscular dystrophy: chemical properties in dilute gland extracts.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been measured in extracts of submandibular glands from mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy. RIA results show that adult male and female dystrophic mice have significantly less submandibular gland EGF than do unafflicted controls. Despite the differences in gland content of the protein, serum levels of EGF are similar in both dystrophic and control animals. Furthermore, submandibular gland concentrations of amylase are normal in the dystrophic mice, indicating that not all proteins synthesized by the glands are affected. Gel filtration studied reveal that the elution properties of EGF in extracts of glands from dystrophic and control animals are indistinguishable. Unexpectedly, the chromatographic profiles indicate that most of the EGF in gland extracts elutes as a low molecular weight protein when the molecule is studied at low, biologically active concentrations; only a small portion of the protein is associated with a high molecular weight complex. Under the same experimental conditions, submandibular gland nerve growth factor maintains its association with other components in a high molecular weight form.

Amylases↗
PubMed1978

[Secretion pressure of human submandibular gland (author's transl)].

The secretion pressure as well as the resistance of Glandula submandibularis towards retrograde instillation of water are determined electromanometrically. The results are compared with such measurements carried out by the same method in the parotid gland. The pressure behaviour of the submandibular gland corresponds with some quantitative differences to the behaviour of the parotid gland. The differences show the generally lower secretion power of submandibular gland. However there are no differences in the resistance against a retrograde instillation of water between submandibular and parotid gland. The connections of the observed and calculated parameters and clinical patterns are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

[Histochemical studies of the parotid and submandibular glands of humans].

Human parotid and submandibular glands were studied using histological techniques. Proteins rich in arginine, tyrosine, cystine-cysteine and tryptophan were present within secretory granules of seromucous acini and ducts of both glands. Acid phosphatase, ali-esterase, peroxidase and 3-beta-steroid-dehydrogenase were also demonstrated in the two glands.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Response of submandibular gland of the rat to nutritional zinc deficiency.

Studies in several laboratories have shown that nutritional Zn deficiency in the rat causes a reduction in the activity of certain Zn-dependent enzymes in kidney, intestine, pancreas, etc. The present report deals with the effects of Zn-deficiency on submandibular gland of the rat. For the sake of comparison with previous studies, some assays on pancreas were included. Protein content, DNA, acid phosphatase, and acid protease activities were not affected in submandibular gland. Lactate dehydrogenase was unaffected in submandibular gland and showed increased activity in pancreas. Malate dehydrogenase was significantly decreased in both organs, the decrease being more marked in submandibular gland. Alkaline phosphatase activity in submandibular glands of control rats was about 10-fold higher than in pancreas. In the zinc-deficient rats, alkaline phosphatase was reduced to 59% of controls in the submandibular glands and to about 75% in pancreas. It is known from histochemical studies that in the submandibular gland this enzyme is confined to the myoepithelial cells. Recent studies attribute to salivary glands a role in the etiology of taste disturbances seen in clinical states of zinc deficiency. It is proposed that functional impairment of the myoepithelial cells might contribute to the disturbance of taste.

Acid Phosphatase↗