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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevention beginning at school of tobacco use and other addictive substances].

We review the literature on school programs of prevention of consumption of tobacco and other addictive substances among adolescents. We describe the keys of these programs. The programs enforcing the abilities to resist the social pressure to the consumption of addictive substances report better results and they achieve significant reduction in the initiation of tobacco consumption. They also report promising results for alcohol and other addictive substances, but they are not so clearly supported. Average duration of the programs is between 8 and 12 ours a year, generally in 6th and 8th course. Other purposes of similar duration based on: self-esteem, the development of activities other than drug consumption, or the simple information on drugs, have not shown significant positive results for these ages.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[The use and attitudes of adolescents toward addictive substances: a prevalence study].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to know the use of addictive substances by adolescents of the city of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from an anonymous and self-administered questionnaire about tobacco use, alcohol use and non-institutionalized drug abuse. participants were students in 3 degrees BUP (16-17 years old) of twelve institutes that are representative of the different districts of the city. The survey was made during the 1991-1992 school year. RESULTS: Among the 426 individuals included, 32.2% reported use of tobacco, 59.2% alcohol, and 16.4% marijuana. Tobacco use was higher among females (p = 0.05), and that of alcohol (p < 0.0001) and other drugs (p = 0.02) higher among males. The parents' smoking behavior was significantly associated with the use of non-institutionalized drugs (p = 0.01). There was a positive and significant association among the use of all three kinds of addictive substances (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of tobacco, alcohol and non-institutionalized drug use by students in this age range is high. Compared with previous studies in this population we can appreciate a decreasing trend of use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The development and application of a questionnaire to assess the changing personalities of substance addicts during the first year of recovery.

The Addiction Recovery Index, a 60 item questionnaire, was developed and administered to 889 recovering substance addicts with a view to measuring levels of the primary trait of Neuroticism as well as six accompanying subtraits during the first 12 months of recovery. Good reliability and validity scores were achieved for the ARI and results indicated that recovering addict's overall Neuroticism scores reduced as a function of Substance Free Time (F(11,877) = 338.37, p < .0001). It was also noted that the individual sub-trait scores decreased, but various anomalies, particularly with Anxiety, were recorded.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Adolescents faced with addictive substances: tobacco, alcohol and noninstitutionalized drugs].

BACKGROUND: A large share of premature mortality is Spain in related with the abuse of addictive substances: tobacco, alcohol and non-institutionalized drugs. Adolescence is a key period for the adoption of their use. An accurate knowledge of the attitudes, beliefs, environmental perceptions and behaviours of teen-agers is necessary for the design and evaluation of preventive interventions. METHODS: Data were obtained from a survey conducted in 1992 on smoking, alcohol and non-institutionalized drugs in 8th grade students (13-14 years old) of a representative sample of the schools of the city of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). RESULTS: Up to 44.1% have ever smoked, 10.9% are regular smokers and 15.5% have bought tobacco at some point. There are no differences in smoking patterns by sex at this age. Even if 35.5% never drink alcohol, 1.7% drink it daily, 15.5% drink on week-ends and 62.9% at family celebrations, while 13.5% have bought alcohol at some point and 22.4% report having got drunk at least once. There are no differences by sex in alcohol use at this age. Concerning non-institutionalized drugs, 35.4% of the students think that many adults use them, and 22.4% say that some friends have tried them. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the increasing penetration of tobacco and alcohol in the personal environment of the students, and the process of initiation. Compared with previous studies in this population, we can estimate a modest and non-significant reduction of regular smoking, and a reduction in daily and regular alcohol use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Overview: public health, health promotion and addictive substances.

All of the dependence-producing substances are capable of causing harm but in most cases the harm is preventable. This paper seeks to develop some of the themes raised by the five substance-based prevention papers by presenting an outline of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. The Ottawa Charter provides a strategic framework for prevention and covers public health policy, trade issues, availability, price, advertising and types of supportive environments and responses. It is suggested that an effective approach to the prevention of harm from dependence-producing substances would involve a planned response which included alcohol, tobacco and drugs. Such a response would also emphasize financial and economic consequences of drug use, and would seek to strengthen or develop links with partners outside the immediate health care arena.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Results of a school addictive substances abuse prevention program: the Barcelona PASE pilot project].

A pilot project for the prevention of substance abuse in schools (PASE) has been developed in 1988-90 in sixth and seventh grades (12-14 years-old) in 11 primary schools in the city of Barcelona (Spain). Data on consumption smoking, alcohol and drugs were obtained before the implementation of the project, shortly afterwards, and in the next school year. These results are presented, comparing the evolution of attitudes, beliefs and behavior of these school children with a control group composed of students from reference schools. The results suggest a modest but significant effect of the program, which seems to decrease over time for smoking, suggesting the need for booster interventions to maintain its effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Impact of legislative measures on the sales of analgesics and the subsequent prevalence of analgesic nephropathy: a comparative study in France, Sweden and Belgium.

In a number of European countries (e.g. Belgium), analgesic nephropathy continues to be a highly prevalent renal disease, whereas in other countries (e.g. Sweden) the problem has been resolved after legislative measures were taken. In still other countries, e.g. France, the official prevalence of analgesic nephropathy has always been low. The aim of the present study is to detect whether specific legislation in particular countries has played a role in the prevalence of analgesic nephropathy. Hence, we compared analgesic legislation in Belgium, France and Sweden, and then compared it with the respective sales data of non-narcotic analgesics and with the prevalence data of analgesic nephropathy in the dialysis population. Each investigated country represents a different evolution pattern in the prevalence of analgesic nephropathy. This study indicates that legislation restricting the over-the-counter availability of the majority of analgesic components and resulting in the absence of analgesic mixtures--containing two analgesic substances and one potentially addictive substance--on the market, has effectively resulted in a substantially lower prevalence of analgesic nephropathy. Moreover, it shows that permissive legislation could be associated with very different sales data, depending on the marketing strategy of the pharmaceutical industry and the subsequent purchasing behaviour of the population. These findings indicate that, in order to eradicate analgesic nephropathy, there is a need to elaborate legislation that prohibits the availability of analgesic mixtures containing two analgesic components and at least one potentially addictive substance.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1994

Psychiatric comorbidity in white and African-American cocaine addicts seeking substance abuse treatment.

OBJECTIVE: Few diagnostic studies have reported rates of psychiatric comorbidity among cocaine addicts according to race. This study examines psychiatric comorbidity in African-American and white cocaine addicts. METHODS: Rates of psychiatric comorbidity were assessed in 263 cocaine addicts seeking substance abuse treatment. The sample included 163 non-Hispanic whites and 100 African Americans. Diagnoses were based on patient interviews using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version (SADS-L). The SADS-L was supplemented to include DSM-III-R criteria for substance abuse or dependence and other psychiatric diagnoses and DSM-III criteria for attention deficit disorder. RESULTS: Overall, 55.7 percent of the cocaine addicts met Research Diagnostic Criteria for a current psychiatric diagnosis, and 73.5 percent met criteria for a lifetime psychiatric diagnosis. Whites and African Americans did not differ significantly in overall psychiatric comorbidity. However, whites had significantly higher rates of life-time major depression, alcohol dependence, attention deficit disorder, and conduct disorder. African-American addicts, particularly women, were more likely to meet criteria for a current diagnosis of phobia. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric comorbidity is common among cocaine addicts, and the rates for specific disorders vary by race. Differences in current and lifetime rates should be noted. Cocaine addicts seeking treatment should be assessed for comorbid alcohol dependence and other psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, affective, and personality disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Uncovering drug abuse by alcoholics and alcohol abuse by addicts.

Substance abuse histories from 1,544 men and women receiving treatment at 10 federally funded centers indicated that 80% had abused, either sequentially and/or concurrently, two or more substances at some time during their lives. The equivalent figure for the last 3 months before being interviewed was 56%. These data indicated a preponderance of multiple substance abuse, especially of alcohol and various other drugs, over single substance abuse (SSA). SSA nearly always involved alcohol and was reported mostly by those 40 years or older. Lines of inquiry for diagnosing alcohol abuse by addicts and drug abuse by alcoholics are provided.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The ethics of statutory coercion in the treatment of chemical substance abuse/dependence (addiction).

Many countries, including the Republic of South Africa, have introduced legislation providing for statutory treatment in cases of chemical substance dependence (addiction). Many more countries, including Canada and the United States of America, have made various attempts at the introduction of similar legislation in the face of an escalating drug abuse problem, only to have such legislation successfully challenged by various civil rights groups protesting about the "infringement of individual rights." This paper will examine some of the practical implications of coercive treatment of chemical addiction against the background of the principles of the rights of the individual. It will examine the feasibility of legal protection for such individual rights with simultaneous insistence on constructive treatment intervention. It will also raise many topics for discussion in terms of the role of the "helping professions", the well-worn tenet of "Am I my brother's keeper?" and the sociological poser of "the benefit of the community."

Behavior Control↗