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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Osmotic and matric potential effects on growth, sugar alcohol and sugar accumulation by Aspergillus section Flavi strains from Argentina.

AIMS: The effect of osmotic and matric potential stress on growth and sugar alcohols (polyols: glycerol, erythritol, arabitol and mannitol) and sugars (trehalose and glucose) accumulation in toxigenic and nontoxigenic colonies of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus was evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Growth of Aspergillus section Flavi with significant reductions at 20 and 30 degrees C was more sensitive to changes in matric potential, between 60 and 100% in the range of -7 to -14 MPa. No significant differences were found between toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains for both species. Total polyol accumulation in unamended maize meal agar medium (-0.75 MPa water potential) was higher at 30 than 20 degrees C. The major change in concentrations of endogenous sugars and total polyols was in matrically amended medium (with PEG 8000) at -7 and -10 MPa. Accumulation of glucose, arabitol, mannitol and erythritol content of A. flavus and A. parasiticus mycelial colonies was greater in normal unstressed maize meal agar medium (-0.75 Mpa) at 20 degrees C. This was modified by solute and matric stress. CONCLUSIONS: The data showed relative sensitivity to osmotic and matric potential, and temperature, and the impact on growth rates, polyol and sugar accumulation in mycelia of A. flavus and A. parasiticus. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The matric potential effects on growth may be of particular importance for growth and survival in environments with low-matric potential stress. The tolerance of spoilage fungi such as Aspergillus section Flavi to such modifications could increase the potential for spoilage and mycotoxin production in such substrates. This knowledge is important for understanding the relative ecological fitness of these aflatoxigenic species and in the development of prevention strategies for their control.

Argentina↗
PubMed1979

The effect of tablets composed of various mixtures of sugar alcohols and sugars upon plaque pH in children.

Changes in plaque pH were examined following ingestion of tablets composed of of sorbitol (S) or xylitol (X) combined with various levels of dextrose (D), fructose (F), or sucrose (U). Pure S and X tablets caused a slight pH rise. The 3:1 ratios of S:D,, S:F, X:D, and X:F caused slight lowerings to plaque pH means of 6.3, 6.8, 6.7, and 6.7, respectively, while 3:1 S:U caused the pH to drop to 5.6. All the 1:1, 1:3 and 0;1 ratios caused large drops in plaque pH.

Acids↗
PubMed1984

Effect of long-term, peroral administration of sugar alcohols on man.

Certain sugar alcohols (polyols), notably mannitol, sorbitol and xylitol have gained use in food manufacturing for sweetening and technical purposes. These compounds are natural polyols that occur in small amounts in animals and plants. Some sugar alcohols, like xylitol, appear as normal intermediates in the carbohydrate metabolism. Exogenous mannitol, sorbitol and xylitol are metabolized in the human body along pre-existing, physiological pathways. Moderate doses of least xylitol and sorbitol are almost totally absorbed and metabolized, chiefly in the liver cells, thereby eventually contributing to the formation of glucose and liver glycogen. Various slowly absorbed carbohydrates, including sugar alcohols, when taken in orally in large quantities, can give rise to osmotic diarrhea. The available data indicate that the severity of such gastro-intestinal disturbances, induced by large doses of polyols, decrease in the following order: mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol. This osmotic diarrhea resembles that caused by lactose in subjects with restricted or frank lactose intolerance. The quantities of xylitol, for example, required to elicit diarrhea are so high that the consumption of xylitol for dental purposes does not cause any problems in children or adults. Long-term feeding trials and peroral loading experiments on human subjects have been unable to show any clinically significant differences between chronic users of xylitol and comparative human material in factors related to various metabolic functions of the body. These subjects have not shown any delayed or acute reactions which could be distinguished from those caused by the consumption of a sucrose diet. The available clinical data generally suggest that moderate consumption of the above polyols is not harmful to human metabolism.

Absorption↗
PubMed1991

[Clinical tolerance, intestinal absorption, and energy value of four sugar alcohols taken on an empty stomach].

Sugar alcohols are incompletely digested in the human small intestine. The residual amounts reaching the colon are digested by colonic bacteria or excreted in stools. Clinical tolerance and energy value of sugar alcohols are related to their respective rates of digestion in the small intestine and the colon. Six healthy volunteers were tested in 5 periods during which they ingested 10 g lactulose, and then, in a random order, an iso-osmotic solution of 20 g isomalt, sorbitol, maltitol, and lactitol. The fraction of sugar alcohols absorbed in the small intestine was evaluated by comparing the amounts of hydrogen excreted in breath for 8 h after the ingestion of lactulose and of sugar alcohols. Energy value of sugar alcohols was determined knowing the amounts absorbed in the small intestine and digested in the colon. Tolerance to the sugar alcohols was good in all volunteers, and not different between sugar alcohols. The mean percentage of malabsorption in the small intestine was significantly higher for lactitol (84 +/- 14 percent, m +/- SEM) than for maltitol and isomalt (44 +/- 7 and 40 +/- 7 percent), its energy value (2.3 +/- 0.3 kcal/g) was significantly lower than the energy value of maltitol (3.1 +/- 0.1 kcal/g, P less than 0.05); whereas those of sorbitol and isomalt were close (2.7 +/- 0.2 and 2.8 +/- 0.1 kcal/g, respectively). In spite of these differences, our results suggest that in our experimental conditions, bacterial digestion of the sugar alcohols reaching the colon was complete, and did not affect their clinical tolerance.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Digestion and absorption in the human intestine of three sugar alcohols.

The digestion and absorption of three sugar alcohols, consumed chronically in three identical daily postprandial doses, were evaluated in six volunteers during three 11-day periods. Each period included a 3-day adaptation period during which sugar alcohol doses were increased, a 4-day equilibration period, a 2-day stool collection period, and a 2-day intubation period. From day 4, the daily administered amounts were either 30 g pure sorbitol, 57 g maltitol containing 30 g sorbitol, or 69 g Lycasin 80/55 (Roquette, Lestrem, France), which is a hydrogenated glucose syrup also containing 30 g sorbitol. The distal ileal output of sugar alcohols and their components was determined by aspiration after a single meal. The mean percentage of sorbitol absorbed in the small intestine was significantly higher in pure sorbitol doses than in those containing maltitol and Lycasin 80/55 (79% +/- 4% vs. 64% +/- 4% and 64% +/- 5%, mean +/- SEM). The mean percentage of total maltitol digested was not different for pure maltitol and maltitol contained in Lycasin 80/55 (90% +/- 2% vs. 86% +/- 2%). Stool excretion of sugar alcohols was negligible, indicating that the sugar alcohols reaching the colon were almost completely digested by the colonic flora. The mean estimated energy values of the sugar alcohols ingested in kcal/g were 3.58 +/- 0.08 for sorbitol, about 3.50 +/- 0.07 for maltitol, and between 3.11 +/- 0.08 and 3.54 +/- 0.08 for Lycasin 80/55. Because the experimental conditions of this study mimicked the usual way of consumption of the three sugar alcohols, little calorie saving can be expected from the chronic consumption of these sugar alcohols in so-called sugar-free products.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Methods available to estimate the energy values of sugar alcohols.

There is increased interest in the use of sugar alcohols as substitutes for sucrose in various food products. Part of this interest is derived from studies suggesting that sugar alcohols may have lower energy values because of the way they are metabolized. Contributing to the complexity is the fact that not all sugar alcohols are similarly metabolized. Indirect and direct methods used to assess the energy value of sugar alcohols have often yielded conflicting data. Energy values obtained using mathematical models have been adopted by some countries to account for metabolic processes associated with sugar alcohol digestion and absorption. I focus on two sugar alcohols, sorbitol and maltitol, and describe various methods that have been used to assess their energy value.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of sugar alcohols on gut function and body composition in normal and cecectomized rats.

The effects of two sugar alcohols on feed utilization, digesta retention, gut fermentation and serum lipid profiles were compared in normal and cecectomized rats to examine the possibility of the cecectomized rat as an experimental animal with relevance to humans. Semi-purified diets containing no sugar alcohol, 7% sorbitol or 7% lactitol were fed to normal and cecectomized rats for 16 days. The digestibility of the crude fat and the compositions of the carcass dry matter and crude fat were significantly decreased by feeding sugar alcohols in both groups, but the effects were relatively higher in the cecectomized rats than in the normal rats. Diarrhea, faster transit times and shorter retention times of digesta were noted in the cecectomized rats fed sugar alcohols, while the inverse results were observed in the normal rats fed similar diets. The concentration of cecal organic acids was increased in the normal rats, whereas the concentration of colonic organic acids was decreased in the cecectomized rats fed sugar alcohols, compared with their corresponding control groups. The concentration of serum total cholesterol was decreased in both the normal and cecectomized rats fed diets containing sugar alcohols. The tendencies for diarrhea, faster digesta transit and reduced body fat induced by the fermentable materials in the cecectomized rat have good relevance to the parallel effects of fermentable materials in humans, suggesting the possibility of using the cecectomized rat as a model to study some of the physiological effects of sugar alcohols in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Reduction of lethal toxicity of chloroethylnitrosoureas by sugar alcohols without loss of antitumor activity.

Sugar alcohols, such as mannitol, sorbitol, galactitol, and inositol, selectively reduced the acute lethal toxicity of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(methyl alpha-D-glucopyranos-6-yl)-1-nitrosourea (MCNU) without reducing its antitumor activity. Fifty mg MCNU/kg killed all CD2F1 mice within about 10 days, while the administration of 3,000 mg sugar alcohols/kg immediately prior to MCNU protected mice from the lethal toxicity and all survived. The amelioration of MCNU toxicity by sugar alcohols was dose-dependent. Pretreatment with mannitol 1 day before MCNU administration was effective. In addition, a series of five daily treatments with lower doses of mannitol was also effective. This protection was accompanied by the reduction of both body weight loss and myelosuppression. The antitumor effects of MCNU on P388 leukemia and Lewis lung carcinoma were not significantly altered by mannitol treatment. These phenomena were not limited to MCNU, the lethal toxicity of GANU, ACNU, Me-CCNU, and mitomycin C also being reduced by mannitol treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Determination of sugar alcohols in confectioneries by high-performance liquid chromatography after nitrobenzoylation.

A method was developed for the determination of sugar alcohols, meso-erythritol, xylitol, D-glucitol, D-mannitol, maltitol and parachinit by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The sugar alcohols were converted into strong ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing derivatives with p-nitrobenzoyl chloride. HPLC was performed on a phenyl column, using acetonitrile-water (67:33) as mobile phase and UV detection (260 nm). The calibration curves for all sugar alcohols tested were linear in the 10-250 microg/ml range. The average recoveries of the sugar alcohols from four sugarless confectioneries spiked at 5 and 10% levels of six sugar alcohol standards ranged from 73.2 to 109.0% with relative standard deviations ranging from 0.7 to 9.0%. The detection limit of the developed method was 0.1% for the above sugar alcohols contained in the samples.

Calibration↗
PubMed2002

Interaction of methylparaben preservative with selected sugars and sugar alcohols.

The interaction of methylparaben preservative with selected sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, cellobiose) and sugar alcohols (lactitol, maltitol) were demonstrated in this study. It was observed that the formation of transesterification reaction products between methylparaben and the selected sugars occurred only under mild reaction conditions (e.g., pH 7.4 at 50 degrees C ), which were confirmed by HPLC-UV studies and mass spectrometry. On the other hand, under alkaline conditions and high temperature, degradation of the sugars predominated. Because sugars could easily undergo many possible degradation reactions and isomerization including on-column anomerization, the chromatograms of the reaction products were more complicated than those obtained from sugar alcohols. Sucrose, a nonreducing sugar, was much more stable than other selected sugars. The chromatogram of the transesterification reaction products of methylparaben with sucrose clearly showed eight peaks, which were likely to correspond to the same number of hydroxyl groups of sucrose. To compare the rate of the transesterification reaction of methylparaben with sucrose to that with sorbitol, kinetic studies were carried out. Similar rate constants were observed: 5.4 x 10(-7) L mol(-1) s(-1) and 4.9 x 10(-7) L mol(-1) s(-1) for sucrose and sorbitol, respectively.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2004

Analysis of transport activity of Arabidopsis sugar alcohol permease homolog AtPLT5.

The transporters responsible for sugar uptake into non-photosynthetic sink tissues in plants, such as roots and flowers, have not been fully identified and analyzed. Plants encode around 100 putative sugar transporters within the major facilitator superfamily, yet only a few have been studied. Here we report the analysis of a sugar alcohol permease homolog (AtPLT5, At3g18830) from Arabidopsis. A wide range of sugars including hexoses, pentoses, tetroses, a sugar acid, and sugar alcohols but not disaccharides induced inward currents in oocytes expressing AtPLT5. AtPLT5 expression also resulted in 14C-labeled substrate uptake in oocytes, indicating that AtPLT5 encodes an ion-coupled uptake transporter. K(0.5) values for glucose and sorbitol were highly dependent on external pH. Expression of AtPLT5 was found primarily in sink tissues: in the elongation zone of roots, in the inflorescence stem, and several floral structures, especially in the floral abscission zone. Expression was induced by mechanical wounding and insect feeding. Analysis of transport properties and expression in Arabidopsis indicate that AtPLT5 functions to transport a wide range of sugars into specific sink tissues in the plant.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

HPLC and LC-MS studies of the transesterification reaction of methylparaben with twelve 3- to 6-carbon sugar alcohols and propylene glycol and the isomerization of the reaction products by acyl migration.

Sugar alcohols and parabens are commonly used ingredients in oral suspension formulations. However, their possible incompatibility because of transesterification reaction is a concern during formulation development. In order to gain more knowledge about the reaction, a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is developed to separate the transesterification reaction products of methylparaben preservative with twelve 3- to 6-carbon sugar alcohols and propylene glycol. It is found that the number of peaks separated or partially separated correlate well with the number of distinct hydroxyl groups present in the sugar alcohol molecules. This means that all the hydroxyl groups in a sugar alcohol molecule can react with methylparaben to form transesterification reaction products. These products are positional isomers that have identical UV spectra with a maximum at 255 nm and the same m/z ratio for molecular ions by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. When isolated individually, they can isomerize (interconvert) under suitable conditions to form other positional isomers by intramolecular acyl migration. The acyl migration pathway for each of the isolated positional isomers from the transesterification reaction of methylparaben with sorbitol, ribitol, and xylitol is followed by HPLC. Based on the information, a tentative assignment of the six isomer peaks generated from the transesterification reaction between methylparaben and sorbitol is proposed.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sugar alcohols: what is the evidence for caries-preventive and caries-therapeutic effects?

The most widely used sugar alcohols are: xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, lactitol and the products Lycasin and Palatinit. It is often claimed that xylitol is superior to the other sugar alcohols for caries control. This paper examines clinical studies on the caries-preventive and therapeutic effects of sugar alcohols with emphasis on sorbitol and xylitol. It is concluded that chewing sugar-free gum 3 or more times daily for prolonged periods of time may reduce caries incidence irrespective of the type of sugar alcohol used. It may be sufficient to do this only on school days. Sucking xylitol-containing candies or tablets may have a similar effect as chewing xylitol chewing gum. Clinical trials suggest greater caries reductions from chewing gums sweetened with xylitol than from gums sweetened with sorbitol. However, the superiority of xylitol was not confirmed in 2 out of 4 clinical trials comparing the caries-preventive effect of xylitol- with sorbitol-sweetened gums. The caries-preventive effects of polyol-containing gums and candies seem to be based on stimulation of the salivary flow, although an antimicrobial effect cannot be excluded. There is no evidence for a caries-therapeutic effect of xylitol. These conclusions are in line with those of recent reviews and with the conclusions of the Scientific Committee on Medicinal Products and Medical Devices of the EU Commission.

Candy↗
PubMed1987

Cell volumes and water contents of frog muscles in solutions of permeant sugars and sugar alcohols.

1. Previous work has suggested that living cells may acquire and then maintain different water contents and hence volume, in solutions containing different concentrations of solutes that are permeant to the cell membrane. Toward better understanding of this phenomenon, two hypotheses were introduced: one hypothesis is based on the membrane-pump theory; another represents an extension of the polarized multilayer theory of cell water, a part of the association-induction (AI) hypothesis. To test the different predictions of these hypotheses, the water contents of frog muscle equilibrated at 25 degrees C in solutions of different concentrations of seven pentoses, seven hexoses, seven dissacharides, two trisaccharides, and six sugar alcohols were determined. 2. The earlier finding of sustained shrinkage of muscle cells in concentrated solutions of permeant solutes was confirmed once more. 3. In equimolal solutions of sugars and sugar alcohols with different steric conformations but the same or closely similar molecular weight(s), muscles had the same or closely similar water content(s). 4. In equimolal solutions of different sugars and sugar alcohols, the equilibrium water contents of the muscles increased with decreasing molecular weights of these solutes. 5. The water contents of muscles, equilibrated in 0.4 M solutions of different sugars and sugar alcohols, are positively correlated with the equilibrium distribution coefficients (or q-values) of the sugar and sugar alcohols in the muscle cell water with a linear correlation coefficient of +0.973. 6. The relationships between the equilibrium water contents of muscles (in solutions containing different concentrations of different sugars and sugar alcohols) and the concentrations of these sugars and sugar alcohols agree in general contours with that predicted by an equation derived on the basis of the polarized multilayer theory of cell water. 7. The experimental findings described above do not agree with the prediction based on the membrane-pump hypothesis; they do agree with all four predictions of the hypothesis based on the polarized multilayer theory of cell water.

Animals↗