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Results for “Sulfaquinoxaline”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1984

Liquid chromatographic analysis of sulfaquinoxaline and its application to pharmacokinetic studies in rabbits.

A specific, sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for sulfaquinoxaline (I) and its major metabolite, the N4-acetyl metabolite (II), in biological fluids. Detection limits for I and II were 0.25 and 0.50 micrograms/mL in plasma and 0.10 and 0.20 micrograms/mL in urine, respectively. The pharmacokinetics of sulfaquinoxaline and its metabolite were studied in New Zealand White rabbits after individual doses of 50 mg/kg of sulfaquinoxaline and its metabolite were administered intravenously. Mean (+/- SD) plasma half-lives were 12.7 (8.0) h for sulfaquinoxaline and 15.4 (3.5) h for the metabolite. After administration of the N-acetyl metabolite sulfaquinoxaline appeared in the plasma and urine indicating that deacetylation had occurred. The repercussions of this observation are briefly discussed with respect to two rabbits in which plasma analyses and complete urine collections were made. As sulfaquinoxaline is administered prophylactically to rabbits by some breeders, it is recommended that investigators allow a washout period of about one week after receipt of the animals.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Sulfaquinoxaline inhibition of vitamin K epoxide and quinone reductase.

Sulfaquinoxaline (N1-(2-quinoxalinyl)sulfanilamide) has been shown to be a potent (Ki = 1 microM) freely reversible inhibitor of the dithiothreitol-dependent reduction of both vitamin K epoxide and vitamin K quinone by rat liver microsomes in vitro. This observation provides an explanation for the hemorrhagic syndrome occasionally seen in poultry on medicated feed and the efficacy of sulfaquinoxaline in anticoagulant based rodenticides. Sulfaquinoxaline inhibition resembled inhibition by coumarin anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin) and hydroxynaphthoquinones (e.g., lapachol). Inhibition was observed in assays using microsomes from control strain rats, but the enzyme was resistant to sulfaquinoxaline in microsomes from warfarin-resistant rats. Steady-state kinetics inhibition patterns were nearly competitive versus dithiothreitol and nearly uncompetitive versus vitamin K epoxide as is observed for warfarin and lapachol. These results suggest that this inhibitor binds to the oxidized form of vitamin K epoxide reductase in the same way as suggested for the coumarins and hydroxyquinones. Of 10 other sulfa drugs tested, none were inhibitors, and of fragments and related compounds tested, only 2-aminoquinoxaline benzenesulfonamide was active. These results provide a probably orientation in the binding site in relation to that for warfarin and lapachol.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

The effect of sulfaquinoxaline feed medication on the immunologic response to a Pasteurella multocida vaccine administered to turkeys via drinking water.

Five groups of turkeys received C.U. strain Pasteurella multocida vaccine in the drinking water for one day. One group received the 0.1% level of sulfaquinoxaline feed medication at the time of vaccination, while 4 other groups received the feed medication 1, 2, 3 and 4 days after vaccination, respectively. Two weeks after vaccination all groups were exposed to a virulent P-1059 strain of P. multocida by the drinking water route. The results suggest that turkeys on the feed medication at the time of vaccination and possibly those receiving the initial fed medication the next day, failed to experience a satisfactory immunologic response. The possible ill effects of the sulfaquinoxaline feed medication on the duration of the immunity was not determined. A schedule and level of feed medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration was used; namely, 2 days on the 0.1% level, 3 days on a normal ration, and then 2 additional days on the 0.05% level of sulfaquinoxaline feed medication.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental and field sulfaquinoxaline toxicosis in Leghorn chickens.

Mortality of 47% occurred in a commercial flock of 20-week-old leghorn pullets treated with 0.05% sulfaquinoxaline in the feed. The drug was given for 2-3 days, removed for 2 days, and fed again for 2-3 days. Gross lesions consisted of disseminated hemorrhages, bone marrow pallor, a variety of changes suggesting septicemia, and overwhelming bacterial infection. Experimental feeding of sulfaquinoxaline at 0.05% in the feed at a schedule of 3 days on, 3 days off, and 2 days on successfully reproduced the essential features and gross lesions of the field toxicosis. Mortalities of 32.5% and 43.5% were observed in sulfaquinoxaline-treated groups. A high incidence of gangrenous dermatitis occurred in chickens with the experimental toxicosis, but it was not observed in the field case.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2004

Determination of 14C residue in eggs of laying hens administered orally with [14C] sulfaquinoxaline.

Ten layer hens were dosed for 5 consecutive days with 6.2 mg kg(-1) [14C] sulfaquinoxaline (SQX). Eggs were collected from the hens during the 5-day dosing period and during a 10-day post-dose withdrawal period. Egg yolk and albumen were separated and assayed for total radioactive residues (TRR) using a combustion oxidizer and liquid scintillation counting techniques. Significant amounts of radioactivity were detected on the second day of dosing (greater than 24h after the initial dose) in both egg yolk and albumen. First eggs were collected about 8 h after dosing; the second-day eggs were collected during 8-h period after the second dose. Radioactive residues reached a maximum on the fifth day of dosing in albumen, whereas on the second day of withdrawal in egg yolk, the peak TRR levels in albumen were about threefold higher than in yolk. Thereafter, the TRR levels declined rapidly in albumen and were detectable up to withdrawal day 6, whereas the TRR levels in egg yolk declined more slowly and were detectable up to withdrawal day 10. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated that the parent drug sulfaquinoxaline was the major component in both the egg albumen and yolk. Additionally, this work suggests that egg yolk is the appropriate matrix for monitoring SQX residues

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1985

[Effect of sulfaquinoxaline and diaveridine on leucocytozoon infection in chickens].

The preventive effect of sulfaquinoxaline and diaveridine in combination against leucocytozoon infection in White Leghorn female chickens was tested in a field trial. The experiment was initiated when the animals were 120 days old, and it lasted for 10 weeks. The medication was given for the first seven days, and no medication was given for the next seven days; then this schedule for the medication was repeated throughout the experimental period. The almost complete preventive effect was obtained when sulfaquinoxaline and diaveridine were added to the feed at the level of 16 ppm and 4 ppm, respectively, or at the level of 8 ppm and 2 ppm, respectively. On the other hand, only a partial effect was obtained when these drugs were used at the level of 4 ppm and 1 ppm, respectively. These medications had no adverse effect on the weight gain in the experimental birds.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Hypoprothrombinemia secondary to administration of sulfaquinoxaline to dogs in a kennel setting.

Sulfaquinoxaline, a coccidiostat readily available to the public, was mixed in the drinking water for this purpose by the owner. Secondary to its use, a bleeding disorder attributable to hypoprothrombinemia developed in several dogs. Clinical signs of bleeding ceased 24 hours after institution of vitamin K1 and discontinuation of sulfaquinoxaline in the drinking water. This report should remind veterinarians that drugs and medications readily available to the public may have adverse effects in animals, and such problems should be investigated whenever multiple dogs in a common setting are affected with the same clinical problem.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Simultaneous determination of sulfaquinoxaline, sulfamethazine and pyrimethamine by liquid chromatography.

A liquid chromatography method is described to determine sulfaquinoxaline (SQX), sulfamethazine (SMT), and pyrimethamine (PMT), by using a Kromasil C18 column and a 40 mM NaH2PO4 buffer solution, containing 10 mM NaClO4 (pH 3.0)-acetonitrile (65:35) as mobile phase. The mobile phase flow-rate and sample volume injected were 1.5 ml/min and 20 microl, respectively and the samples were dissolved in the mobile phase. The limits of quantification were found to be about 180 microg/l (3.6 ng) for each compound. The method was applied in veterinary commercial formulations. Analyses were made by means of the standard addition method, whose results were compared with those obtained by preparing "tests" (from the stock solutions) and with those obtained by a capillary electrophoresis method. Both methods showed similar results, and then it was proved that some commercial claimed levels were not in agreement with the obtained results by using our analytical method, as they were in other cases.

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMed1983

Trace analysis of sulfaquinoxaline in animal tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Sulfaquinoxaline (in combination with diaveridine as a potentiating agent) was administered orally to broilers, 4-5 weeks old, and sulfonamide residues were determined in muscle and liver at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 10 days post-treatment, using ion-pair extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Improved recoveries (ca. 80%, at the 10 ppb level) were obtained after liquefaction of the tissues by the addition of 8 M urea and sodium hydroxide, prior to ion-pair extraction. A withdrawal period of seven days was found necessary in order to reduce drug residues in muscle and liver to 10 ppb, a level without hazard to humans.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Stability of sulfaquinoxaline, sulfadimethoxine, and their N4-acetyl derivatives in chicken tissues during frozen storage.

The N4-acetyl derivatives of sulfaquinoxaline and sulfadimethoxine were stable in fortified chicken liver and thigh muscle tissues during frozen storage for 1 year at -20 and -70 degrees C. In contrast, the parent compounds depleted approximately 35% in liver tissues at -20 degrees C. The transformation of the depleted sulfa drugs to their N4-glucopyranosyl derivatives was negligible, suggesting that products other than glucosides resulted during the storage period.

Animals↗

PubMed1969

[Toxicity and immunosuppressive effect of sulfaquinoxaline in chickens].

Secondary effects of sulfaquinoxaline have been studied by comparing specific antibody titres of treated birds with the titres of those birds which were not treated. Previously these birds had been immunized by intramuscular injections of a killed antigen of S. pullorum, standard strain, and S. pullorum, variant strain. This experiment demonstrated that this drug possesses an immuno-suppressing action. This secondary effect was confirmed by an experimental infection with the GB strain of Newcastle disease virus.

Animals↗

PubMed1954