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PubMed2025

Comparative Embryology and Transcriptomics of Asellus infernus, an Isopod Crustacean From Sulfidic Groundwater.

Sulfidic caves are harsh and extreme environments characterized by limited oxygen, low pH, and the presence of hydrogen sulfide. Amazingly, animals can live in sulfidic caves, one such animal being Asellus infernus, a representative of the Asellus aquaticus species complex, originating from Movile Cave and from old wells that represent windows of access to a sulfidic groundwater ecosystem located in southeast Romania. Little previous work has been done on lab-reared populations of A. infernus as they have been historically difficult to raise in the lab. Here, we develop resources for A. infernus, examining questions of timing of morphological differences in cave versus surface individuals, whether the environment (lab-bred vs. wild-caught) influenced size characteristics, and the genes and pathways showing differential expression between cave and surface samples. We found that A. infernus did not develop pigmentation embryonically, and juveniles had increased body length and longer antenna II as compared to surface individuals. Furthermore, we found that some of these measures differed between wild-caught and lab-reared juveniles for a given population, indicating that environmental differences can also influence these size characteristics. In addition, differential expression between cave and surface samples and allele-specific expression studies within F1 hybrids identified multiple genes, including those involved in sulfide metabolism and phototransduction. Strikingly, molecular convergence of genes involved in sulfide detoxification was observed between A. infernus and previous work on a fish that lives in both cave and sulfidic environments, Poecilia mexicana. In sum, we were able to develop embryonic and genomic tools for A. infernus, a model for understanding cave adaptation and adaptation to sulfidic environments.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Sulfide-oxidizing potential and hypersalinity tolerance strategies in salt-crust covered coastal microbial mats.

Hypersaline microbial mats are dense microbial ecosystems capable of performing nearly complete element cycling under harsh conditions including near-saturation salinity. Our previous study of salt-crust-covered microbial mats showed that oxygenic photosynthesis was inhibited at salt saturation, while phototrophic sulfide oxidation persisted despite well-known sulfide-oxidizing taxa being undetectable. In this study, we analyzed metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the same mats to identify sulfide-oxidizing taxa and adaptations enabling oxygenic phototrophs to survive salt saturation. We extended the dataset by including morphologically identical mats exposed to lower salinity regimes to identify metabolic capabilities specifically selected for by saturation-level salinity. The phototrophic sulfide oxidation capability was found in nearly all cyanobacterial MAGs, in some Chloroflexota, and in abundant Rhodovibrio populations previously not known to oxidize sulfide. Furthermore, we found clear indications of Haloarchaea-like potassium-based osmoregulation in Bradymonadaceae (Myxococcota) adding another taxon to the few known potassium-accumulating bacteria. Despite lower oxygen concentrations, salt-crust-covered mats showed smaller proportions of fermenters and higher proportions of aerobic microorganisms than lower-salinity mats. We compared the genetic signatures of hypersalinity and desiccation tolerance in cyanobacterial MAGs from this study to genomes from desiccation-prone environments such as desert soils and small freshwater streams. Genomes of hyperhalophilic cyanobacteria were characterized by lack of certain potassium transporters and catalase genes and presence of additional osmolyte transporter subunits and sulfide-oxidation genes. We hypothesize that during salt saturation the oxidative stress for mat dwelling cyanobacteria is lowered, while the ability to oxidize sulfide provides them with energy when oxygenic photosynthesis is inhibited.

Oxidation-Reduction↗

PubMed2026

The composition of the periostracum in the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta and the mantle's response to sulfide.

The razor clam Sinonovacula constricta inhabits sulfide-rich intertidal sediments and exhibits remarkable tolerance to this toxicant, yet the role of its periostracum in sulfide adaptation remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the composition and structure of the periostracum proteins, and the response of the mantle to sulfide stress. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that the periostracum is approximately 10 μm thick and contains 1.43 wt% sulfur, and proteomic analysis further confirmed the presence of organic sulfur (Cys/Met-rich proteins), suggesting its involvement in sulfur deposition. Using LC-MS/MS, we identified 77 high-confidence proteins from the periostracum, which were classified into six functional categories: enzymes, framework proteins, immune-related proteins, calcium ion-related proteins, other proteins, and proteins with unknown functions. Phylogenetic analyses of representative proteins revealed bivalve-specific evolutionary patterns, with several proteins exclusively present in Bivalvia, such as Unknown protein 2 and 7, which possess signal peptides and low-complexity domains. For the sulfide exposure experiment, razor clams were subjected to three Na2S concentrations (0, 10, and 100 μM). qPCR analysis showed that, compared with the control group, Chitin-binding protein 3 and Tyrosinase were significantly upregulated in the mantle, peaking in the 100 μM group at 48 h (5677.84-fold and 157.20-fold, respectively), whereas Collagen and Cadherin 3 were generally suppressed. This study represents one of the most comprehensive proteomic profiles of the razor clam periostracum and highlights the mantle's potential role in sulfide tolerance, offering insights for sulfur-tolerant aquaculture breeding and bioremediation applications.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Feedstock-specific effects of sulfur-rich vegetable fractions on food waste anaerobic digestion: Sulfide-associated redox perturbation and adaptive microbial reassembly.

Food waste (FW) anaerobic digestion (AD) is strongly affected by feedstock heterogeneity, yet the role of sulfur-rich vegetable fractions remains poorly defined. Here, garlic (GAR), Chinese cabbage (CHC), and cabbage (CAB) were used as representative sulfur-rich vegetables to assess their effects on methane production, redox status, and microbial function during FW AD. At equal volatile solids loading, GAR showed no significant effect, whereas CHC and CAB caused a biphasic response, with delayed methane accumulation and reduced cumulative yield followed by late-stage daily methane production 39.6% and 45.9% higher than the control, respectively. CHC and CAB promoted sulfide accumulation and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the early stage. Elevated ROS levels were associated with lower NADH/NAD+ ratios, reduced electron transport activity, and volatile fatty acid accumulation, collectively indicating a redox-perturbed state characterized by functional decoupling between acidogenesis and methanogenesis. Metagenomic analysis showed that this early disturbance was followed by functional reassembly of the community. Hydrolytic-acidogenic bacteria sustained fermentation, accompanied by enrichment of genes associated with PFOR-Rnf-mediated energy conservation and the ED and oxidative PPP pathways, while methanogenesis shifted toward acetoclastic and methylotrophic routes. Genome-resolved analysis attributed the genomic potential for PFOR-Rnf-mediated energy conservation to Aminobacterium and Defluviitoga MAGs, and showed that Methanosarcina possessed the broadest oxidative stress defense repertoire, supporting its dominance after ROS perturbation. These findings provide a mechanistic framework linking sulfur-rich feedstock heterogeneity to methane-production dynamics, involving sulfide-associated redox perturbation and subsequent microbial functional reassembly.

Energy conservation↗

PubMed2026

Cystathionine γ-Lyase-Dependent S-Sulfhydration of Smad3: A Novel Target to Alleviate Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: The cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) axis has emerged as a key regulator in tissue fibrogenesis. This study aimed to explore the role of the CSE/H2S axis in systemic sclerosis (SSc) and to investigate its underlying mechanisms to identify promising therapeutic targets. METHODS: CSE/H2S levels were assessed in serum samples from 25 patients with SSc and 28 healthy controls. Human dermal fibroblasts from patients with SSc and healthy controls were used for functional studies, including propargylglycine (CSE inhibitor) treatment, Gyy4137, a slow-releasing hydrogen sulfide donor, CSE silencing, and CSE overexpression, combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based S-sulfhydration proteomics. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the effects of S-sulfhydration on protein structure, and an Smad3 C121S (cysteine [Cys] 121 mutated to Ser) mutant was generated to verify the function targets of S-sulfhydration. In vivo, bleomycin-induced mouse models of skin and lung fibrosis were constructed to evaluate the effects of CSE overexpression. RESULTS: In human samples, CSE/H2S levels were reduced in SSc. CSE inhibition promoted extracellular matrix deposition. S-sulfhydration proteomics showed that S-sulfhydration levels were globally reduced in SSc compared to controls. CSE overexpression increased S-sulfhydration on Smad3, suppressed transforming growth factor β 1 (TGFβ1)/Smad3 signaling, mitigating skin fibrosis. Notably, Cys121 on Smad3, identified as a pivotal target for S-sulfhydration by proteomics, was shown to fine-tune its MH1 domain, with its mutation impairing the antifibrotic effects. In mice, CSE overexpression attenuated bleomycin-induced skin and lung fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Smad3 S-sulfhydration mediates the antifibrotic effect of CSE in SSc, highlighting it as a critical mechanism and promising therapeutic target.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Do Multi-Omics Approaches Improve the Diagnosis of Microbial Overgrowth Syndromes?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review investigates how advances in breath testing (BT), small bowel (SB) culture, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, transcriptomics and proteomics are reshaping the definition and diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). It also discusses whether SIBO should be redefined as part of a larger group of microbial overgrowth syndromes. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies identify distinct hydrogen-, methane-, and hydrogen sulfide-associated overgrowth phenotypes, termed SIBO, intestinal methanogen overgrowth (IMO), and intestinal sulfide overproduction (ISO). SB sampling shows that these conditions involve different microbial patterns and functional activity, symptoms, and host responses. Quantitative shotgun metagenomics provides greater taxonomic and functional resolution than culture, while metatranscriptomics reveals active microbial pathways. On top of that, host transcriptomics and proteomics contribute to the better understanding of the predominant microbial effects in host cellular mechanisms in each of the distinct small bowel overgrowth types. SIBO has been increasingly identified as a disorder of microbial ecology and function rather than bacterial quantity alone. Integrating BT with SB sampling and multi-omics approaches may improve classification, clarify symptom mechanisms, and support a more individualized treatment, although standardized methods and further clinical validation remain necessary.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Direct Modeling of the Interfacial Resistance in All-Solid-State Battery.

Interfacial reconstruction and its associated high resistance govern the performance of all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs). However, indirectly inferring interfacial potentials from bulk band alignments masks the true solid-solid electrochemistry, causing orders-of-magnitude discrepancies in predicting space-charge layer (SCL) resistances and impeding interface screening. Herein, by traversing 310 distinct interfaces from ∼29,000 literatures, we develop a non-empirical numerical procedure that directly maps lithium‑ion redistribution to interfacial resistance by integrating ligand‑field theory with the SCL model. Considering electric potential differences and intrinsic carrier properties during interfacial reconstruction via a modified ligand-field splitting strength (MLFSS) descriptor yields unprecedented bridging between modeling and measurement, reducing predicted resistance discrepancies from over ten orders of magnitude to within two. On this basis, we resolve the highly system-dependent controversy over oxide interfacial resistances by identifying extreme MLFSS disparities (>3.5 eV) as the decisive factor, while emphasizing ion‑intercalation sulfides (<0.2 eV) as cathodes for their intrinsic SCL suppression. The predictive capability of this tunable criterion is validated in an all-sulfide V0.5Cr1.5S4/Li10GeP2S12/75% Li2S-24% P2S5-1% P2O5/Li prototype. The resulting ultralow interfacial resistance of 8.8 Ω cm2 ensures superior cycling stability at an active-material energy density of 562 Wh kg-1, establishing a practical paradigm for breaking the energy and kinetics trade-off in ASSBs.

all‐solid‐state battery↗

PubMed2026

Low-pH sulfate reduction in acid mine drainage treatment systems: implications for acidophilic and acid-tolerant sulfate-reducing bacteria - a systematic review.

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is characterized by persistent acidity, high sulfate and dissolved metal concentrations. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are attractive candidates for AMD remediation because dissimilatory sulfate reduction generates alkalinity while producing sulfide that can facilitate metal removal through precipitation. Extending these processes to acidic conditions has increased interest in acidophilic and acid-tolerant SRB (aSRB and atSRB), yet evidence from cultivation, molecular surveys and treatment systems has often been interpreted separately. This systematic review synthesized 53 culture-dependent, culture-independent, and treatment system studies from 2014 to 2024 to examine relationships among taxonomic occurrence, physiological capability, demonstrated low-pH sulfate reduction and treatment performance. Phylogenetic analysis showed that low-pH sulfate-reducing phenotypes were distributed across multiple lineages and 16S rRNA relatedness alone did not predict acid tolerance. Desulfosporosinus was the most consistently represented genus across studies, although its recurrence was influenced by cultivation strategies. Sulfate reduction was demonstrated below pH 3, with sustained low-pH activity most strongly supported by controlled reactor studies; approximately pH 4.0-5.5 emerged as a comparatively well-supported range, while activity at lower pH was more dependent on microbial physiology and experimental conditions. Low-pH sulfate reduction also emerged as a community-level process shaped by electron-donor use, metabolite turnover and complementary microbial functions, while treatment performance additionally depended on biomass retention, hydraulic conditions and sulfide management. The reviewed studies support a distinction between taxonomic presence, demonstrated activity and treatment contribution. Future work should prioritize standardized reporting of active sulfate-reduction conditions, stronger taxon-function validation and long-term field testing of low-pH sulfidogenic systems.

Sulfates↗

PubMed2025

A deep-sea hydrothermal vent worm detoxifies arsenic and sulfur by intracellular biomineralization of orpiment (As2S3).

The alvinellid worm Paralvinella hessleri is the only animal that colonizes the hottest part of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the west pacific. We found P. hessleri accumulates exceptionally high level of toxic element arsenic (>1% of wet weight) and tolerated elevated concentrations hydrogen sulphide. Using advanced microscopy, elementary analysis, and genomics and proteomics approaches, we identified a previously unrecognized arsenic-sulfide biomineralization process in P. hessleri. Our data suggest that arsenic accumulates within epithelial cell granules, where it likely reacts with sulphide diffused inward from the hydrothermal vent fluid, resulting in the intracellular formation of orpiment (As₂S₃) minerals. In this "fighting poison with poison" manner, the highly toxic arsenic and sulphide were simultaneously detoxified in the form of orpiment minerals within the intracellular granules of the single layer of epithelial cells. This process represents a remarkable adaptation to extreme chemical environments. Our study provides new insights into understanding animals' environment adaptation mechanisms and the diversity and plasticity of biomineralization.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Prophage Activation as an Overlooked Mechanism Underlying the Biocidal Effect of Free Nitrous Acid in Sewers.

Biogenic hydrogen sulfide produced in sewer systems causes odor nuisance and concrete corrosion, necessitating effective biocidal control. Free nitrous acid (FNA) has emerged as a promising biocide, but its unclear mechanisms complicate dosage optimization and risk assessment. Here, using Desulfovibrio vulgaris as a model lysogenic bacterium, we demonstrate that low-dose FNA (0.2-4.0 mg N/L) induces bacterial inactivation via prophage activation-associated lysis in addition to chemical oxidation. Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) scavenging tests revealed that RNS-mediated oxidative stress was closely associated with prophage activation. Activated phages further infected new hosts, reducing the viability of freshly cultured D. vulgaris cells by 25.7% and increasing total phage production 15.2-fold. The phenomenon was further validated in real sewage biofilms, where increased phage production and decreased bacterial viability were observed at a low FNA dose of 0.2 mg N/L, below the dose required for cell destruction by chemical oxidation. Furthermore, metagenomic analysis of 896 sewage samples worldwide revealed that 71.9% of recovered sewage-derived microbial genomes harbor prophages, indicating a widespread genomic basis for prophage activation-mediated bacterial inactivation. Overall, this study expands current understanding of the biocidal mechanisms of FNA and contributes to the development of environmentally sustainable biocidal strategies.

Nitrous Acid↗

PubMed2026

Sulfonic Ion-Exchange Resins as Versatile Tools for the Oxidative Degradation of Chemical and Biological Hazardous Agents.

Commercial sulfonic styrene-divinylbenzene ion-exchange resins are activated with aqueous H2O2 to generate metal-free decontamination systems that combine strong Brønsted acidity with immobilized oxidizing capability. Among five tested materials, Amberlyst 15 dry showed the best performance in terms of oxidant immobilization capacity and promoting the oxidative degradation of the sulfur mustard simulant (2-chloroethyl)ethyl sulfide, CEES, and the organophosphorus pesticide malathion under very mild conditions. Control experiments with K2CO3-exchanged resin demonstrate that efficient decontamination requires the synergy between surface acidity and peroxide functionality. The activated resins also display rapid biocidal activity, strongly reducing viable Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and completely suppressing the infectivity of HSV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 within min. These findings identify peroxide-activated sulfonic resins as simple, sustainable, regenerable, and versatile tools for efficient combined hazardous chemical and biological decontamination.

Oxidation-Reduction↗

PubMed2026

Heavy-metal stress shapes habitat-specific microbial survival strategies in estuarine environments.

Estuarine ecosystems face increasing heavy metal pollution from rapid urbanization and industrialization, yet the microbial adaptive strategies to multiple metal stressors across different habitats remain poorly understood. This study investigated the diversity and composition of bacterial and fungal communities across free-living (FL), particle-attached (PA), and sediment (SE) fractions from three estuaries with varying heavy metal contamination, and further investigated functional adaptations of bacterial communities. High-throughput amplicon sequencing revealed habitat-specific communities, with SE hosting the highest alpha diversity and enrichment of metal-resistant genera such as Woeseia and Sva1033. Environmental filtering, particularly by Zn, was the dominant driver shaping bacterial assemblages across all habitats, whereas fungal communities displayed greater stochastic assembly patterns. Analysis of 44 high-quality bacterial metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) revealed diverse metal resistance genes (cusA, znuB, and zntA), along with enriched metabolic pathways for carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling. Notably, both active efflux/oxidative stress defense and indirect immobilization mechanisms were observed across all habitats, but their relative importance differed: FL and PA communities exhibited a greater reliance on active metal efflux (czcAB) and oxidative stress defense (trxAB) to maintain intracellular homeostasis, whereas SE communities displayed a stronger genomic potential for sulfate reduction (dsrAB) that may contribute to metal immobilization through sulfide precipitation. This metabolic partitioning highlights the complementary roles of different habitats in mediating metal toxicity and biogeochemical cycling, providing new insights into microbial resilience in polluted estuaries and underscoring the urgency of addressing heavy-metal contamination in these critical ecosystems.

Estuaries↗

PubMed2026

Selective and sensitive colorimetric sensing of carbosulfan based on BiO2-x/Bi2O2.75 nanosheets with excellent haloperoxidase-like activity.

The development of colorimetric methods based on directly inhibiting nanozyme activity for pesticide detection has attracted considerable attention. In this study, we report a novel colorimetric sensing strategy utilizing BiO2-x/Bi2O2.75 nanosheets (BiO2-x/Bi2O2.75 NSs) with haloperoxidase (HPO)-like activity for the rapid and sensitive detection of carbosulfan (CBS) in foods. Oxygen-vacancy-rich BiO2-x/Bi2O2.75 NSs with HPO-like activity were rationally constructed. Kinetic studies revealed a remarkable Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of 0.014 mM for I-, indicating a higher affinity for iodide ions than other reported HPO-like nanozymes, as evidenced by its lower Km. Under acidic conditions, CBS tends to be hydrolyzed to produce reductive sulfide species, which directly inhibit the iodoperoxidase-like activity of BiO2-x/Bi2O2.75 NSs, enabling selective detection with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.18 μg/mL and a linear range of 0.20-100 μg/mL. When the concentration of interfering pesticides and substances was 5 times that of CBS, the sensor remained unaffected, exhibiting excellent stability and specificity. This work contributes to the detection of CBS in complex food matrices, bridging the application gap of HPO-like nanozymes in pesticide detection and providing a promising method for food safety detection.

Colorimetry↗

PubMed2026

Protein persulfidation emerges as a conserved component of the redox response to DNA damage.

Genotoxic stress is frequently accompanied by alterations in cellular redox homeostasis; however, the mechanisms linking redox regulation to the DNA damage response (DDR) remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the early redox response to DNA damage induced by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, focusing on cysteine oxidative post-translational modifications (PTM). We show that activation of the DNA damage response is accompanied by rapid redox changes that occur in the absence of a generalized oxidative stress response. MMS exposure promotes selective remodeling of cysteine oxidative modifications, characterized by decreased free thiols, robust induction of protein persulfidation, and comparatively modest changes in sulfenylation. These alterations are accompanied by increased intracellular hydrogen sulfide levels, supporting the involvement of reactive sulfur species in the cellular response to DNA damage. Proteome-wide analyses revealed that cysteine oxidative modifications preferentially target proteins involved in central metabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis, and genome maintenance. Consistent with these observations, MMS-induced genotoxic stress promotes metabolic adaptation characterized by increased mitochondrial respiration, elevated ATP production, and mitochondrial morphological remodeling, linking bioenergetic adaptation to redox regulation. Importantly, perturbation of intracellular redox balance using N-acetylcysteine compromises survival under DNA-damaging conditions, supporting a functional role for redox signaling during the DDR. Finally, MMS treatment also induces protein persulfidation in mammalian cells. Moreover, exposure to etoposide, a mechanistically distinct genotoxic agent that induces DNA double-strand breaks through topoisomerase II inhibition, showed a similar trend, suggesting that protein persulfidation may not be restricted to alkylation-induced DNA damage. Together our findings identify protein persulfidation as a prominent component of the redox response to DNA damage and provide new insight into the functional interplay between mitochondrial metabolism, cysteine-based redox regulation, and genome maintenance.

Oxidation-Reduction↗

PubMed2025

Interaction and regulation of the mitochondrial proteome - in health and disease.

INTRODUCTION: Mitochondria contain multiple pathways including energy metabolism and several signaling and synthetic pathways. Mitochondrial proteomics is highly valuable for studying diseases including inherited metabolic disorders, complex and common disorders like neurodegeneration, diabetes, and cancer, since they all to some degree have mitochondrial underpinnings. AREAS COVERED: The main mitochondrial functions and pathways are outlined, and systematic protein lists are presented. The main energy metabolic pathways are as follows: iron-sulfur cluster synthesis, one carbon metabolism, catabolism of hydrogen sulfide, kynurenines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and others, described with the aim of laying a foundation for systematic mitochondrial pathway analysis based on proteomics data. The links of the proteins and pathways to functional effects and diseases are discussed. The disease examples are focussed on inherited metabolic disorders, cancer, neurological, and cardiovascular disorders. EXPERT OPINION: To elucidate the role of mitochondria in health and disease, there is a need for comprehensive proteomics analyses with stringent, systematic data treatment for proper interpretation of mitochondrial pathway data. In that way, comprehensive hypothesis-based research can be performed based on proteomics data.

Humans↗

PubMed2025

Detection of the mgtC gene in multidrug-resistant Salmonella sp. based on isolation of chicken eggshell swabs from traditional Surabaya markets.

BACKGROUND: The virulence of Salmonella sp. is increased by the presence of the mgtC gene, which allows the bacteria to survive in environments with low magnesium levels, such as inside macrophages. Salmonella sp. found on eggshells when they show resistance to three or more classes of antibiotics can be classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. AIM: This study aimed to identify the presence of Salmonella sp. MDR and the mgtC gene in chicken eggshell swabs from traditional markets in Surabaya. METHODS: Swab samples were collected from 160 eggs (80 from layer chickens and 80 from free-range chickens) at 10 traditional markets in Surabaya, Indonesia. Isolation and identification were performed using culture media, including Salmonella Shigella Agar, Gram staining, Triple Sugar Iron Agar, Sulfide Indole Motility, Simmons Citrate Agar, Methyl Red and Voges Proskauer, and Urea Agar. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed using the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar. Molecular detection of the mgtC gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The results showed that 16.87% (27/160) of the samples were detected positive for Salmonella sp. All Salmonella sp. isolates (27) were resistant to Erythromycin (100%). Resistance was also found to Ampicillin (77.77%, 21/27), Tetracycline (29.62%, 8/27), and Ciprofloxacin (18.51%, 5/27). No resistance to chloramphenicol was observed. In addition, eight of the 27 isolates (29.62%) were classified as Salmonella sp. MDR. The Salmonella sp. MDR isolates also carried the mgtC gene at 87.5% (7/8). CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate the potential global public health threat posed by MDR Salmonella sp. with the mgtC gene, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and controlling antibiotic resistance in humans and animals.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Epigenetic priming and locus-specific demethylation enhance cell-death susceptibility in liver cancer.

Liver cancer treatment with epigenetic drugs remains challenging because demethylating agents such as 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) induce genome-wide toxicity and may activate oncogenes. We hypothesized that a low, nontoxic dose of 5-AZA could prime liver cancer cells by partially relaxing chromatin at selected loci to restore silenced cell-death regulators. HepG2 cells treated with 2 μM 5-AZA underwent ATAC-seq and RNA-seq to identify genes with promoter opening and increased expression. Among ten candidates, BFL-1 and SQOR were prioritized for roles in cell death and redox control. Forced expression of either gene increased sensitivity to TNF-α/cycloheximide (CHX) and sorafenib, both of which elevated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. To establish causality in a physiological context, we used CRISPR-dCas9-TET1 to demethylate CpG-rich promoter regions of BFL-1 or SQOR. Locus-specific editing sensitized cells to TNF-α/CHX more rapidly than conventional overexpression and reproduced the heightened death response elicited by low-dose 5-AZA without baseline toxicity. Analysis of the cancer cell line encyclopedia and The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets showed consistent BFL-1 downregulation in liver cancer, variable SQOR expression across cancers, and positive correlations of both genes with tumor-suppression markers and immune-cell infiltration. These results indicate that targeted reactivation of BFL-1 and SQOR increases cell-death susceptibility in liver cancer cells. Integrating low-dose pharmacologic priming with precise epigenetic editing may preserve genome-wide methylation while restoring cell-death competence, providing proof-of-concept for locus-specific epigenetic therapy in liver cancer.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Enhanced Performance in All-Inorganic AgBiS2 Photodetectors via Oxygen-Inhibited Spray Pyrolysis Deposition.

AgBiS2 has emerged as a promising optoelectronic material due to its broad spectral response and strong light absorption. However, the current use of high-boiling solvents and organic buffers restricts fundamental studies and further performance optimization of AgBiS2's intrinsic properties. In this study, we develop an organic buffer-free AgBiS2 photodetector prepared using a low-temperature ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique. Our theoretical analysis revealed that oxygen doping alters the optoelectronic characteristics by enhancing the density of states near the Fermi level, leading to consequent severe nonradiative charge carrier recombination. By incorporating excess thiourea while maintaining optimal substrate temperature for enhanced crystallinity, we successfully suppress oxygen defects and consequently improve photodetection performance. The optimized device exhibits a high responsivity of 0.046 A W-1 at 1050 nm, a low noise level (<8.5 × 10-19 A2 Hz-1), and a fast response time (0.07 μs rise, 0.60 μs decay). Benefiting from the rapid response, the photodetector delivers high-resolution imaging with sharp edge definition. This work eliminates the interference of organic buffer layers to directly reveal how oxygen defect modulation affects the intrinsic optoelectronic properties of AgBiS2, offering a scalable pathway for high-performance, solution-processed photodetectors.

near-infrared detector↗