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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Methodological survey of automatic EMG analysis.

This paper describes a methodological survey of different methods, manual and computer-aided for quantitative MUP analysis up to the present. Due to different recording techniques and facilities for signal analysis individual laboratories have developed their own methods. Although most of the methods are still in the research phase, they provide a valuable contribution to clinical possibilities. The most important effect of the computer in electromyography is the fact that it emphasizes a new trend in quantitative EMG analysis also in routine clinical assessment.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1991

AIDS survey methodology with black Americans.

Unique substantive and methodological issues are involved in conducting survey research on sexual and HIV risk related behaviors among Americans of African descent. Problem conceptualization, sampling, design of instruments, mode of data collection, interviewer/respondent characteristics, community resistance, and data analysis and interpretation are discussed. The lack of survey research on sensitive health issues is noted. Possible methods for addressing these issues are drawn from the experiences of the authors in conducting national research on the general and at risk Black community populations. It is concluded that attention to these issues can substantially improve the quality of research on AIDS related behaviors on Black communities. Finally, it is suggested that behavioral theories and sophisticated methodological and analytic approaches, sensitive to the special cultural dimensions of racial/ethnic life in the United States, would contribute substantially to the scientific armamentarium needed to successfully meet the challenge of the AIDS epidemic.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1979

Tanzania filariasis project. Survey methodology and clinical manifestations of bancroftian filariasis.

In a Bancroftian filariasis survey on the coast of Tanzania microfilaria rates rose with age reaching 53% in the 60-69 year group followed by a slight fall above this age. The most important clinical manifestations were hydrocoele, funiculitis and elephantiasis, with hydrocoele presenting the most serious public health problem. Hydrocoele rates increased with age reaching 90% above the age of 70. The highest proportion of large hydrocoeles were also in the older age groups. A satisfactory methodology was established for the planning of future surveys leading to control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

1988 New Zealand national immunisation survey: methodology.

In 1985 the Department of Health carried out a survey using a two stage stratified random sampling technique to select approximately 3000 children (made up of equal numbers of 5, 10 and 15 year olds). The principal aim was to provide a random sample of sera which could be used or stored for the future to evaluate the national immunisation programme and for screening of an ethical nature. The sampling frame was the 1983 list of public and private schools as provided by the Department of Education. Ninety primary schools and 50 secondary schools were identified, from which 3688 children were asked to participate. There was a 79% consent response rate. The survey largely succeeded in its objective of providing a nationally representative group of children, although the response rate was lower in 5 year olds (74%), in Pacific Islanders (67%), in children from upper socioeconomic status groups (75%), and in children who were reported not to have been immunised (56%). A similar survey is recommended every five years. In the mean time, laboratory analysis of the collected serum samples continues and results will be published separately.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of the EPI survey methodology for estimating relative risk.

Precision in estimation of relative risks using a standardized sampling method proposed by the WHO Global Programme on AIDS was evaluated using a Monte Carlo model simulating actual populations; the proposed survey design represents a modification of the methodology used by the WHO Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) to estimate immunization coverage among children. This study suggests that in actual populations the proposed survey strategy is a reasonable alternative to the use of simple random sampling (SRS) at the second stage of cluster sampling. Although varying such population characteristics as the seroprevalence rate, nonresponse rate, and rate of misclassification of exposure failed to demonstrate a clear advantage of one method over the other, the added cost and difficulty of implementing SRS under field conditions warrant further consideration of the EPI-like methodology for use in estimating relative risks.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Investigating non-response bias in a survey of disablement in the community: implications for survey methodology.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate the pattern of age specific non-response bias in a two phase survey of disablement in the community. It seeks to examine patterns of response in different age groups to a household based postal questionnaire, and the implication of such trends for the estimation of prevalence of reported dependence. It also looks at the effect that the readiness to respond during the first phase postal questionnaire had on participation in the interview based second phase of the study. DESIGN AND SETTING: A two stage survey of disablement in the population was undertaken. A first phase postal questionnaire was sent to 25,168 households in Calderdale, West Yorkshire, England, to ascertain the prevalence of physical disability. The second phase comprised in depth interviews with a sample of individuals identified in the first phase as being disabled. RESPONDENTS: A total of 21,889 postal questionnaires were returned (87%) representing households containing 42,826 people aged 16 years and over. A disproportionately stratified random sample of 950 respondents reporting disability was taken for the second phase. Of these 891 were still available, and 838 (94%) were interviewed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A study of the timing of response to a postal questionnaire showed that patterns differed for different age groups. The estimated prevalence of those aged 65 years and over who were dependent was steady over time whereas for those in the 16-64 age range the estimated prevalence fell as the survey progressed, indicating a tendency for those who were dependent to respond sooner. Examination of the relationship of responses at phase 1 and phase 2 showed that response to invitation to interview was much less in those who had responded later, and presumably more reluctantly, in the first phase. CONCLUSIONS: These findings raise questions about how different patterns of response might be indicative of bias which could differentially affect final age specific prevalence estimates. They also have methodological implications for the follow up of reluctant responders both to increase the response rate and to secure cooperation in the second phase of a two phase survey.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

The need for accurate nutrition survey methodology: the South Carolina experience.

Assessment of two nutrition-related risk factors, obesity and fat intake, was completed on a representative sample of South Carolina adults. Obesity estimates determined from self-reported heights and weights were less than prevalences determined from direct measurements (white males 21.4% vs. 28.2%; white females 20.8% vs. 24.5%; black males 29.2% vs. 30.1%; black females 43.6% vs. 50.6%; and total 24.9 vs. 29.8%). Nine fat-intake habits were identified from dietary mannerisms involving the consumption of red meat, fat on meat, fried fish/chicken, butter, eggs, whole milk, bacon/sausage, and cheese and the use of solid fats when cooking vegetables. The mean number of the nine habits exhibited was four. The total number of habits did not correlate well with serum cholesterol, as 27% of the individuals with none of the nine fat intake habits had blood cholesterol values greater than 6.2 mmol/L (239 mg/100 mL), while only 17% of the individuals with seven habits had the high level of cholesterol. These nine habits explained less than 10% of the variability of serum cholesterol values.

Black People↗
PubMed1991

Assessment of abuse liability of stimulant drugs in humans: a methodological survey.

Stimulant drugs have been illicitly consumed for non-medical purposes for centuries. Within the past several decades procedures for assessing the abuse liability of a compound prior to marketing have been developed, which should limit the introduction of new stimulants with high abuse liability to the public. Drugs with high abuse liability are positive reinforcers in that they maintain behavior leading to their consumption. Assessment of abuse liability has traditionally involved a comparison of the profile of effects of a known drug of abuse to that of a drug with unknown abuse liability. With respect to stimulant drugs, amphetamine and cocaine may be considered prototypic stimulants with high abuse liability. Various procedures have been used to study abuse liability including the measuring of (1) subjective effects, (2) drug 'liking', (3) estimates of value, (4) the accuracy of drug identification, (5) the ability of trained subjects to discriminate one drug from another and (6) drug self-administration. In this paper the behavioral effects of a number of stimulant drugs will be compared along these dimensions and the effects along each dimension will be related to each drugs' known abuse liability. Dissociations among the various measures will also be described, and the implications of these dissociations discussed. We conclude that the best single assessment of abuse liability is obtained from drug self-administration studies, but that the most accurate assessment of abuse liability is obtained when the effects of a drug are evaluated along as many of these dimensions as possible.

Arousal↗