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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Effect of two different syringes on syringe driver function.

A laboratory investigation into the effect of two different syringes on the performance of a syringe driver was undertaken in order to assess accuracy of delivery, occlusion-alarm delay time and the effect of incorrectly coding the device for the syringe in use. Results indicated that accuracy of delivery was of the order of -1%/h for both syringe types at an infusion rate of 5 ml/h. Clinically and statistically significant differences in the occlusion-to-alarm time were found between syringes and between infusion rates. At 99.9 ml/h lag time was about 30 seconds for both syringes, whereas at 5 ml/h this was 667 seconds for one syringe and 903 seconds for the other. Incorrect coding of the driver for the syringe in use, resulted in a significant change in the accuracy of delivery at an infusion rate of 5 ml/h. Similarly, incorrect coding resulted in changes in the occlusion-alarm time. These results carry significant pharmacological implications for the clinical situation.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

The Ohmeda 9000 syringe pump. The first of a new generation of syringe drivers.

The Ohmeda 9000 syringe pump was developed in response to the need for an infusion apparatus to administer intravenous anaesthetic agents. It incorporates a bolus facility for the rapid, controlled delivery of loading infusions, or incremental dosing over a background maintenance infusion, and may be interfaced with a controller for computer-driven infusions. The Ohmeda 9000 pump has undergone bench testing and detailed evaluation in clinical practice using a variety of syringe sizes and makes. It is capable of accurate delivery over a range of infusion rates provided the recommended manufacturers' syringes are used with the appropriate pump setting. The pump was easy to use and reliable in clinical research and routine clinical practice. It should find its niche as the first genuinely 'anaesthetist-friendly' infusion pump.

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A study of the interaction of selected drugs and plastic syringes.

It is common hospital pharmacy practice to preload syringes with selected drugs and store them ready for use. Because the several components of syringes, (such as barrels, gasket seals, etc.) may vary among manufacturers, there exists the possibility that syringe components of differing provenance might interact e.g., by sorption, with stored drugs to differing degrees. To examine possible interactions, three brands of commercially available syringes were compared to determine what influence, if any, short term storage of injectable solutions might exert on the solutions or the syringes. Four drugs; dexamethasone sodium phosphate, diazepam, diatrizoate meglumine and nitroglycerin USP were individually loaded into 3 mL syringes and stored at temperatures between -20 degrees C and + 25 degrees C for periods from 6 hours to 30 days. The syringes were examined for any gross changes. Drug solutions were analyzed after storage to determine the presence of organic leachates from the syringes and any change from original drug concentration values. No syringes showed gross physical changes after storage with drug solution nor were any drug solutions found to contain leachates on gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic analysis. Drug concentrations were seen to change following storage, the greatest changes occurring with the highly lipophilic drugs dexamethasone and diazepam. In most instances loss of drug concentration was most rapid at room temperature. Although there were clear differences among the three brands of syringe, no overall pattern emerged which might allow the selection or rejection of one syringe over another for the extemporaneous preloading of the drugs examined.

Drug Stability↗
PubMed1989

Stability of alcohol-free theophylline liquid repackaged in plastic oral syringes.

The stability of an alcohol-free liquid theophylline product repackaged and stored in polypropylene oral syringes was studied. A commercially available alcohol-free liquid theophylline preparation was repackaged in the following unit dose syringes: 3- and 10-mL clear polypropylene syringes and 3- and 10-mL amber polypropylene syringes. Fifty syringes of each type were prepared. The 3-mL syringes were filled with 2 mL of theophylline, while the 10-mL syringes were filled with 7 mL of the liquid. All syringes were stored at room temperature under continuous fluorescent lighting. The mean volume of theophylline delivered from six syringes of each type was determined on days 0, 14, 30, 60, 90, and 180 after repackaging. The samples were assayed for theophylline content by high-performance liquid chromatography. The theophylline dose delivered ranged from 96.2% to 101.7% of the initial repackaged dose. The difference in theophylline concentrations remaining among the types of syringes after 180 days of storage was not significant. The volume of theophylline delivered decreased and the concentration increased as a probable result of water evaporation over time. Alcohol-free theophylline liquid repackaged in 3- and 10-mL clear or amber disposable polypropylene unit dose syringes can be stored at room temperature under continuous fluorescent light for at least 180 days.

Drug Stability↗
PubMed1992

The accuracy and variability of bolus injections with different sized syringes.

The accuracy of bolus injections using different sized syringes was studied. A 1 ml bolus was delivered from a 1 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml, and a 20 ml syringe (n = 205). The 1 ml syringe was the most accurate (P less than 0.001) and the bolus delivered was the least variable (P less than 0.001). Variability increased as syringe size increased. A 3 ml bolus was delivered from a 3 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml, and a 20 ml syringe (n = 164). The 5 ml syringe was the most accurate (P less than 0.05) and the 3 ml and 5 ml syringes delivered a bolus with the least variability (P less than 0.001). A 5 ml bolus was delivered from a 5 ml, 10 ml, and a 20 ml syringe (n = 123); in this case there was no significant difference in the accuracy or variability of bolus among the three syringes. We conclude that for accuracy of small volume boluses (less than 5 ml), small-sized syringes should be used.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

A pressure and volume-limited inflation syringe.

Excessive pressures generated in balloon-tipped pulmonary artery (PA) catheters, which have migrated distally, contribute to the morbidity and mortality associated with their use. A simple syringe modification is described by which additional dead space is added to the inflation syringe. The volume of injected gas is also increased to compensate for the dead space, thus ensuring correct balloon inflation. The added dead space acts as a compression chamber should normal balloon inflation be restricted (Safety Syringe). An additional modification is described in which the syringe nozzle is reduced to a pinhole, thus decreasing the rate of gas escape and lessening the possibility of rapid lateral impact of the balloon on the PA wall (Super Safety Syringe). The syringes were compared with a standard volume-limited syringe. Pressures were recorded at the intraluminal site of balloon contact in rigid tubes, live porcine PA, and human cadaver PA. The Safety Syringe consistently generated pressures of less than 975 mmHg, the lowest pressure at which human PA rupture has been demonstrated, under the most adverse simulated clinical conditions. The currently used volume-limited syringe generated a pressure of approximately 1500 mmHg when balloon inflation was restricted, and in one human cadaver PA, produced rupture. The pinhole modification of the Super Safety Syringe increased the time to generate maximum pressure from less than 0.25 s to about 1.5 s.

Catheterization↗
PubMed1990

Cost and acceptability of three syringe-pump infusion systems.

The fiscal impact and acceptability of implementing a syringe-pump infusion system at a 900-bed university teaching hospital where the minibag system has been in use is reported. Researchers selected three models of syringe pumps for evaluation: the Bard Harvard Mini-Infuser 150XL, the Becton Dickinson 360 Infuser, and the Strato Stratofuse System. Each pump was evaluated for three weeks on a medical-surgical unit and a hematology-oncology unit. Drugs to be infused were chosen after a literature review to determine which drugs had been successfully infused via syringe pump; 22 formulary medications were selected. Syringes were prepared as singly packaged doses or as doses prepared in bulk and packaged frozen. Control of the syringe pumps and microbore tubing was assigned to the inpatient pharmacy staff. Nurses and pharmacy personnel were apprised of the study and taught how to use the syringe pumps. Time-and-motion studies were performed in the sterile products preparation area, and a cost analysis was done. Nurses preferred syringe pumps over the minibag system because the pumps reduced the nursing time needed to infuse a drug, administered less fluid, provided consistent infusion rates, had alarms, and were relatively easy to use. The time required to prepare syringes did not differ substantially among syringe-pump models. It was estimated that using any of the evaluated pumps in place of the minibag system would save $126,500 during the three-year period 1988-91, primarily because of differences in the cost of disposable items. The syringe-pump infusion system is an acceptable and cost-effective alternative to the minibag system.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1991

In vitro characteristics of volume-reduced platelet concentrate stored in syringes.

For convenience, small volumes of platelet concentrate (PC) intended for neonatal patients are often dispensed in syringes. The PC, however, may remain in the syringe for up to several hours before the actual transfusion. As there are few data on the effect of such syringe storage on PCs, the in vitro syringe storage properties of small volumes of 1- and 5-day-old units, and volume-reduced units of PC were evaluated. In four separate experiments, PCs were stored in syringes in volumes of 10, 15, or 30 mL for up to 6 hours at 20 to 24 degrees C without agitation. Platelets were evaluated for pH, platelet count, and a variety of biochemical and in vitro functional assays. Results showed that even with the equivalent of a full unit of platelets stored in the syringe for up to 6 hours, the pH did not fall below 6.0. Although there was an increase in lactate production and consumption of glucose, which paralleled the decline in pH, the changes were not greater than those seen in platelets stored up to 5 days in gas-permeable blood bags. Similar results were seen for PCs stored in syringes for 6 hours at 37 degrees C. All of the pH levels recorded at the end of 6 hours of syringe storage were above the minimum required level of pH 6.0. Data from in vitro platelet assays imply that at any time during their shelf life, PCs can be stored in gas-impermeable polypropylene syringes for up to 6 hours and can maintain acceptable storage characteristics; in vivo data are needed to confirm these observations.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Field evaluation of a simplified unit-dose syringe for administration of measles vaccine.

Ezeject is a plungerless syringe prefilled with lyophilized measles vaccine. Ezeject syringes were compared with standard 3-cc syringes and 10-dose measles vaccine vials in the vaccination of 884 Guatemalan infants 8-23 months of age. Vaccination was performed by experienced vaccinators and by individuals without prior vaccination experience who received 2.5-3 hours of training. The overall seroconversion rate following administration was 96%, regardless of the type of syringe used or of the experience of the vaccinator. No significant adverse events were observed in children vaccinated with the new syringes. Although incomplete emptying was noted in 87% of the Ezeject syringes used, this had no effect on the serologic response to measles vaccine. Aspiration for detection of blood before injection of the vaccine was performed significantly (P less than .001) less frequently with Ezeject than with 3-cc syringes by both experienced and inexperienced personnel. Inexperienced vaccinators administered measles vaccine significantly faster (P less than .001) with Ezeject than with 3-cc syringes, but the times were similar for experienced vaccinators. Ezeject is an acceptable alternative to standard syringes for the administration of measles vaccine. Several design modifications that would improve the handling of the device and eliminate the possibility of its reuse have been suggested.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1992

Stability of blood gases, electrolytes and haemoglobin in heparinized whole blood samples: influence of the type of syringe.

The alterations of blood gases, pH, electrolytes and haemoglobin during 45 min storage in ice-water were measured in 6 types of syringes (1 glass and 5 plastic syringes, among these 3 "blood gas samplers"). It was confirmed that pO2 generally is not stable in plastic syringes. However, considerable differences among plastic syringes were found in this respect, the smallest increase occurring in an ordinary 2 ml syringe for injections and the greatest in one of the special blood gas samplers. Due to the "buffering effect" of deoxyhaemoglobin, the alterations of pO2 are smaller in the hypoxaemic than in the normoxaemic range. Relevant pO2 alterations in plastic syringes are demonstrable after 20 minutes. It is concluded that blood collected in plastic syringes must be analysed within 15 min after sampling, otherwise glass syringes should be used for blood collection. Deviations of pCO2, pH and electrolytes are described in detail. In general, they are due to sampling rather than to storage, and can be effectively minimized by a small dead space of the syringe and by use of an electrolyte-balanced heparin solution. The danger of erroneous haemoglobin measurements due to unequal resuspension of the red cells after storage is pointed out.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗
PubMed1990

Sterility of insulin in prefilled disposable syringes.

The sterility of insulin in prefilled syringes that had been prepared by visiting nurses in patients' homes and stored in their refrigerators for one month was studied. Twenty elderly diabetic patients requiring weekly home-nursing visits were enrolled in the study. At the initial study visit, a nurse filled 15 syringes with the type and amount of insulin being used by the patient. Seven syringes constituted the patient's supply for the coming week; the remaining eight syringes were appropriately labeled and placed in a separate part of the refrigerator. Upon returning to replenish the patient's insulin supply during each of the following four weeks, the nurse removed two of the stored syringes for subsequent culturing. The culture medium used was appropriate for bacteria that are usual skin flora and therefore are most likely to cause touch contamination during the syringe-filling process. Control-positive cultures were prepared by intentionally contaminating two vials of 0.9% sodium chloride injection and two vials of NPH insulin with Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis. Insulin from 159 syringes was tested, and no bacterial growth was detected by daily readings of cultures for one week. Of the contaminated control syringes, those containing sodium chloride injection produced positive cultures at each of the study weeks; the contaminated insulin samples, although positive at week 0, had become negative by week 3, confirming the bactericidal activity of one or more of the components of this insulin product. Prefilled insulin syringes that are prepared by nurses using good aseptic technique and are stored in the patient's refrigerator appear to remain sterile for up to one month after preparation.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

A microbiological study of the contamination of the syringes used in anaesthesia practice.

In many operating theatres, it is common practice to reuse disposable plastic syringes with the same needles for several injections to different patients during the same day. This practice could lead to bacterial contamination of these syringes, making them an infection hazard to patients. We did a microbiologic survey of 100 of the most frequently reused syringes in our operating rooms and a control group of 100 single-use syringes. Only three of the syringes were contaminated in each group. None of the patients exposed to the syringes having a positive culture showed any sign of sepsis. Our data suggest that reusing plastic syringes is not associated with an increase in the incidence of bacterial contamination. However, contamination of the syringes by patients' blood, with the risk of cross-infections, remains a possibility and further studies are needed to evaluate this potential hazard.

Anesthesiology↗