The optimal timing of mastectomy: low tide or high tide?
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Female↗
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Tide pools: what will be left after the tide has turned?
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Asian↗
[Meningococcal disease in the Netherlands; after low tide another high tide?].
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Bacterial Vaccines↗
HPLC pigment analysis of marine phytoplankton during a red tide occurrence in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong.
A red tide was detected in the inner parts of Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong, in November 2000. Water samples were collected from a fixed station at the centre of the red tide patch for microscopic analysis of phytoplankton community composition and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of phytoplankton pigments. At the peak of the red tide on 24 November 2000, phytoplankton was dominated by the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea. The red tide began to decline at the end of November and, by 1 December 2000, the phytoplankton was dominated by diatoms. Chlorophylls and carotenoids in water samples were analysed using HPLC pigment separation technique. Dinoflagellates were indicated by the signature pigment peridinin. Significant correlation (r=0.999) was found between the peridinin concentration and dinoflagellate density. A decrease in peridinin and an increase in fucoxanthin, a major carotenoid in diatoms, marked the shift in phytoplankton composition at the end of the red tide. HPLC analysis also revealed the occurrence of minor phytoplankton groups that are difficult to identify by light microscopy. Red tide monitoring and study of red tide dynamics in Hong Kong have been based on cell counting and spectrophotometric or fluorometric measurement of chlorophyll a. HPLC pigment analysis provides an effective alternative for investigating phytoplankton dynamics during red tide and other algal blooms.
Animals↗
Abolition of pentagastrin-stimulated alkaline tide using the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide.
BACKGROUND: Alkaline tide is the transient increase in blood and urine pH following stimulation of gastric acid secretion. It is attributed to HCO3- release from parietal cells in parallel with H+ secretion. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is thought to be responsible for HCO3- production from CO2 and OH- in the parietal cell. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of pretreatment with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide, on the alkaline tide phenomenon. METHODS: Ten patients with dyspepsia and demonstrable alkaline tide were tested on three separate days. The pH and base excess were determined in arterialized venous blood before and 45 minutes after an intramuscular injection of pentagastrin. The pH of the urine was measured before and 120 min after pentagastrin injection. Measurements were performed after pentagastrin alone on day 1, following pretreatment with acetazolamide 60 min before pentagastrin on day 2, and after the administration of acetazolamide alone on day 3. RESULTS: Following the administration of pentagastrin alone, the blood base excess increased by 1.61 +/- 0.2 mEq/L (mean +/- standard deviation) and the calculated alkaline tide at 45 min was 33.99 +/- 4.49 mEq. On day 2 with prior administration of acetazolamide, base excess decreased by 0.21 +/- 0.39 mEq/L, and the calculated alkaline tide was -3.28 +/- 7.57 mEq, which was significantly lower than on day 1 (P = 0.0001). On day 3, following acetazolamide alone, the base excess values decreased by 0.53 +/- 0.2 mEq/L and the alkaline tide was -10.05 +/- 3.33 mEq; there was no significant difference compared with day 2 (P = 0.44). CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with acetazolamide abolished the alkaline tide induced by pentagastrin. This finding supports the view that carbonic anhydrase has a major role in the alkaline tide phenomenon.
Acetazolamide↗
The 1971 red tide and its impact on certain reef communities in the mid-eastern Gulf of Mexico.
Effects of the 1971 spring-summer red tide upon mid-eastern Gulf of Mexico patch reef communities are discussed. In situ (SCUBA) observations at widely scattered reef localities between 13-30 m off Sarasota, Florida, both before and after the red tide support the following: 1) under the appropriate environmental conditions, red tides may result in near-complete extirpations of shallow-water (less than 40 m) reef biotas from extensive areas on the inner central-West Florida Shelf), 2) recolonization by certain biotic groups is relatively rapid (e.g., benthic algae and fishes) while that of others (e.g., alcyonarian corals, scleractinian corals, and echinoderms) is slow and may require several years, and 3) seasonal progression as well as true ecological succession following certain red tides may temporarily result in floral and faunal assemblages qualitatively and quantitatively distinctive from those prior to the red tide. It is therefore suggested that certain red tides, particularly those generated beneath pronounced thermoclines, may be previously underestimated phenomena regulating the composition, abundance, and distribution of shallow-water reef biotas in the mid-eastern Gulf of Mexico. It is surmised that the periodic occurrence of these red tides may prevent the evolution of a climax or equilibrium reef community.
Animals↗
Abolition of postprandial alkaline tide in arterialized venous blood of duodenal ulcer patients with cimetidine and after vagotomy.
OBJECTIVE: Alkaline tide is the observed alkalinization of blood and urine after stimulation of gastric acid secretion. In previous studies, we found good correlation between gastric acid output and alkaline tide in arterialized venous blood. METHODS: In the present study, the alkaline tide phenomenon was further investigated in 26 duodenal ulcer patients (seven post-vagotomy) after a test meal, before and after cimetidine pretreatment. RESULTS: Alkaline tide was demonstrated in everyone of the 19 duodenal ulcer nonvagotomized patients but in only two of the seven vagotomized patients; base excess mean rise of 1.05 +/- 0.14 mEq/L/45 min versus -.07 +/- 0.23 mEq/L/45 min (mean +/- SE, p < 0.001). Decrease in alkaline tide after cimetidine was demonstrated in the nonvagotomized group: 1.05 +/- 0.14 mEq/45 min versus -0.03 +/- 0.16 mEq/45 min, before and after cimetidine, respectively (mean +/- SE, p < 0.001). Urinary alkaline tide was demonstrated in only 4/19 and 2/19 of the first group (with and without cimetidine, respectively) and in only 1/7 of the post-vagotomy group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest an association between gastric acid secretion and blood alkaline tide, because both are inhibited by cimetidine or vagotomy.
Adult↗
Sublethal effects of Texas brown tide on Streblospio benedicti (Polychaeta) larvae.
The Texas brown tide bloom is noted for a concordant decline in benthic biomass and species diversity. However, the link between harmful effects induced by Texas brown tide and benthos has not been demonstrated. It has been proposed there may be a larval bottleneck, where larvae, but not adults, suffer adverse effects. This study was performed to test the effect of brown tide alga, Aureoumbra lagunensis, on mortality, growth and behavior of Streblospio benedicti larvae. Growth rates and swimming speeds, but not mortality rates, of polychaete larvae were reduced in cultures with brown tide relative to Isochrysis galbana, which is about the same size as brown tide. Results from this research indicate that brown tide does have harmful sublethal effects for one dominant species of meroplanktonic larvae, which could help explain reduced adult population size.
Journal Article↗
[Presence of red tides along the eastern coast of the Gulf of California].
Records of the occurrence of red tides during the last 24 years in Guaymas and for the last 16 years in Mazatlán, on the coast of the Gulf of California, Mexico are presented here. The results indicate the presence of 4 dominant species in 34 red tides in Guaymas and 9 dominant species in 60 red tides in Mazatlán. The most common species is Mesodinium rubrum, while the toxic one is Gymnodinium catenatum. Noctiluca scintillans and Gonyaulax sp. were also present in Guaymas. In Mazatlán Scrippsiella trocoidea, Prorocentrum dentatum, Ceratium tripos var. ponticum, C. furca, Gymnodinium splendens and Gonyaulax triacantha were also present. Red tides occur frequently during winter in Guaymas and during the late winter and early spring in Mazatlán. Both periods coincide with the upwelling season in the region. The absence of the red tides is related to the "El Niño" phenomenon, which is significant in the Mazatlán area. Ciliates decrease 11.4%, while dinoflagellates increase from 1.6 to 3.8%. The duration period of red tides increase (5.6%) from 3 to 6 days, as compared with the records between 1979 and 1990.
Animals↗
Effects of a red-tide toxin on fish hearing.
Red tides are formed from blooms of marine algae. Among them, the dinoflagellate ( Karenia brevis) that is responsible for Florida red tides can release many types of natural toxins, which cause massive kills of marine animals, including endangered species, and threaten human health. This study was to investigate whether or not a neurotoxin, brevetoxin-3, purified from Florida red tides affects hearing sensitivity of a teleost fish, the goldfish ( Carassius auratus). LD(50) of the goldfish that were intraperitoneally injected with brevetoxin-3 was 0.068 microg g(-1). Evoked auditory brainstem responses were recorded, and hearing threshold was determined using a correlation method. By comparing thresholds of fish before and after a sublethal-dose injection (0.064 microg g(-1)) of the toxin, we found that brevetoxin-3 significantly reduces auditory sensitivity up to 9 dB at low frequencies (100 Hz and 500 Hz), but not at a high frequency (2,000 Hz). Reduction of hearing sensitivity was recovered within 24 h. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing a natural red-tide toxin causes minor hearing loss in vertebrates. Results of the study indicate that brevetoxin-3 could affect hearing capabilities of marine animals that survived exposure to red tides. Mechanisms of the toxin-induced reduction of hearing sensitivity are discussed.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Red tide (Ptychodiscus brevis) toxin aerosols: a review.
Advances in knowledge concerning red tide toxin aerosols (airborne) of the Florida red tide organism, Ptychodiscus brevis, have not kept pace with information about waterborne toxins. This review provides a summary of current knowledge regarding the characterization, effect and production of red tide toxin aerosols. Insight into the chemical characterization and toxic effects of aerosolized toxins is provided from investigations of toxins extracted from natural blooms, as well as from laboratory cultures, of P. brevis. This information is used in conjunction with the few studies that have been performed on toxin aerosols to consider toxic effects. The production of aerosolized toxins is considered through studies of jet drop aerosol formation from bursting bubbles. Existing information suggests that aerosolized red tide toxins may be the same chemicals as those extracted from laboratory cultures, with one of the toxins having a greater respiratory effect than others.
Aerosols↗
Standing stock and production rate of phytoplankton and a red tide outbreak in a heavily eutrophic embayment, Dokai Bay, Japan.
The seasonal variation of phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity in a heavily eutrophic embayment, Dokai Bay, Japan, was determined. Dokai Bay was characterized by high phytoplankton biomass and productivity during summer and low phytoplankton biomass and productivity during other seasons. The results suggested that phytoplankton growth was limited by only irradiance and water temperature under the high nutrient concentrations available for phytoplankton growth in the entire year. Moreover, in spite of sufficient nutrient for phytoplankton growth in the entire year, a red tide occurred only in the summer period in this bay. Our results suggested that a red tide occurred by the high phytoplankton growth rate in the summer season, but in other periods surface phytoplankton was flushed out of the bay before forming the red tide, because phytoplankton growth rate was low and could not form the red tide due to low irradiance and low water temperature.
Animals↗
Changes in bacterial populations during red tides caused by Mesodinium rubrum and Gymnodinium catenatum in North West Coast of Spain.
Heterotrophic bacterial communities associated with four red tides caused by Mesodinium rubrum and Gymnodinium catenatum in two Galician Rias (North West Spain) were examined. Three of these were produced by the Mesodinium rubrum and the causative organism of a toxic bloom was Gymnodinium catenatum. In early stages of all the blooms, the diversity decreased but the total marine bacterial counts increased by one or two logs. Vibrio numbers were also incremented by two logs in two blooms of M. rubrum, while in the other bloom of this organism and in the red tide caused by G. catenatum a decrease in number of these bacteria was observed. A total of 116 bacterial strains were identified at the genus level and grouped into 12 phena. During the decomposition processes of two blooms of M. rubrum a zooplanktonic-type bacterial succession was observed (Vibrio, pseudomonads and Moraxella-Acinetobacter). On the other hand, during decomposition of the other red tide of M. rubrum and the bloom of G. catenatum, a typical phytoplanktonic-type succession occurred, as Pseudomonas and Moraxella groups became dominant for all the process. These results support the conflicting taxonomical position of M. rubrum. After the blooms, the changes in the community point towards the restablishment of the normal bacterial flora of the estuary (increase in diversity and decreases of bacterial numbers). Only the Vibrio strains, isolated from the non-toxic first and second red tides, displayed cytotoxic activities. A relationship among bacterial cytotoxicity and toxic effects of blooms cannot therefore be established.
Animals↗
Vibrios associated with red tides caused by Mesodinium rubrum.
Vibrios were isolated from red tides caused by Mesodinium rubrum and also throughout the year in the Ria de Pontevedra, Spain. The isolates were grouped into 14 phena by numerical toxonomy. Strains associated with red tides were restricted to four phena: phena I and II were Vibrio alginolyticus, and phena III and IV were Vibrio tubiashii and Vibrio anguillarum, respectively. V. anguillarum-like strains (phena V through XI) predominated throughout the year outside the red tide areas. Cytotoxicity assays conducted in different poikilothermic and homoiothermic cell lines showed that cytotoxin production was not necessarily associated with the species selected during the red tides.
Animals↗
Comparison of arterial blood gases and acid-base balance in young and aged beagle dogs, with regard to postprandial alkaline tide.
Arterial blood pH and blood gas tensions were measured before and after feeding in seven young (1-year-old) and 6 aged (10 to 12 year-old) conscious beagle dogs with a portable "i-STAT" blood gas analyzer to obtain the fundamental physiological data on the laboratory dogs. Before feeding, arterial blood pH, HCO3- and base excess (BE) were 7.395 +/- 0.022, 20 +/- 1.0 mmol/L and -4 +/- 1.1 mmol/L in young dogs, and 7.408 +/- 0.031, 23 +/- 1.5 mmol/L and -2 +/- 1.8 mmol/L in aged ones. After feeding, the above values changed to 7.449 +/- 0.021, 25 +/- 1.1 and 1 +/- 1.3 in young dogs, and 7.456 +/- 0.022, 28 +/- 1.7 and 4 +/- 1.9 in aged ones. After feeding, each of the values for pH, HCO3- and BE was increased in comparison with those before feeding in both young and aged dogs, and alkalinization of blood, the alkaline tide, was observed in all healthy dogs. The values for PCO2 also rose from 33.6 +/- 1.91 to 36.7 +/- 1.95 (mmHg) in young dogs, and 36.4 +/- 2.97 to 40.3 +/- 3.06 (mmHg) in aged ones, and in 3 of 6 aged dogs slight hypoxia (PO2 < 80 mmHg) was noted. These changes in PCO2 and PO2 were considered to be due to compensatory hypoventilation for the alkalinization of blood. To confirm the cause of the alkaline tide phenomenon, we investigated the association of the alkaline tide with gastric acid secretion by cimetidine, an H2-blocker; and found that it was effective to inhibit postprandial alkaline tide in dogs. After feeding, ionized Ca concentration (iCa) was decreased inversely with an arterial blood pH increase in both young and aged dogs. The mean values of iCa in aged dogs after feeding was lower than those in young dogs. In the present experiments, it was demonstrated that in beagle dogs the acid-base balance and blood gas values were largely affected by feeding, especially in aged dogs. In case blood gases would be evaluated in toxicity studies, we should consider the influence of feeding and aging.
Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
[Nutrient distribution and its relationship with occurrence of red tide in coastal area of East China Sea].
Nutrient (NO3(-)-N, PO4(3-)-P, Sio3(2-)-Si, NH4(+)-N, etc.) concentrations in coastal area of East China Sea were measured during April 25 to May 2, 2002, and the relationship between the spatial distribution of the nutrients and the red tide occurrence in the studied area was analyzed. The results showed that compared to the 1st class seawater quality of the national standard, the concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and PO4(-)-P were 46% and 60% higher, respectively, showing that the studied area, especially the Changjiang River estuary and the Hangzhou Bay, was at a disadvantage of eutrophication. Furthermore, the nutrient concentrations inshore were much higher than those offshore, and the isolines nearly paralleled with the coastline, meaning that the nutrient distributions were mainly influenced by terrestrial discharges. It also showed that the relatively high concentrations of nutrients, especially DIN and PO4(3-)-P, might result in the red-tide occurrence. However, the red tide did not occur in the area with the highest concentrations of the nutrients, further demonstrating that the eutrophication was not the unique environmental factor inducing red-tide occurrence.
China↗
[Temporal dynamics of phytoplankton and nutrients during red tides].
The relationships between temporal dynamics of phytoplankton density and nutrients (NO3-, NH4+, PO4(3-), SiO3(2-), Fe) contents in the water body at Aotou waters of Daya Bay during red tide were comprehensively analysed based on the fixed position investigation of red tide in the summer of 2000 and the several years investigation data by using grey linear regression model. The relationships between phytoplankton cell density and chlorophyll a content were also analysed. The results showed that the predicted values were well consistent with the measurement values, and their correlation coefficients were between 0.51-0.83. Red tide might break out if chlorophyll a contents in water body were larger than 5.8 micrograms.dm-3. The study could provide a simple effective method to forecast red tide by sampling water samples to analyse chlorophyll a concentration, or using SeaWiFS data, and then, to calculating phytoplankton density. In addition, the primary productivity of the water areas was controlled by phosphorus.
Chlorophyll↗
[Removal of different species of red tide organisms with an effective clay-complex system].
An effective clay-complex system was composed on the base of clay by added other two components A and B. Different red tide species, such as Scrippsiella trochoidea, Amphidinium carterae and Heterosigma akashiwo, were coagulated by this clay-complex system, and the optimum conditions for removal red tide organisms were obtained by means of orthogonal test. The results showed that clay was the most important factors in this complex system to coagulate these three organisms. The removal efficiency on three species was in order of Scrippsiella trochoidea > Amphidinium carterae > Heterosigma akashiwo. At the same time, a preliminary study of mortality rate on Penaeus japonicus (length between 1.0 to 1.5 cm) was conducted with this system, and the result of toxic test revealed that the mortality of aquaculture shrimp in control group (nothing added) reached to 80% after 96 h, however, while that of other three groups which added clay and other two components A and B, was below 40%. Thus, it implied that the addition of clay would be harmless to Penaeus japonicas. Furthermore, suitable concentration of components A and B was not harmful for the aquaculture shrimp, but increased the removal efficiency of red tide organisms. The preliminary results showed that this clay-complex system would be available in the removal of red tide organisms in filed.
Aluminum Silicates↗