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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Neuropharmacology of timing and time perception.

Time is a guiding force in the behavior of all organisms. For both a rat in an experimental setting (e.g. Skinner box) trying to predict when reinforcement will be delivered and a human in a restaurant waiting for his dinner to be served an accurate perception of time is an important determinant of behavior. Recent research has used a combination of pharmacological and behavioral manipulations to gain a fuller understanding of how temporal information is processed. A psychological model of duration discrimination that differentiates the speed of an internal clock used for the registration of current sensory input from the speed of the memory-storage process used for the representation of the durations of prior stimulus events has proven useful in integrating these findings. Current pharmacological research suggests that different stages of temporal processing may involve separate brain regions and be modified by different neurotransmitter systems. For example, the internal clock used to time durations in the seconds-to-minutes range appears linked to dopamine (DA) function in the basal ganglia, while temporal memory and attentional mechanisms appear linked to acetylcholine (ACh) function in the frontal cortex. These two systems are connected by frontal-striatal loops, thus allowing for the completion of the timing sequences involved in duration discrimination.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Time perception and time estimation in depressive patients].

Subjective time-experience and objective time-estimation were examined in 20 endogenous, 20 neurotic depressives, and 15 healthy volunteers. Subjective experience of past and anticipated future time was more extended in both depressive groups than in healthy controls. Objective time estimation differed between depressives and controls concerning relatively long time spans whereas very short time spans were correctly estimated also by depressives. There were no significant differences between endogenous and neurotic depressives. The perception of extended time normalized during treatment. The depressives' time perception, differences correlated with the extent of depressive psychopathological symptoms and--to a lesser degree--with retardation. The findings support the hypotheses of anthropological phenomenology concerning disturbed time perception and estimation in depressives. Amelioration of experienced time-extension in intentionally structured time spans compared to empty time spans suggests psychotherapeutic consequences in the sense of Lewinsohn.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Time perceptions and time allocation preferences among adolescent boys and girls.

How time is allocated between competing directed and nondirected activities can greatly define persona and lifestyle objectives. The important process of learning about time and the consequences of its various uses begins in childhood and adolescence, and provides the foundation for later life. This study examines whether girls differ from boys with regard to certain directed and nondirected types of time allocation preferences. Lifestyle objectives related to personal development (spending time), material achievement (selling time), social acceptance (giving time), and passive entertainment (passing or killing time), are explored using a time allocation preference model that defines a person's time investment portfolio. This study extends recent research by psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists regarding the allocation and perception of time by examining student time allocation preferences and their association with teacher-observed behaviors in school. It was found that adolescent girls, whether considered by their teachers to exhibit at-risk or normal behaviors, seem to be less inclined toward nondirected activities and more toward other-directed activities. Boys seem to be more inclined toward nondirected activities. Being at risk as a school behavioral classification, is particularly associated with a large amount of nondirected activities in boys and large amounts of other-directed activities in girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Time perception: brain time or event time?

Recent experiments show that synchronous events can appear to an observer to occur at different times. Neural processing time delays are offered as an explanation of these temporal illusions, but equating perceived time with processing time leads to some thorny philosophical problems.

Brain↗
PubMed1992

On the relation between time perception and the timing of motor action: evidence for a temporal oscillator controlling the timing of movement.

Studies of time estimation have provided evidence that human time perception is determined by an internal clock containing a temporal oscillator and have also provided estimates of the frequency of this oscillator (Treisman, Faulkner, Naish, & Brogan, 1990; Treisman & Brogan, 1992). These estimates were based on the observation that when the intervals to be estimated are accompanied by auditory clicks that recur at certain critical rates, perturbations in time estimation occur. To test the hypothesis that the mechanisms that underlie the perception of time and those that control the timing of motor performance are similar, analogous experiments were performed on motor timing, with the object of seeing whether evidence for a clock would be obtained and if so whether its properties resemble those of the time perception clock. The prediction was made that perturbations in motor timing would be seen at the same or similar critical auditory click rates. The experiments examined choice reaction time and typing. The results support the hypothesis that a temporal oscillator paces motor performance and that this oscillator is similar to the oscillator underlying time perception. They also provide an estimate of the characteristic frequency of the oscillator.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Time perception and motor timing: a common cortical and subcortical basis revealed by fMRI.

Though it is well known that humans perceive the temporal features of the environment incessantly, the brain mechanisms underlying temporal processing are relatively unexplored. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used in this study to identify brain activations during sustained perceptual analysis of auditorally and visually presented temporal patterns (rhythms). Our findings show that the neural network supporting time perception involves the same brain areas that are responsible for the temporal planning and coordination of movements. These results indicate that time perception and motor timing rely on similar cerebral structures.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

A theoretical reconciliation of competing views of time perception.

The time-perception literature is oriented around two opposing traditions, one of which, set forth by Ornstein in 1970, views time estimation as linearly and positively related to stimulus complexity, while the other, as published by Priestly in 1968, sees time as essentially linearly but negatively associated with the experiential complexity with which given intervals are filled. However, careful reading of the literature suggests that, contrary to the Ornstein and Priestly models, a linear correlation between stimulus complexity and time perception should not be expected to fully describe the range of possible relationships. What researchers appear to have ignored is the interrelated impact on time perception of the widely reported inverted-U effects of stimulus complexity and the conceptually related dimension of extroversion. With these latter considerations, comparative time perception thus becomes not a linear but rather a curvilinear, U-shaped function of both personality and stimulus complexity dimensions. The conceptual reconciliation growing out of the present literature review thus offers an explanation for previously reported empirical inconsistencies and suggests the redirection of future comparative time perception research.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1998

Cortical networks underlying mechanisms of time perception.

Precise timing of sensory information from multiple sensory streams is essential for many aspects of human perception and action. Animal and human research implicates the basal ganglia and cerebellar systems in timekeeping operations, but investigations into the role of the cerebral cortex have been limited. Individuals with focal left (LHD) or right hemisphere (RHD) lesions and control subjects performed two time perception tasks (duration perception, wherein the standard tone pair interval was 300 or 600 msec) and a frequency perception task, which controlled for deficits in time-independent processes shared by both tasks. When frequency perception deficits were controlled, only patients with RHD showed time perception deficits. Time perception competency was correlated with an independent test of switching nonspatial attention in the RHD but not the LHD patients, despite attention deficits in both groups. Lesion overlays of patients with RHD and impaired timing showed that 100% of the patients with anterior damage had lesions in premotor and prefrontal cortex (Brodmann areas 6, 8, 9, and 46), and 100% with posterior damage had lesions in the inferior parietal cortex. All LHD patients with normal timing had damage in these same regions, whereas few, if any, RHD patients with normal timing had similar lesion distributions. These results implicate a right hemisphere prefrontal-inferior parietal network in timing. Time-dependent attention and working memory functions may contribute to temporal perception deficits observed after damage to this network.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Is there a common dopaminergic basis of time perception and reaction time?

The effects of 3 mg haloperidol and 125 mg Madopar on duration discrimination (DD) as well as reaction times were tested in a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study with 24 healthy male volunteers. Performance in DD was significantly impaired under haloperidol compared to placebo as well as to Madopar. No changes could be demonstrated for Madopar compared to placebo. Similar results were obtained for measures of reaction time. Significant negative correlations between individual changes in DD and measures of reaction time under each drug condition revealed that subjects with drug-induced impairment in DD also show an increase in reaction times. The nearly identical patterns of drug-induced changes in DD and measures of reaction time may be interpreted in terms of a common neural basis.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Time perception and psychological well-being in the elderly.

Perception of time is a concept that has interested gerontologists for many years, but why "time flies" as the years go by is not well understood. Two hundred and ninety-six institutionalized and community dwelling elderly (X = 75.4 years) were administered a battery of psychological measures to test the relationship between emotional well-being and subjective speed of time. Faster time perceptions were associated with better psychological functioning--less clinical depression, enhanced sense of purpose and control, and "younger" perceived age--while the opposite perception held true for elders with time "on their hands." Time also moved slower for many institutionalized elders. The clinical implications for treating older people in terms of utilizing their time more effectively and meaningfully are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Time perception: effects of task speed and delay.

The study examined the effect of task speed and delay on the perception of time. 60 subjects were randomly allocated to four groups in a 2 x 2 design. The first factor related to the speed of the task (fast or slow) undertaken during the time to be estimated, while the second factor related to when time estimates were obtained (immediately after the task versus following a delay). Analysis supported the hypothesised interaction, with time estimates being shorter in the fast than in the slow condition when obtained immediately after the task but longer in the fast than the slow condition when obtained after a delay. Results are discussed in relation to cognitive theories of time perception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Time perception and schizophrenia.

Time perception of 10 schizophrenic patients, 10 nonschizophrenic patients, and 10 normal subjects was compared. The method of estimation was used for four intervals ranging from 5 sec. to 120 sec.; the subject was required to perform a certain task until the experimenter stopped the subject and then to estimate the length of time spent working on the particular task. The results show significant differences between schizophrenics and other subjects in the judgment of 5-sec. intervals. The results partially confirm previous findings and suggest other possible trends not previously reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Psychopharmacological effects of alcohol on time perception: the extended balanced placebo design.

Time perception is affected by the pharmacological action of many drugs, but the contribution of expected effects of drugs has not been considered. A new design, the extended balanced placebo design (EBPD), is presented to study both the pharmacological and expected effects of alcohol on time perception. The EBPD makes it possible to examine the effects of alcohol across a broad range of expected and pharmacological doses. By contrast, the domain of inquiry was limited to low doses of alcohol in the original balanced placebo design. The design was later modified to study higher doses, but the control and the pure drug and expectancy conditions were sacrificed in the transformation. In the EBPD, however, any realistic combination of the expected and actual dose of alcohol can be studied, while retaining pure drug and expectancy conditions. The EBPD was tested in the present study with respect to its psychopharmacological effectiveness and the effects of alcohol on time perception. The design was effective in terms of three manipulation checks: blood alcohol concentration, subjective intoxication and postexperimental beliefs about the alcohol content of the beverage consumed. In addition, the expected and actual doses of alcohol interacted over time to evidence active compensation for the pharmacological effects of alcohol on time perception. Finally, a covariance structure model was confirmed in which the expected and actual doses of alcohol increased the perceived rate of time passage, which in turn lengthened objective estimation of a one-second interval.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Time perception, maternal tasks, and maternal role behavior among pregnant Japanese women].

The relationship of time perception, maternal tasks, and maternal role behavior was examined in 140 pregnant Japanese women with a short-term longitudinal design. A model developed by Rubin provided the conceptual framework for this research. The Time Perception Scale. Time Production Method, and the Prefatory Maternal Response measured the study variables. Study results revealed significant differences in duration of time, time production, maternal-fetal attachment, and maternal role behavior before and after quickening(fetal movement)occurred. Medium to strong positive relationships among time orientation, maternal-fetal attachment, gratification, and maternal role behavior were found before and after movement. After quickening, a weak relationship between time orientation and duration was found. After controlling maternal-fetal attachment and gratification in pregnancy and maternal role, orientation in time perception accounted for significant amounts of variance in maternal role behavior before and after fetal movement. Results show that the process of becoming a mother, which started before quickening, increased in magnitude after fetal movement. The function of fetal movement is important in developing motherhood. In the process of becoming a mother, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects in becoming a mother are inseparable from each other. Future orientation of time perception contributes to development of maternal role behavior. Having a future orientation during pregnancy may indicate hope or positive expectation. Based on these findings, several recommendations were proposed: (a)to study further the general process of becoming a mother and the role of time perception in developing motherhood, (b)to disseminate information to the general public about the process in development of motherhood, (c)to construct theory to explain the process of becoming a mother, and(d)to conduct future research to clarify the construct of time perception and attachment.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Time and the psyche. On the genesis and dynamics of subjective time perception].

Phylogenetic and ontogenetic aspects of human time perception are discussed with respect to topical considerations as well as to suggestions related to Ego-Psychology. Some phenomena of undisturbed time perception are compared to conscious and non-conscious disturbances of time perception whereby emphasis is put on modalities of the neurotic's specific and unspecific attitudes to time. The question of timelessness of the Unconscious is brought up with regard to contributions of analytic literature. The specificity of time in the situation of psychoanalytic therapy is investigated; aspects of the patient's inner and outer attitude to time in this situation are pointed out and completed casuistically.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed2003

Circadian fluctuation of time perception in healthy human subjects.

Previous studies suggested that various psychophysiological factors have influences on human time perception. In particular, working memory loads, time of day, body temperature, and mood were known as important modifiers of time perception. The purpose of this study is to elucidate factors affecting the short-term time perception under controlled condition. Fourteen healthy young male adults participated in this study. Time perception sessions (TPS) were conducted 4 times at 0900, 1300, 1700 and 2100 h. The TPS consisted of five 10-s time production trials under five different conditions (control trial, those with reward, and 3 different dual-load working memory tasks). Subjective status was assessed using visual analogue scales (VAS). To verify a participant's vigilance state, an alpha attenuation coefficient (AAC) was calculated. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA for produced time revealed a significant main effect of session, but no effect of task or interaction. Although produced time was not correlated with AACs or VAS scores, there was a significant negative correlation between produced time and core body temperature. These results suggest that human short-term time perception may be more influenced by circadian rhythm than working memory load or psychophysiological status.

Adult↗