[Attempted therapy of Chagas' myocarditis with tin and its derivatives: pure tin, tin oxide and tin protochloride. Preliminary note].
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Chagas Cardiomyopathy↗
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[Effects of tin on rats. II. Comparison of the effects of tin (II) chloride and yeast-incorporated tin].
After application of SnCl2 and tin incorporated into baker's yeast, the effects on carbonic anhydrase (CA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) were measured. The tin contents of liver and kidneys were determined. CA and GPx are not affected. AP and LAP are inhibited by high concentrations of tin (as SnCl2). Tin incorporated into yeast exerts no effect. Inorganic tin produces increases in liver and kidneys.
Alkaline Phosphatase↗
Distribution of tin in brain subcellular fractions following the administration of trimethyl tin and triethyl tin to the rat.
The time course of tin distribution in homogenates and subcellular fractions of rat brain was determined following the acute administration of trimethyl tin (TMT) and triethyl tin (TET) to the rat. Exposure to TMT resulted in lower concentrations but greater persistence of tin in subcellular fractions compared to exposure to TET. A delayed accumulation of tin in the mitochondrial fraction was observed following the administration of TMT but not TET. Analysis of total protein and mitochondrial markers did not reveal differences between the compositions of mitochondrial fractions prepared from control and TMT-treated subjects.
Animals↗
Cis-bis(acetonitrile)tetrachlorotin(IV) acetonitrile solvate, cis-tetrachlorobis(propiononitrile)tin(IV) propiononitrile solvate, cis-tetrachlorobis(isobutyronitrile)tin(IV), cis-tetrachlorobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile)tin(IV) and cis-tetrachlorobis(o-toluonitrile)tin(IV), all determined at ca 150 K.
The structures of the title compounds, [SnCl(4)(C(2)H(3)N)(2)] x C(2)H(3)N*-, [SnCl(4)(C(3)H(5)N)(2)] x C(3)H(5)N, [SnCl(4)(C(4)H(7)N)(2)], [SnCl(4)(C(7)H(11)N)(2)] and [SnCl(4)(C(8)H(7)N)(2)], were determined with the intention of examining the effect of various substituent types in nitrile ligands, RCN, behaving in a common sigma-donor situation [in this case, as cis-bis complexes with SnCl(4), viz. [SnCl(4)(RCN)(2)]], on (i) the strength of complex formation with the metal atom and (ii) other bonding behaviour of the metal (for example, trans effects). The five structures exhibit no non-trivial systematic perturbation that can be said to be contingent on the substituent type.
Journal Article↗
Phototoxicity of tin protoporphyrin, tin mesoporphyrin, and tin diiododeuteroporphyrin under neonatal phototherapy conditions.
Tin metalloporphyrins are being considered as therapeutic agents for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and it is possible that concurrent exposure to phototherapy will occur during their use. Euthymic hairless guinea pigs, Crl:IAF(HA)BR, were given daily intraperitoneal injections of tin protoporphyrin (SnPP), tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP), or tin diiododeuteroporphyrin (SnI2DP) for 3 successive days. They were concurrently exposed to ambient light or two different kinds of phototherapy light under conditions similar to that found in neonatal intensive care units. Phototherapy light exposure was for a continuous period of approximately 72 hours following the first injection of metalloporphyrin. The presence or absence of phototoxicity under these conditions was determined by observations for an erythematous response on the back and ears of the guinea pigs. The dosages used were 0.75, 3.75, and 7.5 mg/kg per day of SnPP, 0.075, 0.375, and 0.75 mg/kg per day of SnMP, and 0.9, 4.5, and 9.0 mg/kg per day of SnI2DP. These dosages for each drug were approximately 1 times, 5 times, and 10 times, respectively, the maximum anticipated clinical dosage. At equal multiples of the clinical dosages, SnI2DP was less phototoxic than SnPP, and SnMP was the least phototoxic of the three compounds. SnPP was marginally phototoxic at the lowest dosage. SnMP was phototoxic only at the highest dosage under phototherapy light emitting ultraviolet A irradiation, but when phototherapy light not emitting ultraviolet A irradiation was used, SnMP was not phototoxic. In all cases, the phototoxic response was reversible when the drug and phototherapy treatment were discontinued.
Animals↗
Underpotential deposition of tin(II) on a gold disc electrode and determination of tin in a tin plate sample.
This work describes a study of the underpotential deposition (UPD) of Sn2+ on a polycrystalline gold disc electrode using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronocoulometry (CC). Sn2+ ions showed well-defined peaks from UPD and UPD stripping (UPD-S) in 1 mol/L HCl solutions, while bulk deposition (BD) and BD stripping (BD-S) of the ions were also observed. The measured UPD shifts, DeltaE(UPD), between the UPD-S and the BD-S peaks were more than 200 mV. The UPD charge and the surface coverage of tin were measured by CC. A new method for determining Sn2+ was therefore developed, based on the excellent electrochemical properties of the Au/Sn UPD system. A plot of the UPD-DPASV (differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry) signal versus the Sn(II) concentration was obtained for [Sn(II)] of 1.98x10(-7) to 3.64x10(-5) M. The method developed here has been applied to determine the tin in a tin plate sample.
Journal Article↗
Comparative assessment of gastrointestinal irritant potency in man of tin(II) chloride and tin migrated from packaging.
Tin is present in low concentrations in most canned foods and beverages, the highest levels being found in products packaged in unlacquered or partially lacquered tinplate cans. A limited number of case-reports of acute gastrointestinal disorders after consumption of food containing 100-500 mg/kg tin have been reported, but these reports suffer many insufficiencies. Controlled clinical studies on acute effects of tin migrated from packaging suggest a threshold concentration for adverse effects (AEs) of >730 mg/kg. Two separate randomised, single-centre, double-blind, crossover studies, enabling comparison of the tolerability of tin added as tin(II) chloride at concentrations of <0.5, 161, 264 and 529 mg/kg in 250 ml tomato juice in 20 volunteers (Study 1) and tin migrated from packaging at concentrations of <0.5, 201 and 267 mg/kg in 250 ml tomato soup in 24 volunteers (Study 2) were carried out. Distribution studies were conducted to get insight in the acute AEs of low molecular weight (<1000 Da) tin species in the soluble fraction of food products. Results show that the chemical form of tin and not the elemental concentration per se determines the severity of AEs. A clear dose-response relationship was only observed when tin was added as tin(II) chloride in tomato juice. No clinically significant AEs were reported in Study 2 and comparison of the incidence of tin-related AEs showed no difference between the dose levels (including control). Tin species of low molecular weight in supernatant represented 31-32% of total tin in canned tomato soup versus 56-61% in juice freshly spiked with tin(II) chloride. Differences in the incidence of AEs following administration of tomato juice with 161 and 264 mg of tin per kg and tomato soup with 201 and 267 mg of tin per kg likely results from differences in the concentration of low molecular weight tin species and in the nature of tin complexes formed. The results of this work demonstrate that tin levels up to 267 mg/kg in canned food cause no AEs in healthy adults and support the currently proposed tin levels of 200 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg for canned beverages and canned foods, respectively, as safe levels for adults in the general population.
Adolescent↗
Tin and tin-resistant microorganisms in chesapeake bay.
Sediment and water samples from nine stations in Chesapeake Bay were examined for tin content and for microbial populations resistant to inorganic tin (75 mg of Sn liter as SnCl(4).5H(2)O) or to the organotin compound dimethyltin chloride [15 mg of Sn liter as (CH(3))(2)SnCl(2)]. Tin concentrations in sediments were higher (3.0 to 7.9 mg kg) at sites impacted by human activity than at open water sites (0.8 to 0.9 mg kg), and they were very high (239.6 mg kg) in Baltimore Harbor, which is impacted by both shipping and heavy industry. Inorganic tin (75 mg Sn liter) in agar medium significantly decreased viable counts, but its toxicity was markedly reduced in liquid medium; it was not toxic in medium solidified with silica gel. Addition of SnCl(4).5H(2)O to these media produced a tin precipitate which was not involved in the metal's toxicity. The data suggest that a soluble tin-agar complex which is toxic to cells is formed in agar medium. Thus, the toxicity of tin depends more on the chemical species than on the metal concentration in the medium. All sites in Chesapeake Bay contained organisms resistant to tin. The microbial flora was more sensitive to (CH(3))(2)SnCl(2) than to SnCl(4).5H(2)O. The elevated level of tin-resistant microorganisms in some aeas not containing unusually high tin concentrations suggests that factors other than tin may participate in the selection for a tin-tolerant microbial flora.
Journal Article↗
Effects of dietary tin on tin and calcium metabolism of adult males.
The effects of dietary tin on tin and calcium metabolism were determined in eight adult males. Subjects were fed mixed diets containing 0.11 mg tin daily (control diet) and 49.67 mg tin daily (test diet) for 20 days each in a cross-over design. The level of tin in the control diet was typical of the level of tin found in diets that contained only fresh and frozen foods; the level of tin in the test diet was typical of the amount of tin in diets that contained several servings of certain canned foods. Subjects apparently absorbed 3 and 50% of their dietary tin intake when fed the test and control diets, respectively. Subjects lost significantly more tin in their urine, but retained significantly more tin when fed the test diet rather than the control diet. The fecal and urinary losses and serum levels of calcium were not affected by the dietary treatments.
Absorption↗
Tin compounds inhibit the plasma cell response to metallic tin. Transfer of inhibition by parabiosis.
Injection of metallic tin powder causes intense proliferation of plasma cells in draining lymph nodes of Lewis rats. Pretreatment orally with soluble tin salts prevents this response to subsequently injected metallic tin. In the present work, pretreatment with tin salts by parenteral injection was just as effective as addition to the drinking water. This new approach made the following experiments possible. Poorly soluble tin compounds were found to be inhibitory when injected parenterally. Tin salts injected parenterally into one of two rats joined in parabiotic union prevented the plasma cell response to metallic tin in both parabionts. The transfer of the inhibitory effect via the cross-circulating blood represents significant progress toward understanding the mechanisms involved. The evidence suggests the possibility that tin salts elicit an intermediary substance or process that is responsible for inhibition of the plasma cell response to metallic tin.
Animals↗
[Tin poisoning: benign pneumoconiosis caused by inhaling tin dust & tin smoke].
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Dust↗
[Research on the molluscicide action of tin trioctyl laurate, tin trioctyl and tin tetraphenyl chloride].
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Molluscacides↗
A facile way for preparing tin nanoparticles from bulk tin via ultrasound dispersion.
In this paper, we reported a facile and rapid process to prepare tin nanoparticles from bulk tin via ultrasound dispersion. The morphology and structure of synthesized tin nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results show that the morphology of tin nanoparticles is spherical and the structure of tin nanoparticles has the same crystal structure as the bulk tin. In addition, the tribological property of tin nanoparticles as additives in oil is evaluated on a four-ball tester and the results show that tin nanoparticles exhibit good performance in wear.
Crystallization↗
[Modified biological behaviour of 99mTc-pertechnetate in man as a result of a preceeding administration of tin (tin effect) (author's transl)].
An increased image of blood-filled spaces (Plexus choriodeus, Sinus transversus) was observed in 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy when it had been preceded by the administration of tin (e.g. of 99mTc-Sn-diphosphonate). We have called this behaviour the "tin effect". In vitro studies demonstrated binding of about 80% of the administered activity in the blood with a biological half-life of about 44 hr and an effective half-life of about 5.3 hr. 95% of the blood activity was bound to red cells and 5% to plasma. This resulted in an increased radiation dose to the bone marrow of about 530 mrad/mCi 99mTc-pertechnetate (following tin). The extent of the tin effect decreased with the length of the interval between tin and 99mTc-pertechnetate administration. Because of the tin effect 99mTc-DTPA or 99mTc-citrate should be used for brain scintigraphy if this has to be performed within the first 5 or 7 days following a bone scintigraphy with a tin-containing radiopharmaceutical. The "tin effect" might be taken advantages of when labelling red cells and imaging vascular spaces.
Brain↗
[A study on urinary tin in healthy adults: relationship between the concentration of urinary tin and life style].
The concentrations of urinary tin in healthy adults in Aichi prefecture were determined by anodic stripping voltammetry over a period of three years (1986-1988), to obtain the normal tin level in urine and to elucidate the influence of environmental alterations on health conditions in the future. In addition to the above-mentioned method, the relationship to life style, dietary habits, smoking habits and living environment were studied, and the following results were obtained. 1) The mean +/- standard deviation of urinary tin levels for males was 3.7 +/- 2.2 (micrograms/g creatinine), and 5.9 +/- 3.0 (micrograms/g creatinine) for females. The data showed logarithmic normal distributions in both sexes, and the mean concentration for females was significantly higher than that for males (P less than 0.001). The levels of urinary tin concentrations significantly increased according with age. 2) Significant correlations of urinary tin concentrations between two observations were noticed in repeated by observed subjects. 3) As to the dietary habits, fish intake increased the urinary tin concentration, but no definite association with canned-food intake was observed. 4) Smoking habits and living environment also showed a tendency to increase the urinary tin concentration, but the difference was not statistically significant.
Adult↗
Pharmacokinetics of tin-mesoporphyrin in man and the effects of tin-chelated porphyrins on hyperexcretion of heme pathway precursors in patients with acute inducible porphyria.
Tin-mesoporphyrin shares many of the properties of its parent compound, tin-protoporphyrin. These include competitive inhibition of heme oxygenase, amelioration of jaundice and suppression of chemically induced hepatic porphyria. Tin-mesoporphyrin is cleared from the plasma of normal subjects with dose-dependent pharmacokinetics (T1/2 = 3.8 hr following i.v. administration of 1 mumole per kg body weight), and small amounts (less than 1% of administered dose) are excreted into the urine and feces. Intramuscular administration of tin-mesoporphyrin resulted, within 2 hr, in plasma concentrations identical to those obtained following i.v. administration, but the compound was not absorbed orally. The only dose-limiting side effect was transient cutaneous photosensitivity. High doses (1 mumole per kg body weight) of tin-mesoporphyrin resulted in significant decreases in plasma bilirubin concentrations at 24 and 48 h after treatment of normal subjects. Administration of both tin-protoporphyrin and tin-mesoporphyrin resulted in decreases in the urinary excretion of heme pathway intermediates in stable hyperexcreters with acute hepatic porphyria.
Acute Disease↗
Case study: bioavailability of tin and tin compounds.
This article reviews the literature related to the bioavailability of tin, inorganic tin compounds, and organotin compounds. On the one hand, the toxicity of metallic tin and inorganic tin compounds is low. In aqueous systems, the potential bioavailability of tin seems to depend on the concentration of the truly dissolved ion species. Some studies suggest that tin is an essential trace element for humans. However, organotin compounds have been proven to be of toxicological relevance. Triorganotin compounds are particularly toxic explaining their wide use as biocides (e.g., in antifouling paints or pesticides). Persistence of organotin compounds is governed by moderate to fast aerobic biotic degradation processes, slow anaerobic biotic degradation, slow abiotic degradation by photolysis, and fast, but reversible, adsorption/desorption processes. Organotin compounds are ubiquitously distributed in aquatic organisms. Bioconcentration in organisms and ecotoxicity are dependent on the bioavailable fraction. The bioavailability is highest at neutral and slightly alkaline pH and is reduced in the presence of dissolved organic carbon. The biomagnification of organotin compounds via the food chain is of minor importance compared with the bioconcentration from the water phase.
Animals↗
[Biological responses of tin mine particles and their association with adverse effects on health in tin mine].
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the biological and toxicity of tin mine particles mixed with crystalline silica using an in vitro test, and to compare to the pathogenesis of pneumoconiosis and lung cancer. METHODS: Respirable particle samples were sampled from four tin mines, in which elevated mortality of pneumoconiosis and lung cancer were reported in miners exposed to particles. Alveolar macrophages (AM) are considered as the target cells of primary dust effects. The samples were then measured in 15, 30, 60 and 120 microg particle per 106 AM for cytoxicity with the release of glucuronidase, lactate dehydrogenase, for reactive oxygen damage with H2O2 release, and for ability to induce fibrosis using the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-(alpha) in guinea pig and/or rat am. pure quartz (dq12) and corundum were used as controls. RESULTS: The results showed the samples from tin mines caused a higher cytoxicity when compared to corundum, yet lower when compared to quartz. However, reactive oxygen species release induced by the samples were significantly higher than that induced by quartz and corundum. Beside particle samples induced higher TNF-alpha secretion than corundum, samples from Limu tin mine also induced greatly higher TNF-alpha levels than that induced by pure quartz, even in the lowest concentration. The results from epidemiological research show that high incidence of silicosis among tin miners. And standardize mortality from all cancer (SMR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.39-1.76) and lung cancer (SMR = 3.17, 95% CI: 2.59-3.76) are higher than national average level. CONCLUSION: The results from in vitro test may reasonable interpret high risk of pneumoconiosis and lung cancer in tin miners. The in vitro multidimensional reaction patterns of AM can be used to screen workplace particles for adverse effects to health.
Animals↗