[More light in the toilet facilities: improvement needed in the public toilet facilities].
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Humans↗
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Results for “TOILET FACILITIES”
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A survey of hospital toilet facilities.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the quality of toilet facilities available for disabled people in a large provincial teaching hospital. DESIGN: Survey of toilet facilities for patients on the wards and in the outpatient department. SETTING: Teaching hospital in Leeds. RESULTS: Although the quality of toilet facilities varied, none met the standards recommended by the British Standards Institution. The worst facilities were found on a ward accommodating elderly patients, where the toilets were unsuitable for use by disabled people and bedside commodes had to be used instead. CONCLUSION: Toilet provision within a major hospital failed to meet standards required for disabled people. Admission to hospital may therefore result in loss of independence and dignity. If hospitals are to be centres of excellence, greater consideration must be given to the requirements of disabled people in the design of new wards, and current inadequate facilities should be upgraded.
Architectural Accessibility↗
Toilet facilities in a large Indian teaching hospital.
While assessing the total medical care provided by any large hospital in a community, hardly any stress is laid on the sanitary facilities which the hospital provides and which form such an integral part of every hospital patient. We studied the toilet facilities of M.L.B. Medical College, Jhansi. They seem to be adequate for the ambulant patient but are insufficient for the bedridden and for those who have weak legs. The findings are discussed.
Activities of Daily Living↗
A survey of drinking and toilet facilities in local state schools.
The public health role of the school nurse has been formalized recently in several documents. Within that role, they are charged with assessing and responding to health needs of the school-aged population. Children and young people are often accused of making unhealthy choices with regard to their fluid intake, however, there have been informal reports that it is difficult to access water in school. Also, with inclusion for all children high on the agenda, do schools have adequate toileting facilities for children with special needs? This survey used school nurses to assess the access to Midlands schools. It also assessed the cleanliness and facilities available for hand washing and other sanitary processes. It found that many schools are failing to provide the facilities they are expected to. Overcrowding and potentially insanitary conditions were found in a significant proportion of the schools surveyed. Drinking facilities and access was found to be poor. Recommendations are made to begin to address the problems seen here.
Data Collection↗
[Hygienic requirements of public toilet facilities].
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Environmental Health↗
Toilet facilities in schools.
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Adolescent↗
The importance of toilet facilities and their proper use by the population of Melut, South Sudan.
Particularly in recent years one has recognized the great importance of hygienic removal of faeces in the prophylaxis of intestinal infectious diseases and parasitosis. Numerous models have been carried out in various areas and the World Bank has financed its own projects for this purpose. The models however, had to be suited to each country and district and also the living habits and conditions of the ground-water etc. The often desired water flushing toilets (or even chemical camping toilets) from certain people in the developing countries are at present to be carefully considered due to the insoluble drainage and fresh water problems.
Enteritis↗
Household sanitation in Uasin Gishu district in Kenya.
In rural Uasin Gishu District in 1990, 78.2% of the households had pit latrines, 11.3% ventilated improved pit latrines, 0.8% water-borne and 9.7% with no toilet facilities. On inspection, 97% of the toilet facilities were in use. Compost pits were present in 52.3% of the households. Utensil drying racks were found in 56.0% of the households. Compared to previous estimates, these levels represent a tremendous improvement in sanitation service coverage. It is recommended that the impact of water and sanitation programmes on health status needs to be evaluated. There is a need for studies to be done on the value of utensil drying racks in disease control.
Garbage↗
Pattern of infection of intestinal parasites in Sagbama community of the Niger Delta, Nigeria.
A Parasitology survey was conducted in Sagbama Community of the Niger Delta to determine the pattern of infection of intestinal parasites of man. 280 faecal samples were collected from randomly selected individuals and examined microscopically for ova, larvae and cysts of intestinal parasites. The overall infection rate was 33.6%. The frequency of the parasites encountered was as follows: Ascaris lumbricoides (18.2%). Entamoeba histolytica (6.4%). Hookworm (5.4%). Trichuris trichiura (3.5%), strongyloides stercoralis (3.5%), Schistosoma intercalatum (2.5%), Enterobius vermicularis (1.4%), Fasciola hepatic (0.7%) and Hymenolepis nana (0.4%). The rate of infection (41.1%) was highest in the 6--15 years old age bracket and lowest in the age group above 45 years. Prevalence rate of the males (37.1%) was statistically different from prevalence rate of the females (28.3%) at (P > 0.01). Percentage infection in relation to type of toilet facilities showed that the use of "Bush" as convenience carried the highest rate of parasitic infection (42.0%) followed by the use of stream/river (36.6%). Individuals who used pit, bucket and water closet as toilet facilities had infection rates of 27.7%, 20.9% and 15.5% respectively. Rate of infection in relation to source of drinking water showed that river/stream, wall/pond and pipe borne water had 35.9%, 32.8% and 12.5% respectively. The present study demonstrated that the type of toilet facilities and source of drinking water, among others, are important determinants of the level of parasitic infection in a rural village setting.
Adolescent↗
Determinants of diurnal bladder control with institutionalized mentally retarded individuals.
The level of diurnal bladder control of 209 persons from two residential facilities for mentally retarded individuals was investigated. Seven independent variables pertaining to individual and environmental characteristics were related to the level of bladder control. A multiple regression analysis revealed that the level of bladder control was related to the size of the residents' living groups as well as their accessibility to the toilet facility. Several post hoc statistical tests indicated differences between female and male and older and younger residents on variables such as size of living group, age of admission, and access to ward's toilet facility. Results were discussed in terms of their use for toilet-training efforts and providers of services to institutionalized retarded persons.
Circadian Rhythm↗
Availability of irrigation water for domestic use in Pakistan: its impact on prevalence of diarrhoea and nutritional status of children.
This study assessed whether availability of water for domestic use had any impact on nutritional status of children in an area where people depend on irrigation water for all their domestic water needs. During May 1998-April 1999, data on the occurrence of diarrhoea among 167 children aged less than five years were collected from 10 villages in the command area of the Hakra 6R canal in southern Punjab, Pakistan. Anthropometric measurements were taken at the end of the study period. Additional surveys were conducted to collect information on the availability of water, sanitary facilities, hygiene, and socioeconomic status. Height-for-age and longitudinal prevalence of diarrhoea were used as outcome measures. Quantity of water available in households was a strong predictor of height-for-age and prevalence of diarrhoea. Children from households with a large storage capacity for water in the house had a much lower prevalence of diarrhoea and stunting than children from families without this facility. Having a toilet was protective for diarrhoea and stunting. Increased quantity of water for domestic use and provision of toilet facilities were the most important interventions to reduce burden of diarrhoea and malnutrition in this area. An integrated approach to water management is needed in irrigation schemes, so that supply of domestic water is given priority when allocating water in time and space within the systems.
Body Height↗
An outbreak of shigellosis aboard a cruise ship caused by a multiple-antibiotic-resistant strain of Shigella flexneri.
From October 23 to October 27, 1989, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred aboard a cruise ship in the Caribbean. The 818 passengers and 518 crew members were surveyed for gastrointestinal symptoms; 72 (14%) of 512 passengers and 12 (3%) of 388 crew members who answered the survey reported having a diarrheal illness. Multiple-antibiotic-resistant Shigella flexneri 4a was isolated from 19 ill passengers and two ill crew members. Thirteen people were hospitalized, and prolonged duration of illness was associated with taking an antibiotic to which the isolated strain of Shigella was resistant. A case-control study of food items implicated German potato salad as the vehicle of transmission. It was prepared and probably infected by a food handler from a country where multiple-antibiotic-resistant Shigella is common. Spread may have been facilitated by the limited availability of toilet facilities for the galley crew. This outbreak demonstrates how antibiotic-resistant strains can be introduced into the United States, where they can pose treatment problems. The continuing problem of foodborne gastrointestinal disease in settings such as cruise ships underscores the need for basic hygienic control for food handlers and food preparation areas. In addition, the availability of adequate working conditions for crew members, including appropriately furnished toilet facilities, may be important issues that must be addressed in order to decrease the frequency of diarrhea outbreaks aboard cruise ships.
Adult↗
Radioactive contamination in hospitals from nuclear medicine patients.
Comparatively little research has been published on radioactive contamination from nuclear medicine patients using hospital toilet facilities. The present study was undertaken to obtain an estimate of the amount of restroom contamination found in a typical 700-bed community hospital as a result of nuclear medicine procedures. Wipe tests were performed on designated areas for two 1-wk periods approximately 6 mo apart. For a typical workload of approximately 25-30 procedures per day, it was found that radioactive contamination ranged from approximately 10(3) Bq 100 cm-2 99mTc for the nuclear medicine restrooms to approximately 10(4) Bq 100 cm-2 for men's toilet facilities. The major component of the activity was found in the vicinity of the toilet. Although this contamination is minimal, it is recommended that nuclear medicine patients be directed to designated restroom facilities while awaiting examinations.
Female↗
[Detection of the sources of hospital infections in the neurological and psychiatric departments].
Ninety-one swabs were investigated after taking them from the medical instruments after their sterilization, instruments kept in disinfecting fluids, various objects, furniture, bedclothes, walls and toilet facilities. The contamination of the furniture and equipment of these departments with bacteria was high. The highest contamination was in the toilet facilities and beds as well as bedclothes. It was found that the number of bacteria in a room or sanitary facility depends on its hygienic condition, when the condition is poor the bacterial flora is much increased. It was observed that 22 samples (24.1%) were positive and 27 (29.1%) pathogenic strains were detected. The demonstrated sources of infection included: bedclothes, furniture, various sanitary utensils and facilities. the most frequently isolated strains were S. aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Bacterial Infections↗
The effects of water supply and sanitation on childhood mortality in urban Eritrea.
Child mortality differentials according to water supply and sanitation in many urban areas of developing countries suggest that access to piped water and toilet facilities can improve the survival chances of children. The central question in this study is whether access to piped water and a flush toilet affects the survival chance of children under five in urban areas of Eritrea. The study uses data collected by the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) project in Eritrea in 1995. The results show that while the unadjusted effect of household environment (water supply and toilet facility) is large and statistically significant during the post-neonatal and child periods, it is relatively small and statistically insignificant during the neonatal period. The effect of household environment remains substantial during the post-neonatal and child periods, even when other socioeconomic variables are held constant. However, the household environment effect totally disappears during the neonatal period when the socioeconomic factors are controlled for.
Child, Preschool↗
[Epidemiological study of hepatitis A and E viruses in different populations in Uruguay].
The hepatitis A and E virus (HAV and HEV) share the fecal-oral mechanism. Hepatitis A is an endemo-epidemic disease in Uruguay but no data on the epidemiologic pattern of the HEV is available. The aims of this study were to update the epidemiologic behavior of the HAV in Montevideo and demonstrate the circulation of the HEV in Uruguay. Two hundred fourteen patients who consulted in the Policlínica de Nutrición y Digestivo were studied, 185 (86%) of whom were anti HAV (HAVAB, Abbot) positive. 81.8% (117/143) of those residents in Montevideo and 95.7% (68/71) of those who were from the inland were anti-HAV positive. From the Montevideo population 55.8% cases under the age of 40 years were anti-HAV positive and occurred in 97.6% of those older (p < 0.001). Considering the health care conditions of the positive patients in Montevideo, 95.6% (43/45) had septic chambers and 75.5% (74/98) disposed of toilet facilities (p < 0.001). It is concluded that although the global prevalence has been maintained since 1982, there is a change in the epidemiologic pattern with greater risk of infection in patients under the age of 40 years proceeding from areas without toilet facilities. The prevalence of total antibodies for HEV (EIA, Abbot) was 2.8% in this population. An association was observed with HAV in 2.2% (4/185). Moreover, a sample of 252 blood donors from the National Blood Service was analyzed with 5 being found to be anti HEV positive, with only 3 (1.2%) being confirmed in the Center for Disease Control in the United States. Although no definitive conclusions may be drawn from the present study, from an epidemiologic point of view, it has been shown that there is evidence of the circulation of HEV in Uruguay, in both the out patient and in blood donor populations.
Adolescent↗
Burden of chronic severe anemia in obstetric patients in rural north India.
There were 5124 deliveries during January to December 2000 and of these 386 patients (7.53%) were severely anemic (Hb < 6.0 g/dl). 1083 units of blood were transfused to these patients, a mean of 2.80 units to each patient. There were 2 maternal deaths due to severe anemia. Of the 386 patients, 246 could be interviewed in detail and their demographic details were compared with 100 normal pregnant women with haemoglobin levels of 10 g/dl or more. In the anemic group 81.7% were illiterate, 62.1% had no antenatal check, 78.8% had no access to safe drinking water 90.65% had no toilet facilities and used open fields for defaecation, 63.1% reported having diarrhoea and pain in abdomen off and on. 20.73% reported history of passage of worms in the stools. History of previous menorrhagia was present only in 1.2%. The comparable figures in the non-anaemic group were 34% illiterate, 24% no antenatal checkup, 55% no toilet facilities, 38% unsafe drinking water, 6% diarrhoea, 2% (worms in stools) and 5% menorrhagia. Hence it is concluded that along with prophylaxis with iron and folic acid sufficient consideration should be given to sanitation facilities, safe drinking water, recurrent gastrointestinal infection etc.
Adolescent↗