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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1960

Studies on infection and immunity in experimental typhoid fever. I. Typhoid fever in chimpanzees orally infected with Salmonella typhosa.

A disease resembling human typhoid fever has been induced by feeding live cultures of Salmonella typhosa to young chimpanzees, thus confirming the classical reports of Grünbaum and of Metchnikoff and Besredka. Detailed clinical observations, results of stool and blood cultures, and serological studies have confirmed the impression that the disease produced in chimpanzees closely resembles the mild form of human typhoid fever frequently seen in childhood. Gross and histologic examination of intestines, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and other organs of orally infected chimpanzees has demonstrated that the pathological findings are essentially indistinguishable from those seen in mild typhoid fever in man. The clinical spectrum of disease seen in chimpanzees ranged from moderately severe illness, through transitory illness, to afebrile infection with or without bacteriemia (but invariably with an antibody response), occasionally leading to the development of persisting biliary infection and the carrier state. Thus the range of illness observed in chimpanzees resembled that seen in man, except that the severe and complicated forms of typhoid fever were not observed in the chimpanzee. A reason for this difference is proposed and discussed. In contrast to the limitations imposed upon the interpretation of human epidemiologic observations, it has been possible to demonstrate in the chimpanzee that clinical variation in disease pattern from animal to animal may occur despite the administration of the same dose of the same bacterial strain simultaneously to an entire group of animals under study; in other words, variation in clinical pattern is dependent on inherent, non-specific host factors as well as on dose, strain or preceding state of immunity. Variation in dose and in challenge strain of S. typhosa employed also appeared to have an effect upon the likelihood of producing febrile as against afebrile infection in chimpanzees. The dose required to produce clinical disease, even with the more virulent strain, was excessively large compared to what is believed to be the dose required to produce illness in man; the limitations of this assumption, and suggested explanations for the findings, are discussed. The production of the spectrum of typhoid fever in the chimpanzee has made possible the study of basic problems in this disease which are not amenable to definitive study through the use of prevailing laboratory techniques.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Diagnostic value of dot-enzyme-immunoassay test to detect outer membrane protein antigen in sera of patients with typhoid fever.

Typhoid fever is still an important public health problem in many developing countries especially in tropical parts of the world, as in Indonesia. This problem opens the way for a further study with the aim of finding an alternative serological test with a high degree of reliability for the detection of typhoid fever. Given the above mentioned purpose, a study on the reliability of a laboratory test, the dot-enzyme-immunoassay outer membrane protein (DOT-EIA-OMP) was conducted comprising sera from 207 subjects (44 adult typhoid patients, 43 adult nontyphoid patients and sera from 120 adult healthy individuals serving as controls. The result of the study revealed that the diagnostic sensitivity of the DOT-EIA-OMP test for the detection of typhoid fever can be classified as high (93.16%), the specificity as moderate (76.74%), the efficiency (accuracy), positive predictive value and negative predictive value as high (85.06%, 80.39% and 91.66% respectively). The within run and between days reproducibility of this test was very high (CV=0%). Analysis of data obtained indicated that the DOT-EIA-OMP test was a reliable screening test for the establishment of the diagnosis of typhoid fever in health centers with simple laboratory facilities. The application of this test has to be more contemplated in countries where the cost of laboratory test is a problem.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Emergency department presentations of typhoid fever.

Typhoid fever, a systemic infectious disease caused by Salmonella typhi, is classically characterized by fever, paradoxical bradycardia, abdominal pain, and a rose colored rash. This was a retrospective review of 21 confirmed cases over a 5-year period. Mean age was 32.6 years (range 2-60 years), and Mexico (7/21) and El Salvador (3/21) represented the most common countries of origin. Recent travel to an endemic area was noted in 14 patients. The most common complaints were fever (15/21), headache (10/21), abdominal pain (9/21), and diarrhea (6/21). Average duration of symptoms before presentation to the Emergency Department (ED) was 7.9 days. High fever associated with bradycardia was noted in 12 patients. Leukopenia was present in 7 patients. Blood culture was the most sensitive confirmatory test while the Widal test was positive in 7 out of 11 cases. Fever of unknown origin (12/21), followed by presumed typhoid fever (3/21) were the most common ED diagnoses. It is important to recognize that patients with typhoid fever may present to EDs in the US and this disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of febrile patients from Latin America or those with a history of recent travel to endemic countries.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1994

Neonatal typhoid fever.

Typhoid fever occurs in children less than 2 years of age but is thought to be a mild, often unrecognized illness. Neonatal typhoid fever is a rare but often life-threatening illness, uniformly fatal in the preantibiotic era. Vertical intrauterine transmission from a typhoid-infected mother is implicated in neonatal typhoid fever. Ten cases at a rural African hospital are presented. Three patients died with two deaths associated with empiric management inappropriate for Salmonella typhi. A second clinical presentation in the neonate is asymptomatic persistent excretion. Infants < or = 3 weeks old may also be infected from an exogenous source and have severe disease. Where typhoid is endemic S. typhi should be considered as a cause of sepsis neonatorum and appropriate antibiotics included in empiric therapy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

Duodenal intubation as a source of typhoid fever.

Typhoid fever developed in three patients during a period of 13 weeks. Although each of these patients was admitted to a different London hospital, the patients became ill approximately 10 days after undergoing duodenal intubation in one gastroenterology unit. All other patients who had undergone duodenal intubation in the unit during that period of time were investigated. Salmonella typhi was isolated from bile and feces of two out of the 20 other patients (carriers). In each of the three patients who developed typhoid fever, intubation followed within two days of intubation of one of the carriers. After use in each patient, the polyvinyl tubes had been thoroughly washed with disinfectant and detergent. There were no further cases of typhoid fever when a new tube was used for each patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Quinolones in the treatment of typhoid fever.

Typhoid fever is a severe systemic disease. Treatment with appropriate antibiotics is essential for enteric fever. Development and rapid dissemination of resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and cotrimoxazole have complicated the treatment of enteric fever. Therapeutic options for the treatment of multidrug-resistant strains are limited to third generation cephalosporins or fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Recent clinical experiences have shown that quinolones are the drugs of choice for treatment of enteric fever. Studies have shown that shorter courses may be sufficient to cure uncomplicated typhoid fever.

4-Quinolones↗
PubMed2000

Spontaneous spleen rupture during typhoid fever.

Typhoid fever currently is an uncommon disease in western countries, and cases usually are imported from endemic areas.1 The most common complications are intestinal bleeding or perforation and necrotizing cholecystitis, although hepatitis, myocarditis, nephritis, and meningitis may occur. Spontaneous spleen rupture during typhoid fever is a known but rare complication. This report describes a new case and reviews the literature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Bone marrow histiocytic hyperplasia and hemophagocytosis with pancytopenia in typhoid fever.

Typhoid fever was associated with pancytopenia in five patients. Bone marrow examinations revealed histiocytic hyperplasia with marked phagocytosis of platelets, leukocytes, and red blood cells in these individuals. This phagocytosis may contribute to the pancytopenia that occurs in some patients with typhoid fever. The striking degree of the histiocytic hemophagocytosis is reminiscent of the malignant disease, histiocytic medullary reticulosis. The importance of careful exclusion of infectious etiologies in illnesses involving marrow histiocytic proliferation is emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Current trends in typhoid Fever.

Typhoid fever, a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica serotype typhi, remains an important worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality. Endemic cases in the United States are unusual, with most following foreign travel to the Indian subcontinent, Africa, Asia, or Latin America. The classic findings of typhoid fever include rose spots, relative bradycardia, and stepwise fevers, but unfortunately these signs are frequently absent. Gastrointestinal manifestations may include diffuse abdominal pain, bleeding, perforation, cholecystitis, and cholangitis. The diagnosis should be suspected after collection of the appropriate clinical and travel history with confirmation by blood or bone marrow culture. Novel methods are in development to establish the diagnosis when cultures are negative or unavailable. Multidrug resistance has increased worldwide, and decisions on antimicrobial therapy must take such resistance into account. The empiric treatment of choice is a fluoroquinolone drug; ceftriaxone and azithromycin are alternatives. Preventive strategies include good sanitation and food handling practices along with vaccination of selected groups.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Concurrent dengue hemorrhagic fever and typhoid fever infection in adult: case report.

In Indonesia as well as in many developing countries both typhoid fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are still endemic and prevalent. In Indonesia the incidence of DHF in 1994 was 9.72/100,000 population with CFR of 2.5% and each year about 640,000-1,500,000 cases of typhoid fever were reported with mortality of 1.6-3%. The concurrent infection of both diseases may occur in one patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Combined vaccination against yellow fever and typhoid fever: a comparative trial.

In order to evaluate a combination of yellow fever and typhoid fever vaccine, we conducted a controlled trial comparing reactogenicity and immunogenicity of Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) vaccine and yellow fever 17D (YF) vaccine after single, simultaneous and combined administration. The combined YF/ViPS vaccine was prepared by using the liquid ViPS vaccine as a diluent for the YF vaccine. The stability of such a reconstitution had been assessed in vitro. Safety was evaluated using a self-surveillance form and by repeated clinical visits. Immunogenicity was evaluated by a plaque reduction test for YF and by radioimmunoassay for ViPS. Tolerability was satisfactory in all groups. There was no increase in local or general reactions in groups receiving both vaccines, whether given simultaneously or combined. The serological response to ViPS was similar after single and simultaneous or combined administration. Interestingly, the immune response to YF was significantly enhanced in groups receiving the vaccines simultaneously or combined, suggesting a potential adjuvant effect of ViPS.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Cellular immunity in typhoid fever, Legionnaires' disease, amebiasis: role of transfer factor and Levamisole in typhoid fever.

Typhoid fever is an infectious disease commonly seen in the tropics, with multisystem involvement and a high morbidity and mortality rate. Legionnaires' disease: a newly described acute respiratory infection by unusual aerobic gram-negative micro-organisms namely Legionella pneumophila. Cellular immunity: in vitro and in vivo evaluations of cellular immunity using E-rosette formation (E) and 2.4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (D) reaction were made in typhoid fever, amebiasis and Legionnaires' disease. Results will be presented. Three patients with relapsing typhoid fever were given transfer factor and another group with typhoid fever were given Levamisole with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Up to 90% of the cases receiving immunopotentiating factors/agents improved faster in both general condition, fever and cellular immunity.

Adult↗