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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1992

Temazepam misuse in a group of injecting drug users.

It is well recognized that many injecting drug users are poly-drug users. The intravenous use of Temazepam has become popular recently. In response to the ease of misuse, the pharmaceutical industry produced a formulation that would be as 'resistant' as possible to injecting. The preparation is a gel-filled formulation, one proprietary name being Temazepam Gelthix. General Practitioners have been encouraged to prescribe gel-filled capsules to potential drug misusers in order to reduce the harm Temazepam can cause by its misuse. This study of 23 Temazepam injectors shows that the group still find the gel-filled preparation readily injectable. It appears to be more problematic in causing medical complications including superficial thrombophlebitis, abscesses and deep venous thrombosis. Temazepam misuse can cause drug users to become more chaotic. The study group recognize this and suggest there should be stricter control on the supply of Temazepam to drug dependents. General Practitioners, who are the main source of Temazepam prescribing, require additional training in prescribing to drug users.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

The effects of temazepam and ethanol on human psychomotor performance.

We have studied the effects of temazepam, alone and in combination with ethanol, on psychomotor performance in six healthy men and women using a battery of five microcomputer-based tasks before and 30, 90, and 150 min after treatment. The tests were pursuit tracking, divided attention, two four-choice reaction time tests and tapping rate. The entire battery required 25 min. The subjects also reported their mood at each testing time using a computerized bipolar mood scales test. Temazepam (15 mg) plus ethanol (peak blood concentration of 11 mmol.l-1) significantly impaired divided attention, tracking, and reaction time over a 3 h period. There was significant impairment versus placebo for each drug alone on some of the tests. Plasma and urine concentrations of temazepam and temazepam glucuronide were measured, but there was no significant temporal correlation between impairment and drug or metabolite concentration in either plasma or urine. The subjects knew when they had taken ethanol, but could not discriminate temazepam from ethanol whether alone or in combination. The subjects rated their performance similarly after each of the four treatment conditions. The performance on the tracking, divided attention, and PAB reaction time tasks used in this study was impaired by a combination of temazepam and ethanol in doses which may not cause impairment when each is given alone.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Acute effects of temazepam and nitrazepam on psychomotor skills and memory.

Twelve pretrained students ingested temazepam, nitrazepam, and placebo, each double blind at one-week intervals in randomized order. Reactive and co-ordinative skills and critical flicker fusion were measured before each drug intake and 1, 2, 3, 6 and 8 hours after it. Short-term memory and paired association learning were measured at 1, 3 and 8 hours. The psychomotor responses to drugs were modified by a sequence effect (not at zero tests) which effect varied depending on the drug and parameter. In multivariance analysis it was included to reveal drug effects. Nitrazepam 10 mg increased reaction and co-ordination errors and also impaired learning and memory. Temazepam 10 mg impaired co-ordinative skills; on a whole it differed from nitrazepam but hardly from placebo. Temazepam 20 mg impaired co-ordination, and learning and memory. Both temazepam 20 mg and nitrazepam were experienced sedative. All drug effects were clearest during the first 3 hours, nitrazepam also impaired learning at 8 hours. Temazepam 20 mg seems suitable as a hypnotic.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Effects of temazepam on saccadic eye movements: concentration-effect relationships in individual volunteers.

Saccadic eye movements were analyzed after single oral doses of 20 mg temazepam and placebo in a randomized, double-blind crossover study in eight healthy volunteers. For an optimal evaluation of concentration-effect relationships, 18 blood samples and 43 effect measures were obtained over 33 1/2 hours. After placebo, saccadic peak velocity decreased within the first hour, with average values remaining 6.2% to 12.1% below baseline up to 15 hours after intake. After temazepam, significant changes in peak velocity occurred for 5 hours, with maximum decreases averaging 29.2% (95% confidence interval, 10.0 to 37.2). The apparent duration of effects ranged from 3 to 9 hours in individual subjects. Linear concentration-effect relationships were demonstrated for peak velocity, with individual slopes ranging from -0.11 to -0.46 deg/sec.(ng/ml)-1 (average r = -0.82, all p < 0.01). Differences in protein binding of temazepam did not account for the approximate fourfold variability in individual sensitivities to temazepam. By increasing the frequency of measurements, the accuracy of pharmacodynamic evaluations was clearly enhanced in this study.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

The relationship between the concentration of temazepam in cerebrospinal fluid and sedation in man.

Twenty-six patients received oral temazepam and subsequently spinal anaesthesia. Blood and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid temazepam levels were measured together with the degree of sedation. The plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations correlated well with the temazepam dose but even better with the weight standardised dose (r = 0.65, p = 0.0003 and r = 0.75, p = 0.00001 respectively). Both the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of temazepam were correlated with the patient's sedation (r = 0.42 p = 0.037, and r = 0.46 p = 0.021 respectively), but neither was strong. Thus, although the drug concentration at the receptor may be a major factor in producing sedation, other factors, possibly the receptor population or their responsiveness, are also important contributors.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1992

Effect of temazepam on tracheobronchial mucus clearance.

BACKGROUND: Tracheobronchial clearance of mucus from the lungs is reduced during sleep and, usually, by the administration of opiates. It seemed possible therefore that temazepam, a widely used potent benzodiazepine, retarded clearance. METHODS: The effect of 10 mg temazepam on mucociliary clearance was studied in eight healthy volunteers, aged 18-50 (mean 30) years, in a randomised, placebo controlled, double blind, cross-over study. Six subjects were female and two male. Six were non-smokers and two were light current smokers. Clearance was assessed from the change in radio-activity in the lungs after inhalation of 5 microns diameter polystyrene particles, labelled with technetium-99m, under controlled conditions. RESULTS: Tracheobronchial clearance was reduced by 22% after temazepam by comparison with placebo during the first three hours after drug ingestion; this is the period when circulating drug concentrations are highest. CONCLUSION: Temazepam should be prescribed with caution in patients with impaired lung mucociliary transport.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Adrenergic modulation of preoperative anxiety: a comparison of temazepam, clonidine, and timolol.

To assess the influence of adrenergic modulation on preoperative anxiety, we used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to compare temazepam, clonidine, and timolol as preanesthetic medications in patients undergoing minor orthopedic surgery. All the active treatments resulted in less preoperative anxiety than the placebo (control) did. Induction of anesthesia was smoother in all the treated patients compared with the control group. Recovery was slowest in the temazepam and clonidine groups, but there were no significant differences between the groups after 90 min. Cardiovascular changes were most marked in the timolol group. Pain scores were lower in the temazepam and clonidine series in the early postoperative period. Neither clonidine nor timolol offers any major advantage over temazepam for premedication in these patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

P300 and traffic scenes: the effect of temazepam.

The present research investigated the effects of a minor tranquillizer (temazepam) on P300 in a paradigm that may be relevant for traffic behaviour. Because accident scenes have not been used previously in P300 research, Experiment 1 (n = 8) examined whether the P300 elicited by safe traffic scenes and scenes of imminent road accidents were sensitive to the probability of occurrence. Event-related potentials were recorded from C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz and P4 within an oddball paradigm. The type of stimulus to which subjects responded (pictures of imminent accidents or safe road scenes) was crossed with the probability (0.1 or 0.5) of the relevant (to which a response was required) event. The results indicated that P300 amplitude increased with decreasing probability of the relevant stimulus and that P300 was most pronounced at Pz. Experiment 2 (n = 12) employed a drug treatment (10 mg temazepam) and a placebo treatment (100 mg Vitamin E). An oddball paradigm with a probability of the relevant stimulus of 0.1 was used and P300 was recorded from Cz, C3, C4, Pz, P3 and P4. Generally, the ingestion of temazepam decreased P300 amplitude and increased P300 latency at all sites. Reaction time, on the other hand, was not influenced by drug administration. The data demonstrate the clear effect of minor tranquillizers on the psychological processes associated with P300.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1992

A double-blind comparison of the effects of temazepam and triazolam on residual, daytime performance in elderly insomniacs.

Benzodiazepine hypnotic medications are widely prescribed for elderly patients, but there is a paucity of information available concerning the residual cognitive and psychomotor (the morning-after) effects of these drugs. We compared two commonly used hypnotics--temazepam and triazolam--in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose study with community-dwelling healthy elderly with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of primary insomnia. Forty-five subjects over the age of 65 (mean age 72.23, SD = 4.44) qualified for the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups (placebo, triazolam 0.125 mg., triazolam 0.25 mg., temazepam 15 mg., and temazepam 30 mg.). Neuropsychological testing was completed at baseline and 12-14 hours after the dosing. Patients were evaluated with a variety of tests that measured attention, concentration, motor speed, immediate memory, and learning of new information. Separate repeated measured analyses of variance were performed to assess the significant changes among the five treatment groups. We found improved performance or no change in all the measures for all medication groups except for impairment of performance on a serial learning task for both high-dose medication groups. The significance of these results and the need for further research in elderly insomniacs is discussed.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

The use of temazepam elixir in surgical dental sedation: a comparison with intravenous midazolam.

Out-patients attending for removal of at least one lower third molar were randomly allocated to treatment with temazepam elixir (n = 7) or intravenous midazolam (n = 8), as well as local analgesia. Patients were tested prior to drug administration and at the end of surgery. Both drugs increased heart rate and midazolam also decreased diastolic blood pressure. The two drugs caused significant, equal increases in ratings of sedation, but the reduction of anxiety was significant only for midazolam. There was significant amnesia for material presented after drug administration, as well as for dental events and this was significantly greater for midazolam. The effects of these drugs in dental patients were compared with those in normal volunteers treated in an identical manner, but without oral surgery. The drugs had similar significant cardiovascular and amnesic effects in the volunteers and the same effects on mood ratings, even though volunteers and patients differed in their pretreatment levels of anxiety and discontent. The dentist's ratings of the sedation and operating conditions were excellent in both cases. Thus temazepam elixir provided a useful sedative for oral surgery, avoiding the complications of intravenous administration. However, for equivalent levels of sedation, midazolam had greater anxiolytic and amnesic effects than temazepam.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1979

Bioavailability of temazepam in soft gelatin capsules.

1 Healthy volunteers received single doses of temazepam 30 mg in conventional gelatin capsules, suppositories or in solution. They experienced marked sedation and sleepiness. The onset of sleepiness was prompt after the administration of the solution; this latter showed the fastest absorption and gave the highest peak plasma levels. This observation led to the development of the soft gelatin capsule. 2 To assess bioavailability of the formulation, plasma levels of temazepam were determined in healthy volunteers after single oral administration of soft and hard capsules, and after seven consecutive night-time doses of the soft capsule. Absorption from the soft gelatin capsule was faster and produced earlier and higher peak plasma levels. There were no differences in relative availability. 3 The apparent half-life of temazepam after night-time administration was shorter than after morning administration, but no change was observed between the first and seventh night-time doses.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗

PubMed1979

Effects of temazepam, flurazepam and quinalbarbitone on sleep: psychomotor and cognitive function.

1 The effect of temazepam 15 and 30 mg, flurazepam 15 and 30 mg, quinalbarbitone 100 and 200 mg and placebo were studied in 14 healthy male volunteers according to a Latin-square design. At 14-d intervals subjects received capsules 30 min before bedtime on 2 consecutive nights and were evaluated for objective sleep characteristics, for morning estimates of sleep characteristics, and for cognitive and psychomotive performance and subjective state at 3.5, 10.0 and 22.5 h after ingestion. 2 Changes in sleep induction and sleep maintenance were observed with temazepam 30 mg and flurazepam 30 mg had the greater effect on cognitive performance, whereas quinalbarbitone 20 mg had the greater effect on psychomotive performance. Subjective assessments of alertness were most affected by flurazepam, and by quinalbarbitone 200 mg. 4 The results suggest that temazepam produces less residual effects and is shorter acting than quinalbarbitone and flurazepam.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Double-blind evaluation of the safety and hypnotic efficacy of temazepam in insomniac outpatients.

1 Efficacy of temazepam 30 mg at night as an hypnotic was compared with placebo in 55 out-patients with insomnia. The study was double blind, with two comparable groups of patients established by random allocation. Placebo and medication were taken for 4 consecutive nights and sleep questionnaires were completed the next day. 2 Patients reported that temazepam was more effective than placebo in reducing the difficulty of falling asleep and improving sleep maintenance. They also indicated that they awoke less and were less disturbed by early morning awakenings reported as a group that the average duration of sleep was increased by 1 hour. 3 The patients receiving temazepam reported being more alert in the morning and for the entire day than with placebo.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗

PubMed1979

Double-blind evaluation of the efficacy and safety of temazepam in outpatients with insomnia.

1 The efficacy and safety of temazepam 30 mg, compared with glutethimide 500 mg and placebo, were evaluated in double-blind conditions in a 4-day study in 75 outpatients with a history of insomnia. 2 Temazepam and glutethimide were rated by the patients as effective and significantly superior to placebo for general quality of sleep, time required to fall asleep, frequency of nocturnal and early morning awakenings, and duration of sleep. 3 Residual effects reported for temazepam and glutethimide immediately after awakening and during the day were similar to or less than those reported for placebo.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

A study to compare the effectiveness of temazepam and a chloral hydrate/hydroxyzine combination in sedating paediatric dental patients.

The study compared the effectiveness of temazepam and a mixture of chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine in sedating 20 young children aged 20 to 60 months (mean age 38.7 months). All the children exhibited negative behaviour during a screening visit and required at least two visits for restorative treatment with the use of sedation. The children were assigned randomly to receive either 50 mg/kg of chloral hydrate with 25 mg of hydroxyzine or 0.3 mg/kg of temazepam for the first visit, and the alternate regimen for the second visit, in a double-blind manner. Pulse rate and blood oxygen saturation levels were monitored before, during and after the operative procedures. All the treatment sessions were video-recorded and evaluated independently by three paediatric dentists for the degree of crying, movement, sleep and overall behaviour during specific procedures and at specific time intervals. The results showed no statistically significant differences between the two pharmacologic regimens with regard to crying, movement, sleep and overall behaviour. No significant difference in behaviour was found related to either the order of administration of the drugs or to the sex of the patients. It was concluded that 0.3 mg/kg temazepam and a mixture of 50 mg/kg chloral hydrate with 25 mg hydroxyzine had similar sedative effects on the children receiving dental treatment.

Anesthesia, Dental↗

PubMed1978

Temazepam (Euhypnos) and chlormethiazole: a comparative study in geriatric patients.

The sleep-inducing properties and tolerance of temazepam formulated in solution in soft gelatine capsules were compared with chlormethiazole syrup in two groups of geriatric in-patients. Both compounds appeared to be safe, effective and well-tolerated, but significant differences in favour of temazepam were observed in quality and duration of sleep, ease of awakening and carry-over effects. This formulation of temazepam (Euhypnos) would appear to be an ideal sleep-inducer for geriatric patients.

Aged↗

PubMed1975

A 1,4-benzodiazepine, temazepam (K 3917), its effect on some psychological parameters of sleep and behaviour.

In 30 physically and mentally healthy volunteers, 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (temazepam, K 3917) was tested for its sleep inducing action, the subjective quality of sleep and any post-medication effects. Temazepam was orally administered at doses of 15, 20 or 30 mg in hard gelatin capsules or 20 mg in soft gelatin capsules. Nitrazepam (5 mg) and amylobarbitone sodium (100 mg) were used for comparison as well as a placebo. Temazepam showed very much the same effects as they are known from conventional 1,4-benzodiazepines except for its lack of impairment in early morning behavior following night time medication.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

The effects of repeated doses of temazepam taken in conjunction with alcohol on aspects of psychomotor performance the morning following night time medication.

A study to compare the morning-after effects of three dose levels of temazepam (Euhypnos capsules) given with alcohol, was carried out in 18 healthy volunteers. Matched placebos were given for two days before and four days after the four nights on active drug and a standard dose of alcohol was given on all ten nights of the study. Objective measurements made on the mornings after days 2, 4, 6 and 10 were critical flicker fusion threshold (CFF), choice reaction time (CRT) and digit symbol substitution tasks (DSST). The administration of 10 or 20 mg temazepam with alcohol produced no significant change inany of these measurements. 30 mg produced no change in DSST and although there was some impairment of CRT at this dose, it was not statistically significant. The combination of 30 mg temazepam and alcohol significantly depressed CFF following four nights on these drugs.

Adult↗