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PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of Scutellaria lateriflora and its adulterants Teucrium canadense and Teucrium chamaedrys by LC-UV/MS, TLC, and digital photomicroscopy.

Methods using liquid chromatography with UV detection (LC-UV), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and digital photomicroscopy were developed to distinguish between the different species of Scutellaria lateriflora L. and its adulterants Teucrium canadense L. and T. chamaedrys L. Chemically, the 70% ethanol extract of S. lateriflora is characterized by the presence of flavonoids--predominantly baicalin, lateriflorin, dihydrobaicalin, and baicalein. The major compounds of the 70% ethanol extract of T. canadense are phenylpropanoids, with verbascoside as the most prominent, and a variable amount of teucrioside. Teucrioside is the major compound in T. chamaedrys, but it is not present in S. lateriflora. The presence of phenylpropane glycosides can therefore be used to distinguish between the S. lateriflora L. and the two Teucrium species by LC-UV and TLC. The abundant strap-shaped trichomes on the stem, as well as bristle-like trichomes on the leaf, are typically seen microscopically for T. canadense, whereas the waxy cuticle with numerous glandular scales is found in T. chamaedrys. These cell structures were used to determine the adulteration of S. lateriflora crude herb with either of the two Teucrium species.

Chromatography, Liquid↗

PubMed2004

Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the volatile components of Teucrium lusitanicum and Teucrium algarbiensis.

The essential oils from four samples of Teucrium lusitanicum and one sample of Teucrium algarbiensis, grown in Algarve (southern Portugal) were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Seventy-one volatile compounds were identified. Major compounds of T. algarbiensis oil were alpha-pinene (8.3%), sabinene (7.2%), beta-pinene (10.2%), limonene (11.8%) and germacrene D (7.6%). Concerning T. lusitanicum, some quantitative differences were found with regards to the major constituents of the oils from four populations: alpha-pinene (0.8-8.5%), sabinene (2.1-9.6%), beta-pinene (2.5-11.9%), limonene (1.2-11.5%) and elemol (2.6-12.0%).

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation and characterisation of selected germander diterpenoids from authenticated Teucrium chamaedrys and T. canadense by HPLC, HPLC-mS and NMR.

Teucrium species, such as germander, are rich in neo-clerodane diterpenoids and have been used in traditional folk medicine for their stimulant, diuretic, antipyretic and antiseptic properties. However, the furano neo-clerodane diterpenoids present in germander have been implicated in the in vivo hepatotoxicity of this botanical. In this study, authenticated germander (Teucrium chamaedrys L. and Teucrium canadense L.) was used as the source material. Methanol extracts of powdered plant mate rial were prepared and analysed by HPLC using Synergi Max-RP columns with monitoring at 220 nm. Limited amounts of teucrin A and other diterpenoid standards were analysed on a Synergi Max-RP column in order to determine their retention times and to generate calibration curves. The same standards were subjected to concurrent mass spectral analysis. Teucrin A and diterpenoids such as dihydroteugin, teuflin, teuflidin and teucvidin were tentatively identified in the plant extracts by HPLC-MS and 1H-NMR experiments. For the isolation of teucrium diterpenoids on a semipreparative scale, a solid-phase extraction method was developed for the first time using styrene divinylbenzene and strata-X sorbents for teucrin A and teuflin, respectively. Semi-preparative HPLC of the methanol extract of the powdered aerial parts of Teucrium plants was carried out on a semipreparative Synergi Max-RP column with photodiode array detection in order to confirm the identities of some diterpenoids by HPLC-MS and NMR.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2004

Amino acids composition of Teucrium nutlet proteins and their systematic significance.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Plant species are considered as a good source of dietary proteins, although the nutritional quality of proteins depends on their amino acid composition. In this work the protein content and amino acid composition of nutlets of 21 Teucrium taxa (Lamiaceae) from Spain were analysed and their nutritional quality was compared with the minimum values established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). In addition, the amino acid composition was evaluated as a chemical character to clarify the taxonomic complexity in this genus. METHODS: Amino acid content of nutlets was determined after derivatization with diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate by high-performance liquid chromatography. Previously, nutlets samples were hydrolysed and incubated in an oven at 110 degrees C for 24 h. KEY RESULTS: The protein content was variable, ranging from 6.4 % in T. dunense to 43.8 % in T. algarbiense. According to the FAO values all taxa contain satisfactory amounts of leucine, threonine and valine and are deficient in lysine. The similarity analysis of Teucrium taxa using amino acid composition data did not clearly reflect the infrageneric classification of this genus. CONCLUSIONS: Annual species, such as T. spinosum, T. aristatum and T. resupinatum showed a better balanced amino acid composition. The dendrogram partly matched with the karyological complexity of Teucrium. No correlation between amino acid composition and habitat has been observed, showing that Teucrium nutlet amino acid composition may not be strongly influenced by the environment.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2000

Chemotaxonomic value of the essential oil compounds in species of Teucrium pumilum aggregate.

Volatile compounds from the aerial parts of Teucrium lepicephalum Pau and Teucrium carolipaui C. Vicioso ex Pau, both belonging to the Teucrium pumilum aggregate, were analysed by capillary GC and GC-MS. From the common and specific compounds (mono- and sesquiterpenes) of the two taxa, chemical characterization was carried out and taxonomic relationships were assessed. Application of the cluster and k-means discriminant analysis shows a differential chemical relationship between T. lepicephalum and Teucrium carolipaui.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed2004

Hypoglycaemic effect of Teucrium polium: studies with rat pancreatic islets.

The aquous extract of Teucrium polium (Labiatae) has long being used in Iran as a hypoglycaemic aid without any knowledge about its probable side effects and mode of action. In an effort to assess the claimed hypoglycaemic property of the crude drug and to get some knowledge about the mechanism of action, the crude extract (0.5 g plant powder per kg body weight) was administered orally to a group of streptozotocin diabetic rats for six consecutive weeks. A significant decrease (64%) in blood glucose concentration was observed in the treated animals compared to the untreated diabetic rats, without any measurable effects on the major biochemical factors. In addition, the crude extract significantly enhanced the blood insulin level by almost 160% compared to the untreated diabetic rats. The insulinotropic property of the Teucrium polium extract was further assessed by an in vitro investigation using isolated pancreatic rat islets. Our data indicated that Teucrium polium crude extract is able to enhance insulin secretion by almost 135% after a single dose of plant extract (equivalent to 0.1 mg plant leaf powder per mL of the culture medium) at high glucose concentration (16 mmol/L). Meanwhile, the time pattern of insulin secretion was not affected by the plant extract compared to the untreated islets. These data clearly show that the plant extract, probably without metabolic transformation, is able to reduce high blood glucose levels through enhancing insulin secretion by the pancreas.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Antinociceptive effect of Teucrium polium leaf extract in the diabetic rat formalin test.

This study was designed to evaluate the analgesic effect of Teucrium polium leaf extract in the diabetic rat formalin test. For this purpose, streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats received intraperitoneal injection of this extract (100 and 200 mg/kg per day) for a period of 2 weeks. It was found out that Teucrium polium-treated diabetic rats exhibited a lower nociceptive score as compared to untreated diabetics. The results may suggest therapeutic potential of Teucrium polium extract for the treatment of diabetic hyperalgesia.

Analgesics↗

PubMed1997

Anti-inflammatory and antiulcer activity of Teucrium buxifolium.

Teucrium buxifolium Spanish endemic, have traditionally been used for the treatment of rheumatic and other inflammatory affections. In this work, phytochemical screening was carried out to ascertain the qualitative composition of this species and we have studied the anti-inflammatory and antiulcer activity of Teucrium buxifolium. This species has exhibited potent anti-inflammatory properties against experimentally-induced arthritis and carrageenin paw edema. Additionally, Teucrium buxifolium species have displayed significant antiulcer and cytoprotective activity.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

In vitro antioxidant activity of some Teucrium species (Lamiaceae).

The chemical composition and antioxidant activity of different extracts (diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) obtained from Teucrium species (T. chamaedrys, T. montanum, T. polium) were investigated in this work. Phytochemical screening of the plant extracts proved the presence of flavonoids luteolin, apigenin and/or diosmetin. The chemical composition of extracts was evaluated by HPLC and spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated using three complementary in vitro assays: inhibition of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical, inhibition of hydroxyl radicals and protection of beta-carotene-linoleic acid model system. In the first two assays, strong inhibitory activity was shown by T. montanum and T. chamaedrys extracts. In the beta-carotene-linoleic acid model system, extracts from T. polium showed remarkable activity. These findings demonstrated that Teucrium species possess free radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity as well as antioxidant activity in vitro.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed1996

Toxicological effects of Teucrium stocksianum after acute and chronic administration in rats.

Because of the widespread use of T. stocksianum (Boiss) in herbal medicine and reports of the toxicity of Teucrium chamaedrys to man, the effects of acute (2 and 4 g kg-1 single dose) and chronic (4% in lieu of drinking water for 48 days) administration of an aqueous extract of T. stocksianum has been studied in rats. After acute administration no change was found in reduced liver glutathione content, plasma total protein concentration or the enzyme activities of aminotransferase or gamma glutamyl transferase. After chronic administration, no change was noticed in the plasma concentrations of total protein, total bilirubin, creatinine, urea, glucose, triglycerides, calcium or phosphorus or the enzyme activities of aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine kinase, gamma glutamyl transferase or lactate dehydrogenase. There was no change in food or water intake or output of urine or faeces; the body weight of the treated animals was, however, slightly reduced. No change was observed in the weight of vital body tissues. Histological examination revealed occasional hepatic 'apoptosis' and cerebral neuronal loss in the cortex and hippocampus in treated animals; focal loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum was particularly noticed. The results did not indicate a major hepatotoxic effect of acute or chronic administration of T. stocksianum, unlike other Teucrium spp. We report a neurotoxic effect, however, which warrants monitoring of neurological function in people taking this plant.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Neuromuscular and microvascular changes associated with chronic administration of an extract of Teucrium stocksianum in mice.

This work examines the effect on the weights of vital body organs, on blood biochemical variables, on neuromuscular coordination and on cerebral microcirculation of aqueous extracts of Teucrium stocksianum, given to mice in drinking water at concentrations of 2 and 4% for 56 days. The treatment caused progressive impairment of neuromuscular coordination, as evidenced by the time spent on the rota-rod. After photochemical challenge, the time for first observable platelet aggregation in arterioles was shorter than for the control group by 22 and 45% in the 2 and 4% T. stocksianum-treated groups, respectively. Platelet aggregation on the venular side was not affected by the treatment nor were microvascular diameters. Treatment with the plant extract produced no statistically significant effect on the plasma biochemical variables that are considered indices of liver and kidney function. Histologically, brains obtained from mice treated with T. stocksianum showed loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Although it is likely that the accelerated platelet aggregation might have contributed to an ischaemic effect which could, at least in part, have caused the cytotoxicological changes, this does not exclude the possibility of a direct cytotoxicological effect of the plant extract. Further pharmacological and toxicological investigations on Teucrium species seem warranted.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Neoclerodanes from Teucrium orientale.

Two new neoclerodane diterpenoids, 6-deacetyl-teucrolivin A (5) and 8beta-hydroxy-teucrolivin B (6), were isolated from the aerial parts of Teucrium orientale, along with four already known neoclerodane diterpenoids, teucrolivin A (1), teucrolivin B (2), teucrolivin C (3) and teucrolivin H (4), previously isolated from Teucrium oliverianum. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and chemical transformations. Compounds 1-3 were assayed for antifeedant activity against Spodoptera littoralis, S. frugiperda and Heliocoverpa armigera. Teucrolivin A was the most potent of the three compounds tested.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

[Acute hepatitis due to ingestion of Teucrium chamaedrys infusions].

Herbal remedies, used for many years for therapeutic purposes, have traditionally been considered safe and effective. Herbal medicine toxicity has been infrequently reported in Spain. We present two cases of acute hepatitis after ingestion of herbal infusions over a period of several months. Among the plants consumed was Teucrium chamaedrys (germander), which has been associated with several cases of hepatotoxicity, mainly in France. After ruling out other causes of hepatitis, we consider that Teucrium chamaedrys provoked the disease. One patient presented acute, cholestatic hepatitis and another presented mixed (hepatocellular and cholestatic) hepatitis. In both patients, the disease was resolved after discontinuing the intake of the herbal teas. We believe that herbal medicine toxicity may be increasing due to the growing consumption of these products. Finally, we emphasize the need to rule out the intake of herbal remedies in patients whose liver tests present abnormalities.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Anti-inflammatory activity of Teucrium polium.

Teucrium polium is widely used by the folk-medicine practitioners in Saudi Arabia for the treatment of inflammations, rheumatism, diabetes and ulcers. Scientific reports are lacking to confirm these activities. The present study reports the effect of ethanolic extract of T. polium on carrageenan-induced acute inflammation, cotton-pellet granuloma and some of the biochemical parameters. The ethanolic extract of Teucrium polium at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight produced significant inhibition of carrageenan-induced inflammation and cotton-pellet granuloma. Biochemical studies showed a significant decrease in glucose level. The presence of flavonoids and sterols might be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of this plant. Further studies on the fractionation of the phytoconstituents, and on their mechanism of action are in progress.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2006

Determination of Teucrium chamaedrys volatiles by using direct thermal desorption-comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

The direct qualification and quantification of the volatile components of Teucrium chamaedrys was studied using a direct thermal desorption (DTD) technique with comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC-TOF/MS). The GC x GC separation chromatographically resolved hundreds of components within this sample, and with the separation coupled with TOF/MS for detection, high probability identifications were made for 68 compounds. The quantitative results were determined through the use of internal standards and the desorption of differing amounts of raw material in the injector. The highest yield of volatile compounds (0.39%, w/w) was obtained at 150 degrees C thermal desorption temperature using 1.0mg of dried sample placed in a glass injector liner when studied over the range 1.0-7.0mg. Lowest yield of 0.33% (w/w) was found for the largest sample size of 7.0mg. Relative standard deviation (RSD) for 10 replicates at each size sample were in the range 3.9-21.6%. The major compounds identified were beta-pinene, germacrene D, alpha-pinene, alpha-farnesene, alpha-gurjunene, gamma-elemene and gamma-cadinene. All identified compounds were quantified using total ion chromatogram (TIC) peak areas. DTD is a promising method for quantitative analysis of complex mixtures, and in particular for quantitative analysis of plant samples, which can yield data without the traditional obligation for costly and time-consuming extraction techniques.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗

PubMed2006

Antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activities of Teucrium montanum.

The antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activities of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water extracts of Teucrium montanum were investigated. Ethyl acetate, chloroform and n-butanol extracts expressed a wide range of inhibiting activity against both Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria. n-Butanol extract possessed potent DPPH free radical scavenging activity.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2005

Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Teucrium marum (Lamiaceae).

The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from Teucrium marum subsp. marum (Lamiaceae) was analysed by GC/MS and 30 components were identified. Isocaryophyllene (20.24%), beta-bisabolene (14.73%), beta-sesquiphellandrene (11.27%), alpha-santalene (10.97%), dolichodial (9.38%) and, alpha-caryophyllene (7.18%) were the main components. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was assayed against four phytopathogenic fungi and Rhyzoctonia solani resulted to be the most sensitive microorganism with a MIC value of 250 ppm. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated using the DPPH test, 5-lipoxygenase test and luminol/xanthine/xanthine oxidase chemiluminescence assay.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed2004

Neo-clerodane diterpenes from Teucrium fruticans.

In addition to three out of the four previously reported neo-clerodanes already found in Teucrium fruticans (fruticolone, isofruticolone and 8 beta-hydroxyfruticolone), and 6-acetylteucjaponin B (isolated from T. scordium and T. grisebachii), four new neo-clerodanes, namely 7 beta-hydroxyfruticolone, 11-hydroxyfruticolone, deacetylfruticolone and 6-acetyl-10-hydroxyteucjaponin B were also isolated. The structures were unambiguously elucidated based on extensive NMR spectral studies (one- and two-dimensional experiments). Semi-prep-HPLC proved to be a convenient purification procedure, occasionally being followed by TLC. The new compounds were assayed against Spodoptera littoralis and two of them were shown to have potent antifeedant activity.

Animals↗