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The Gerontological and Thematic Apperception Tests were administered to adolescent, middle-aged, and aged non-institutionalized females with 30 subjects in each age group. Content of themes elicited did not differ between age groups for each test nor was the GAT found superior to the TAT in eliciting themes reflecting problems of the aged as claimed by authors of the GAT.
In autumn 1985 the "Thematische Gestaltungstest Salzburg", which is a further development of the well-known "Thematic Apperception Test" (TAT) H. A. Murray's, has been published by Beltz. The revision of this test includes not only a modification of the partly already antiquated pictures, but also a fundamental reorientation of the theoretical concept and of the system of analysis developed by Revers. The authors summarize the essential ideas of this test revision and explain the conclusions to be drawn for the discussion of the projection concept in psychodiagnostics. The article also displays a synopsis of the handbook for the TGT-Salzburg, which has been published together with the test.
This study investigated the utility of the minority version of the Tell Me a Story (TEMAS) test, a thematic apperception technique for minorities and nonminorities, by discriminating public school and clinical Hispanic and Black children. The test is composed of 23 stimuli, depicting minority characters interacting in urban settings, and is scored for nine personality functions (e.g., aggression and anxiety). The subjects were 100 outpatients at psychiatric centers and 373 public school students, all from low socioeconomic (SES), inner city families. All subjects were tested individually by examiners of the same ethnicity. Results indicated that TEMAS profiles significantly, p less than .001, discriminated the two groups and explained 21% of the variance independent of ethnicity, age, and SES. Classification accuracy, based on the discriminant function, was 89%. The TEMAS profiles interacted with ethnicity; better discrimination was evident for Hispanics than Blacks. Results are discussed in terms of the need to develop and validate culturally sensitive personality tests for ethnic minorities.
This study attempted to predict locus of control orientation from responses to the Thematic Apperception Test. Forty male and 40 female undergraduates who scored at the extremes on the Rotter Locus of Control Scale responded to TAT cards. By use of Dies' rating procedure; two judges predicted Ss' locus of control orientation with 70% accuracy. Because an external orientation was predicted with much greater efficiency than an internal orientation, it was suggested that the TAT cards may elicit more external than internal responses.
Thirty male and 30 female college students generated stories to a set of nine Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) cards with either male or female stimulus characters. The Fine scoring system was factor analyzed to produce seven factor clusters plus three outcome variables. Multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed a main effect for type of card. The female TAT cards elicited significantly more responses on the General Concerns scale than did the male TAT cards. A main effect for subject gender showed the females gave more responses than males on the Interpersonal Relations scale. No differences were found on the outcome variables.
Formal characteristics of stories told about picture cards from the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) were defined as reflecting the storyteller's ability to accomplish the task and were distinguished from content that expresses the unique concerns of the individual. It was argued that increased emphasis on formal aspects of TAT responses is warranted, because these characteristics can be determined more objectively and are more suitable for direct group comparison. Therefore, the variables included in our study consisted of an integration and expansion of formal characteristics previously developed with adults, which showed promise in differentiating disturbed and normal groups of children. Based on these formal characteristics of TAT stories, 95% of the comparison group members and 85% of the disturbed group members were correctly classified. Emotionally disturbed boys (n = 40) differed from a comparison group (n = 40) on seven formal scoring categories which were hypothesized to differentiate the groups.
41 chronically ill low-back pain patients (27 women, 14 men) with a long history of work disablement (median = 2 years and 8 months) were submitted to thematic apperception testing (TAT). The tape-recorded protocols were evaluated by 2 independent, experienced clinicians well acquainted with the TAT, as well as with psychoanalytic theory and technique. The 2 evaluators judged almost all the patients as depressive, alexithymic, passive and antiaggressive with clear tendencies to reaction formation towards underlying aggressivity. Many patients were further judged as guilt-ridden with an unresolved oedipal conflict, while others had a deep oral problem with suicidal tendencies. Two of the patients were judged by both evaluators as having psychotic or prepsychotic traits. Overall interrater reliability was very high, with a correlation for the different categories between 0.50 and 0.76 (median 0.72 and p value never below 0.005). Our results indicate that one of the main characteristics of low-back pain patients is the denial of aggression. Other main features of our patients were depressivity, passivity and oral or oedipal conflicts, alexithymia and lack of internal locus of control. Also we find the TAT as a very suitable test for achieving the understanding of the complexity of the problem of pain.
The Type A behavior pattern and the inhibited power motive have been implicated in the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). Since it is widely believed that enhanced cardiovascular responsivity may be one mechanism by which individuals develop CHD, the present study examined the relationship of Type A behavior and the inhibited power motive to different patterns of cardiovascular response during two behavioral tasks. Forty-one (24 Type A's, 17 Type B's) male undergraduates underwent the Type A structured interview (SI) and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) while a broad range of cardiovascular functions were simultaneously recorded. Different patterns of cardiovascular response were observed during the SI and TAT, and Type A's showed a greater tendency than Type B's to exhibit increased heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and forearm blood flow (FBF) during the SI and the preparatory phase (but not the story-telling phase) of the TAT. The inhibited power motive was not related to enhanced cardiovascular responsivity during the SI or TAT. The implications of these findings for the development of CHD are discussed.
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This study tested the hypothesis that schizophrenics employ more developmentally immature levels of decentering in their structuring of interpersonal relations. A 9-point scale of interpersonal decentering, developed originally by Feffer, was applied to Thematic Appercetion Test stories produced by schizophrenic adolescents and a control group of psychiatrically disturbed patients equivalent in age and intellectual functioning. Results provided convincing support for the hypothesis tested and suggest the theoretical utility of viewing interpersonal deficit in schizophrenia from a cognitive-developmental perspective.
The paper deals with a pilot study of fine, slightly expressed disorders of mental activity in patients with sluggish schizophrenia. The results of themotical apperceptive tests used in these cases were thoroughly analyzed by the author. Three general types of plots, characteristic of such patients were distinguished. These features can be used in clinical practice as a supplementary diagnostical method in the evaluation of a sluggish form of schizophrenia.
20 boys aged 13 to 16 yr. and in classrooms for educationally handicapped students were studied by the TAT for adaptive functioning. Scored for pAggression, pDominance, nAggression, nAchievement, and nAutonomy, responses indicated that interactions between these disturbed adolescents and their environment were most likely to involve aggression and dominance and least apt to deal with achievement. Although IQs for all boys were average or above (M: 106), typical responses to the pictures were descriptive rather than development of a complete story. Difficulty in the expression of prediction and interpretation of personal experience was indicated.
A factorial design was used to test variations of the TAT based on racial characteristics. The subjects consisted of 135 black Southern males divided into three test groups of 45 subjects each. The M-TAT, T-TAT, or an experimental version of the TAT for blacks was group administered to each test group of 45 subjects. Each of the three test groups were further divided into three age groups of 15 subjects each designated as residents, college students or high school students. Subjects' responses to the racial characteristics and needs content across tests and age groups were examined. The data revealed: (a) subjects could distinguish the racial characteristics of black and white TAT material, (b) subjects indicated that black TAT material facilitated the writing of their stories, (c) subjects viewed the black TAT characters as more like "people in general," (d) both figure and background stimuli are important to subjects, and (e) content differences on need for achievement was found between age groups.
The aim of our work is the search of some differential psychopathologic features or categories in the personality of the heroin addict, through the application of Murray TAT. Which, we try to contrast with another contributions carried out until the present time. On the other hand, other parameters of sociolaboral and demographic character have been valued. We do not detect a structure of uniform personality, through we observe clear differences with respect to people who are not dependent on drugs. According to the results we have found, there are a larger number of psychopathologic elements in the whole of the heroin addict personality, as a greater low self-esteem, a suicidal inclination, a problematic with authority models, an evasión of aggressiveness, feelings of anxiety and quiltiness, without being a universal pattern.
The study comprised 25 patients with masked depression and 30 patients with endogenous depression. According to the general characteristics both groups were homogenous and accordingly, comparable. Together with clinical evaluation of depressive syndrome, psychological management was applied. Rorschach test, Thematic Apperception Test and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were used in the study. In the clinical picture of masked depressions somatovegetative disorders dominated and depressive behavior in endogenous depression. The frequence of suicid does not differ between patients with masked and endogenous depression.
The clinical reality of acute atypical affective psychoses is recognized by almost all psychiatrists. A total of 229 cases of atypical circular psychosis have been studied. In many of these cases the "psychodynamic mobility" of the personality, i.e., the "fixed attitude" according to Usnadse, was studied in addition to a clinical analysis. The method used for this is described, and a number of criteria for evaluation are reported. Also, the thematic apperception test and Rorschach test as well as electroencephalographic examinations have been carried out on many of the patients included in this study. The results of clinical-psychopathological and experimental-psychological examinations enable better diagnoses of acute atypical affective psychoses to be established.