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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Predictors of smoking behaviour: an application of Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour.

The aim of the present paper was to verify the basic assumptions underlying the theory of planned behaviour for the prediction of cigarette smoking intentions and behaviour among adults of the general population (study 1) and a group of pregnant women (study 2). Each study was developed based upon Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour. In both studies, baseline data was collected at home with trained interviewers and with the use of paper and pencil questionnaires. The self-report on behaviour was obtained 6 months (study 1) and between 8 and 9 months (study 2) after baseline data collection. In study 1, for smokers, perceived behavioural control, attitudes and subjective norm were explaining intention, whereas perceived behavioural control and habit were the most important predictors of behaviour. In study 2, smoker's intentions was mainly under the influence of perceived behavioural control and attitude, whereas behaviour was predicted by perceived behavioural control only. The present studies suggest that promotional programmes should help smokers to know and develop their will-power regarding non-smoking of cigarettes and should be informed of the effort required in order to modify smoking behaviour.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Critical insights on the application of the theory of planned behaviour to food handlers' food safety practices.

Foodborne diseases remain a significant public health concern, often linked to unsafe food-handling practices. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is widely used to predict and explain food safety behaviours, yet its application in this field has not been systematically and in-depth evaluated. This review evaluated how the TPB has been applied to study food handlers' behaviour, focusing on methodological approaches, use of the TACT (Target, Action, Context, and Time) framework, validity, elicitation studies, and reliability. Seventeen studies were included following a systematic search of four databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, and Taylor & Francis Online). Data were extracted on behaviour definition, aim of study, main findings, use of indirect and direct TPB measures, use of elicitation studies, internal consistency, content validation, analytical methods used, and any extensions to the original TPB framework. Key elements related to adherence to core TPB principles and measurement practices were extracted using a Checklist. Most studies used direct measures of TPB constructs, and only a few reported procedures for content validation. Considerable variability was found in the reporting of key measurement and psychometric practices. Five studies fully applied the TACT framework, while nine incorporated additional factors such as knowledge and moral norms. Elicitation studies were conducted in five cases where indirect measures were employed. Analytical approaches were mainly based on multiple linear regression, with limited use of more advanced techniques such as structural equation modeling. Twelve studies reported internal consistency results. Overall, the review highlights opportunities to strengthen methodological practices in future TPB research on food safety. Greater attention to conducting and reporting content validation, full application of the TACT framework, reporting of internal consistency, and consistent inclusion of elicitation studies when using indirect measures may enhance transparency, reinforcing the credibility and trustworthiness of research findings. A major methodological limitation of this review was that screening and data extraction were conducted by a single reviewer and no formal quality or risk-of-bias assessment of the included studies was performed. Despite these limitations, the findings provide practical guidance for the development and validation of TPB-based questionnaires and may support more robust food safety research, interventions, and policy initiatives aimed at improving food handlers' practices.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Use of attitude-behaviour models in exercise promotion.

Many studies have adopted a theoretical attitude-behaviour framework for the analysis of exercise behaviour. The most popular models include the Health Belief Model, the Protection Motivation Theory, the Social Cognitive Theory, the Theory of Reasoned Action, the Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour, and the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Aspects other than a preoccupation with health often have a strong influence upon an individual's decision whether or not to engage in exercise. Expectations of self-efficacy, attitudes towards exercising (the affective dimension), perceived barriers to exercise, and past behaviour exert strong influences upon behavioural intention, which in turn influences overt behaviour. In some instances, the variables explaining intention also exert a direct influence upon behaviour in parallel with their influence upon intention. Those promoting exercise behaviour should focus initial attention upon the habit of exercising rather than upon the development of traditional 'endurance fitness'.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1992

Determinants of intention to commit driving violations.

Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour was used to measure the attitudes and intentions of a large stratified sample of drivers (N = 881) towards four driving violations. Measures were taken of respondents' attitudes to four imaginary scenarios depicting their commission of the four violations concerned. Demographic subgroups of drivers within the sample were differentiated on the basis of their beliefs about and evaluations of their commission of the violations. We were able to identify attitude items differentiating the younger, statistically more "accident liable" drivers in the sample from their older, and statistically safer counterparts. The implications of using this approach to inform future road safety campaigns are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

A conceptual framework to study the use of nursing care plans.

Value-expectancy theory proposed by Lewin states that motivation for behaviour is based on the probability that a given action or behaviour will achieve a valued or desired outcome. Becker and Maiman elaborated on this theory and developed a model to study compliance by considering the influence of sociobehavioural determinants in the inter-relationship of motivating and modifying factors which dictate human behaviour. The Becker-Maiman framework was used to determine factors which influence the use of the nursing care plan by staff nurses. From interviews with staff nurses, surveys of nurses attending workshops on NCPs and review of literature a model was developed for use in examining the nursing care planning behaviour of nurses.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of oral health services for adults.

Evaluation is carried out to ascertain the value of something, or to compare accomplishments with some standard. Its purpose is to judge and improve the quality, effectiveness and efficiency of services. Oral health services for adults have been dominated by demand-led private practice arrangements. Classic programme evaluation, including assessment of appropriateness, adequacy, effectiveness, efficiency and side-effects has not been possible because neither objectives, nor activities to attain them have been defined. After presenting some evaluative studies of the past, this paper outlines one monitoring and evaluative strategy based on the mixed-scanning theory of planning. The strategy consists in defining a few oral health status and behavioural goals for four selected age groups of adults. Information concerning background and outcome variables is then collected at predetermined intervals of time from random samples of the adult population using a comparatively simple survey strategy. In order to keep the work-load and resource expenditure within reasonable limits, the periodic monitoring surveys would need to be supplemented by ad hoc studies for specific health services research purposes. The periodic surveys would be used to show the extent of goal attainment at predetermined points in time; the ad hoc studies for testing hypothesis about causal associations.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Position of behavior therapy among the psychiatric therapies].

In the fourth table, we have classified the most important measures of behaviour therapy: desensitivization, operating conditioning, aversive therapy and negative learning. These courses of action can play an important role in psychiatry and can enrich the therapeutic repertory through their rational use, placed in a general plan of treatment. Moreover, these methods are usually excluded from the tought theories and they do not see in the neurotic troubles a consequence of unconscious conflicts; these conflicts must become conscious again, but they must appear, then, as the result of the learning of bad behaviour.

Aversive Therapy↗
PubMed1991

The dopamine theory of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Clinical, animal and neuroanatomical studies of differential isomer and dosage effects of CNS stimulant medications on behaviour are reviewed. Wender's hypothesis that an underlying biochemical abnormality and a disorder of reinforcement was the primary deficit in "MBD" children is restated in terms of a disorder of polysynaptic dopaminergic circuits, between prefrontal and striate centres. Wender's notion of a disorder of reinforcement is broadened to include a disorder of planning and correction of behaviour, including capacity for cortical control of automatic instinctual motor programmes. The dopamine hypothesis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is examined from the point of view of differential dose effects of CNS stimulant medications, and theories of neural control. Clinical, animal and neuropharmacological studies are reviewed. Implications of the findings for understanding clinical and side effects in ADHD children of stimulants are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Dental students' views on their education and study circumstances in Nordic countries.

The curricula at the Nordic dental schools are similar in their content but may vary in the placement of different subjects and the way of teaching them. The aim of this study was to analyse Nordic dental students social background, and their reasons for choosing dentistry, their opinions on the course, and their future professional plans. A combination of an open-ended and structured questionnaire was given to final year dental students at the dental schools in Aarhus, Bergen, Kuopio and Stockholm. The response rate as 83%. The main reasons for choosing dentistry were its combination of theory and practice (29%), and a wish to work with people (20%), whereas only 4% mentioned the "high status" of the profession. Regular day-time work was emphasized by female students. Most students considered the teaching load heavy. The time devoted to the different subjects was considered sufficient, except for behavioural science and medicine, where the time was too short. There was general dissatisfaction with the teachers pedagogical skills, and there was a feeling that teaching was regarded as secondary to research. Most students planned to become private practitioners. Between 25-55% of the students wanted to specialize, and oral surgery was the most popular specialization.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Nursing theory based changes of work organisation in an ICU: effects on quality of care.

The study evaluated the effects of an organisational change programme on quality of care in a Swedish intensive care unit (ICU). The programme included: structural components e.g. converting assistant nurse positions to nurse positions; behavioural components e.g. improvements of report routines; and attitudinal components e.g. explication of what quality of care could mean in the ICU. Planning and implementation of the programme took about 1 year. Quality of care was studied on 40 patients 3 months before the intervention and on 40 patients 18 months after. An observation and question scheme was used for data collection. using Henderson's (1960) nursing model of patient's needs as point of departure. Statistically significant improvements of quality of care were noted on several observations at the postintervention assessment. Most of the improvements were noted on activities aimed at assisting the patient with basic physical needs such as breathing, nutrition, elimination, movement, sleep and rest, and avoiding dangers. No effects were noted on activities aimed at assisting the patient with psychological and spiritual needs. Discussing the results, the multimodal character of the intervention programme was believed to be a significant factor.

Clinical Nursing Research↗
PubMed1992

An examination of the implications of adopting a process approach to curriculum planning, implementation and evaluation.

A process may be seen as that which has purpose, organization and structure, facilitating an act of moving forward. Thus, a process reflects Bruner's view of education as facilitating cognitive growth and as a way in which individuals explore and gain mastery over a complex world. A process approach is not without its problems, namely in that some nursing skills require a precise, predetermined outcome best achieved by the use of behavioural objectives. A curriculum promoting growth and continued learning calls for increased funding, which may cause problems in today's financial climate. Exploration of concepts calls for careful planning of practical experience and may be difficult where supernumerary status is not fully implemented. However, a process approach may reduce the theory practice gap and lead to a reflective and proactive practitioner. On-going education of clinical staff is required and increased communication between educational and clinical staff. This approach may lead to a more holistic view of nursing education and achievement measured in not only quantitative but also qualitative terms. Solving the problems that a process approach may present may cause nursing education to be enhanced.

Attitude↗
PubMed1991

Advances in patient education in rheumatic disease.

Education of patients with arthritis began with an emphasis on conveying knowledge, grew to include behaviour change, compliance, and more general coping and management of disease and then progressed to consider physical and psychosocial health outcomes. Research continues in all these areas. Control, in many forms (locus of control, self perceived efficacy, learned helplessness), is now suggested to be a central mediating variable. Evaluation of programmes is moving away from programme v usual care towards comparison of alternative methods of delivery and matching of method to learner. The first generation of researchers in arthritis education tended to be care givers with little formal education in behavioural sciences and evaluation methodology; the programmes they designed were often empirically based. The current generation, nurtured in large part by funds from the Arthritis Foundation and the National Institutes of Health, is better trained in designing programmes grounded in behavioural sciences and educational theory. In the long run, collaborations with care givers and patients will considerably strengthen the effectiveness of education programmes for patients. A variety of educational strategies have been shown to change the knowledge, behaviour, and health of patients with arthritis for the better. Many methods seem to work, so long as the programme is planned, has a goal, and is accountable. There is much work still to be done to teach care givers to be better teachers, and patients to be better managers of their diseases, in concert with their doctors, and to focus on high risk groups. Although most work has been done with patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, many of these findings can and should be safely generalised to less studied rheumatic diseases. Finally, we need to consider the patient first as a person, and to provide education through all avenues, not just the medical care system.

Arthritis↗
PubMed1986

Thirty years of child psychology: a selective review.

A selective review of the literature in child psychology over the last 30 years reveals substantial changes in methodology, in analysis and the interpretation of findings. Evidence on the multifactorial nature of development is drawn from genetic/environmental research, longitudinal studies and a consideration of potential long-term effects of early experience, including planned intervention. It is increasingly recognized that individuals play some part in causing their own development, via ongoing transactional processes. Eight themes form the basis for discussion, including the belated emergence of Piaget's theory and the changing outlook for the mentally retarded. In addition, the explosion of research upon infancy and the growing influence of behavioural psychology are noted.

Child↗
PubMed1978

Psychiatric services in China: or, Mao versus Freud.

Reportedly, the People's Republic of China has made great progress in health care services, particularly at preventive, primary and community levels. Information on their psychiatric services is still scarce. A group of 12 health professionals visited the country for three weeks in July 1977. This paper provides a description and an analysis of the network of mental health services using a sample of one mental hospital, six general hospitals and a number of health units in cities, factories and communes. The basic principles of policy and administration are those of a collective socialism with strong central guidelines and considerable local administrative initiative. Admissions to the mental hospital in Shanghai reveal that 83% are young acute schizophrenic cases and very few are neurotic or non-psychotic. This distribution stands in great contrast with admissions to mental hospitals in the West, as is the case in Canada, where schizophrenics represent only 12% of all first admissions to mental hospitals and non-psychotic or minor conditions amount to two-thirds. An impressionistic survey of Chinese traditional medicine rooms in general hospitals revealed that a good proportion of their cases (60-70%) are diagnosed as suffering from minor organic or vague organic conditions without evidence of organic pathology and which in the West would be considered as neurotic or psychosomatic conditions. Outside the institutions, in the communes of the rural and urban areas behavioural, interpersonal and family problems are not defined specifically as mental health problems, but handled within the moral and political ideology prevalent in the country. None of the general hospitals visited had a psychiatric unit, but every patient in every hospital or health unit in the cities and countryside received a combination of traditional Chinese medicine (herbal preparations, acupuncture and moxibustion) besides the Western or modern type of treatment. Officially mental illness is not considered a major problem and it is given very low priority in medical school curricula or in the planning of health services. It is concluded that psychiatric services in China are concerned primarily with cases of psychosis and severe neurosis, that neuroses are viewed as general health problems, and personality and behaviour disorders are considered social or community matters.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Healthy family functioning: a cross-cultural appraisal.

It is increasingly recognized that rapid cultural, social, economic, and technological changes are imposing increasing stress on family structures, traditional values, and the ability to adapt to new environments in different societies. For the purposes of this paper, "healthy family functioning" is defined in terms of a family unit (however it is conceived in any given culture) effectively coping with cultural, environmental, psychosocial, and socioeconomic stresses throughout the family life cycle. While a review of international literature in the behavioural and biomedical sciences yields little data on comparative studies, there is growing awareness of the need for cooperative international research on family coping mechanisms and determinants of self-reliant communal coping behaviour, as well as more efficient utilization of already available knowledge. After consideration of methodological pitfalls of assessment procedures, there is a presentation of an evolving theory of healthy family functioning with the suggestion that studies of young married couples constitute a particularly promising vehicle for developing needed cooperative cross-cultural research.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1989

[Luria's principles for rehabilitation of patients with brain damage].

For AR Luria, the Russian neuropsychologist and medical doctor, it was of main importance to have a scientific theory as the background for his rehabilitative work with brain-damaged individuals. His belief in the plasticity of the brain and the possibility of reorganizing the functional systems responsible for psychological behaviour has led to the new discipline of neuropsychological rehabilitation. Higher cortical functions are considered social in their origin, mediated by language and conscious in their performance. They are not localized but distributed in different areas of the brain, which collaborate in concerted action. Restoration of functions disturbed by brain damage can be obtained by specific methods and at different levels. A necessary background for the rehabilitation process is a thorough analysis of the psychological characteristics of the brain damaged individual. Only on this background can effective plans be made incorporating intact functions and compensation mechanisms. An automatization and a final integration of new functions is the final goal.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗