The third age, the Third World and the third millennium.
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Age Factors↗
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The third age, the Third World and the 21st century.
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Aging↗
The third age in the Third World in the third millennium.
The international community is coming to the realization that in Third World countries the aging population is not a burden but a resource to aid society in many ways. In the Dominican Republic one program has tapped elders' resources to fill a need otherwise left gaping.
Aged↗
The third age of phage.
The third age of phage has begun with the recognition that phages may be key to the great planetary biogeochemical cycles and represent the greatest potential genetic resource in the biosphere.
Animals↗
[Social representations of the participation of third age groups in leisure activities].
The objective of this research is to study the social representations concerning the participation of third age groups in leisure activities. Thirteen individual interviews were accomplished with the co-operation of men and women over sixty-years-old in a Third Age Coexistence Center. The discourses were analyzed starting from the technique of content analysis, followed by discussion based on the Theory of Social Representations. The "marks of old age", such as, solitude, disease and lack of activity, are the reasons elderly people take part in this kind of leisure activities in the Third Age Coexistence Center. They belong to the "Third Age family" and find medicine and therapeutic assistance for the "signs of old age". The participation in leisure activities represents the "exit from rock-bottom", and brings meaning to the life of elders as well as a sense of rebirth.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Significance of specificity of Tinetti B-POMA test and fall risk factor in third age of life.
As for the third age, psychophysical abilities of humans gradually decrease, while the ability of adaptation to endogenous and exogenous burdens is going down. In 1987, "Harada" et al. (1) have found out that 9.5 million persons in USA have difficulties running daily activities, while 59% of them (which is 5.6 million) are older than 65 years in age. The study has encompassed 77 questioned persons of both sexes with their average age 71.73 +/- 5.63 (scope of 65-90 years in age), chosen by random sampling. Each patient has been questioned in his/her own home and familiar to great extent with the methodology and aims of the questionnaire. Percentage of questioned women was 64.94% (50 patients) while the percentage for men was 35.06% (27 patients). As for the value of risk factor score achieved conducting the questionnaire and B-POMA test, there are statistically significant differences between men and women, as well as between patients who fell and those who never did. As for the way of life (alone or in the community), there are no significant statistical differences. Average results gained through B-POMA test in this study are statistically significantly higher in men and patients who did not provide data about falling, while there was no statistically significant difference in the way of life. In relation to the percentage of maximum number of positive answers to particular questions, regarding gender, way of life and the data about falling, there were no statistically significant differences between the value of B-POMA test and the risk factor score (the questionnaire).
Accidental Falls↗
Reciprocity in relationships: socio-economic and health influences on intergenerational exchanges between Third Age parents and their adult children in Great Britain.
In this paper data from a nationally representative British longitudinal study are used to analyse exchanges of support between Third Age parents (aged 55-75) and their adult children. Results show that between two thirds and three quarters of parents in this age group were involved in some sort of exchange relationship with at least one of their children. Generally, more Third Age parents were providers than recipients of help, but there was a strong reciprocal element to intergenerational exchange with, for example, married parents who provided support to at least one child being twice as likely as those who did not to receive support from a child, after allowance for a range of relevant parental and child characteristics. Parental characteristics associated with higher probability of providing help included higher income, home ownership and being married or widowed rather than divorced. Higher income and home ownership were, however, negatively associated with odds of receiving help from a child, again after adjustment for other co-variates, suggesting socio-economic differences in the balance of support exchanges. Children seem responsive to parental needs in that receipt of help from a child was positively associated with older parental age and with parental disability. The paper shows that in Britain, as in the USA, the balance of intergenerational exchanges involving Third Age adults is downward rather than upward, in contravention of depictions of older adults as 'burdens' on younger generations. Current demographic and social changes are, it is argued, likely to increase support demands from adult children to Third Age parents in coming decades.
Adult↗
[The (in)visible gender of third age in nursing knowledge].
This is a bibliographic study in which a research of scientific production regarding to Woman in the Third Age was proceeded, analizing the catalogue of Dissertations and Thesis of the Center of Studies and Researches in Nursing (CEPEn) of the Brazilian Association of Nursing (ABEn) available in CD-ROM, comprising the period from 1979 to 1999. The objective was to know the removals and approaches in nursing knowledge concerning the study object from the doctorate thesis "The ageing women's knowledge and health practices in gender perspective". It was concluded that the issue of woman in the third age was investigated in few studies. In addition, those researches' objects was strongly removed from gender issues, demonstrating that sexual approach of ageing was out of consideration, as well as denial of woman's social roles.
Age Factors↗
Activities and products for the Third Age.
Designers, ergonomists and professionals with an interest in ageing were surveyed (by questionnaire) for their opinions and attitudes towards existing and potential products and services for the Third Age. They were also questioned on lifestyle expectations for their own Third Age. There is much work that needs to be done, both by ergonomists, in mapping out the needs of a changed society, and by designers, in building up an understanding of the issues and translating that understanding into guidelines, tools and strategies to underpin design in the future.
Journal Article↗
Questions for societies with "Third Age" populations. The Extension-of-Life Working Group, The Gerontological Society of America.
By 2030, the number of people aged 65 and over in the United States will total 70.2 million, 20% of the U.S. population, making the older population a major consumer of goods and services. The demands of this growing group are already affecting the medical professional, changing the mix of patients, conditions treated, and what the profession and society consider acceptable outcomes. Medical education will have to adjust to these new demands by training in the diagnosis and treatment of older persons, by equating successful management of chronic conditions with curing illnesses or fixing hurts, and by dealing with the inevitability of death. Also, however, medical education should train students to understand that the rapid aging of the population has the potential to affect almost every human and societal arrangement and every social and economic institution, raising a host of ethical, moral, scientific, social, and economic questions. The Gerontological Society of America (GSA) has convened an informal working group to explore the issues raised by the extension of human life expectancy. The multidisciplinary group, which has 13 members from academia and the GSA, held its first meeting in May 1997, when it laid out the issues to be discussed in future meetings. To help frame the discussions, the group adopted the concept of the "Third Age," a time in the life course when for most people the basic work of parenting is done, when, under current arrangements and definitions, people are not heavily relied on for production (that is, a time when people for different reasons leave paid, full-time jobs), and when few positive roles are recognized. The group's discussions will explore sets of interrelated questions raised by longer life expectancy and the larger number of older people. These questions can be considered in five general themes: the further extension of human life expectancy, research choices, societal vision and values, global aging, and economies and Third Age populations. These questions are raised in the paper, and in coming months the group will discuss their implications.
Aged↗
Membership of the University of the Third Age (U3A) and perceived well-being.
To study the perceived well-being of members of the University of the Third Age (U3A) a sample of 975 members with a mean age of 67.9 +/- 6.98 years (range 50-94) was obtained from within the Greater Sydney Metropolitan Region and administered the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Short Form 36-item (SF-36) health survey. The SF-36 assesses eight health concepts; limitations in physical activities because of health problems; limitations in social activities because of physical or emotional problems; limitations in usual role activities because of physical health problems; bodily pain; general mental health; limitations in usual role activities because of emotional problems; vitality; and general health perception. Comparisons were made with USA normative peer groups, and the U3A sample scored as well as, or better than, their American peers. It is concluded that members of U3A had better-than-average general, physical and mental health, and that membership of U3A can, even in the very elderly, assist in conferring a much more positive perception of well-being.
Activities of Daily Living↗
[Universities for the third age: development and present situation (author's transl)].
Summary of the initial impulses and concepts of the first Universities for the Third Age in France, consecutive conceptional modifications, and the specificities of their relation to the existing educational and formation structures, Propositions to discuss the genuine tasks of universities in this field under the existing necessity to cooperate with a developed system of adult education.
Aged↗
Creativity and the third age.
The paper discusses aspects of the creative process in the elderly and, indeed, in the old. After a definition of the third age, the writer goes on to discuss the nature and aims of creativity. Particular attention is paid to the roles of sexuality, regression in the service of the ego, narcissism, sublimation, the depressive position and reparation. There follows discussion on therapeutic work with creative elderly individuals.
Aged↗
Hypovitaminosis D prevalence and determinants among African American and white women of reproductive age: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.
BACKGROUND: Recent reports of rickets among African American children drew attention to the vitamin D status of these infants and their mothers. African American women are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency than are white women, but few studies have examined determinants of hypovitaminosis D in this population. OBJECTIVE: We examined the prevalence and determinants of hypovitaminosis D among African American and white women of reproductive age. DESIGN: We examined 1546 African American women and 1426 white women aged 15-49 y who were not pregnant and who participated in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Hypovitaminosis D was defined as a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration < or =37.5 nmol/L. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the independent association of dietary, demographic, and behavioral determinants of hypovitaminosis D. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was 42.4 +/- 3.1% ( +/- SE) among African Americans and 4.2 +/- 0.7% among whites. Among African Americans, hypovitaminosis D was independently associated with consumption of milk or breakfast cereal <3 times/wk, no use of vitamin D supplements, season, urban residence, low body mass index, and no use of oral contraceptives. Even among 243 African Americans who consumed the adequate intake of vitamin D from supplements (200 IU/d), 28.2 +/- 2.7% had hypovitaminosis D. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among African American women warrants further examination of vitamin D recommendations for these women. The determinants of hypovitaminosis D among women should be considered when these women are advised on dietary intake and supplement use.
Adult↗
The leisure time and the third age: the experience of a geriatric day hospital.
Leisure time represents an important part of the so-called 'successful aging' and contributes to overcome the problems related to the reduction of the social roles, favoring a better subjective adaptation to old age. In this work we observed the elderly population frequenting our Day Hospital, by estimating the affective sphere (geriatric depression scale, GDS), the autosufficiency (activity of daily living, ADL; and instrumental activity of daily living, IADL) and the schooling years in correlation with the type and length of leisure time activities during the day. These data have been compared with those of the national statistics (ISTAT). The analyses revealed a very wide diffusion of the utilization of mass media and a large interindividual differentiation of the modes of using leisure time. The correlations between the indices of affectivity and autosufficiency show an effect on the types of leisure time activities, while the scholarity of the subjects has no influence on it. These results suggest considering leisure time as an indispensable part of the relational life of elderly subjects, having an important 'valency' for the affective sphere and the individual expectations and needs.
Journal Article↗
Suicides and the third age.
The phenomenon of suicide represents a complex problem, the specific aspects of which should be examined by a multifactorial analysis, particularly in the elderly subjects. Although the research on risk factors continues to grow, only a limited knowledge is available on the biological changes increasing the risk for suicide. Similarly, limited information is at our disposal about the contributing psychosocial processes extending beyond the demographic factors. Although the best explored population is the elderly using primary care services, no proven interventions are known for the time being, although some efforts to test certain approaches reaching these older adults are under way. Apparently even more, continued efforts are needed to change the attitudes toward the mental illnesses and their treatments in general, in order to reach the older adults who are still outside of the health care services.
Aged↗
The third age of antimicrobial therapy.
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Amphotericin B↗