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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

Infusion thrombophlebitis and infection with various cannulas.

A prospective study was carried out of the frequency of thrombophlebitis and bacterial contamination of cannulas associated with four commonly used intravenous cannulas of differing length and chemical composition. For all cannulas the frequency of thrombophlebitis increased significantly with time. Long 'Teflon' cannulas were significantly more likely to be contaminated with bacteria and associated with thrombophlebitis than all other cannulas, while the low frequency of thrombophlebitis with butterfly stainless steel cannulas was shown to be due to their short duration of use. It is suggested that long teflon cannulas should be avoided and that infusion thrombophlebitis could be eliminated as a clinical problem by the use of intermittent short duration intravenous infusions.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1992

Influence of catheter type on occurrence of thrombophlebitis during peripheral intravenous nutrition.

To reduce the likelihood of thrombophlebitis during intravenous feeding through a peripheral vein, the osmolality of the solution is usually reduced by disproportionately raising the lipid content and lowering the carbohydrate, electrolyte, and aminoacid concentrations. The possibility that delivery system rather than feed is the main influence on the development of thrombophlebitis was examined in a randomised comparison of a fine-bore silicone catheter against a short 'Teflon' cannula. The nutrient solution given through a peripheral vein was a standard feed used for infusion into a central vein (osmolality 1250 mOsmol/kg, 13 g nitrogen, 200 g glucose [800 kcal], and lipid emulsion [1000 kcal]). 27 patients received the infusion through a fine-bore silicone rubber catheter (diameter 23 G, length 15 cm) and 23 through a teflon catheter (diameter 20 G, length 3.2 cm). The median duration of feeding was 5 days in each of the two groups. Thrombophlebitis developed in all patients in the teflon group but in only 2 (7%) of the silicone group. The first silicone catheter for a patient lasted a median of 128.5 h, compared with 40 h for the first teflon cannula (p less than 0.001). The results show that when a nutrient solution of osmolality 1250 mOsmol/kg is delivered through a peripheral vein with an ultrafine-bore silicone catheter, the risk of thrombophlebitis is low. For many patients intravenous feeding may thus be given through a peripheral instead of a central vein without compromising the nutritional adequacy of the feed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Thrombophlebitis after intravenous use of anesthesia and sedation: its incidence and natural history.

A number of technical and clinical conditions reportedly associated with diazepam-related thrombophlebitis were investigated. Diazepam alone and in combination with fentanyl and methohexital was administered intravenously to 519 healthy, predominantly young adult patients undergoing routine oral surgery for removal of third molars. Indirect evidence is provided to show that two slightly different vasculopathies are involved: thrombophlebitis, in which pain and induration are both present but in which there is a slight delay in the time of inception of the condition; and phlebothrombosis, in which the reaction is almost immediate but pain is not significant and induration of the vein is the predominant feature. The overall incidence was 2.3% for thrombophlebitis and 9.8% for phlebothrombosis. There were four significant variables associated with phlebothrombosis: use of tobacco, use of oral contraceptives, multiple injections of diazepam, and pain during injection. The only significant variable associated with thrombophlebitis was the site of injection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Infusion thrombophlebitis in a surgical department.

In hospitals where 5% glucose is the solution most often infused, the incidence of thrombophlebitis has been found to be 27-43%. In an attempt to reduce this incidence, the following principles for the administration of intravenous solutions were established in a surgical department: (1) No cannula to be placed in the same vein for continuous infusion for a period of more than 24 hours, (2) All sugar solutions to be neutralized with a phosphate buffer. (3) The thinnest possible cannulas are to be used. (4) Vein irritant solutions to be given as quickly as permissible. (5) Veins with the largest diameter to be used first. These principles were adhered to for a period of 4 months. The daily infusion period was 11-14 hours. Of 196 patients who received infusions for a total of 529 days, infusion thrombophlebitis developed in 6.1% (3-10%). 113 of these patients received (among other solutions) 1000-2000 ml 10% invertose per day. This solution was given for an average of 4 days. 9.7% (5-17%) of the patients in this group developed infusion thrombophlebitis. No patient had more than one episode of infusion thrombophlebitis.

Buffers↗
PubMed1977

Studies of the effects of estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, thrombophlebitis, and typhoid vaccine on synthesis and catabolism of antithrombin III in the dog.

Effects of estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, thrombophlebitis and typhoid vaccine on the synthesis and catabolism of antithrombin III (AT) in dogs were studied, using I-125-labeled AT (I-125-AT) as a tracer. Five dogs were used for each study. A single intramuscular injection of 20 mg estradiol caused a 20% decrease of plasma AT concentration in 6 days without appreciable changes in the plasma half-lives of I-125-AT but with a significant decrease in the fractional catabolic rate of I-125-AT(j3u). A single intramuscular injection of 250 mg progesterone did not produce any appreciable changes of plasma AT concentration, the plasma half-lives of I-125-AT or j3u. On the other hand, intravenous and intramuscular injections of a total of 750 mg cortisol caused a 17% increase of plasma AT concentration in a day after the injections without alterations of the plasma half-lives of I-125-AT or j3u. Next, thrombophlebitis was produced in dogs by a single intravenous injection of 1 ml 90% phenol into a leg vein occluded for 1 min by a gauze tourniquet and the effects of thrombophlebitis were studied. The results indicated that it did not cause appreciable changes of plasma AT concentration, the plasma half-lives of I-125-AT or j3u. However, studies of the effects of a single intravenous injection of 3 ml typhoid vaccine showed a 25% decrease of plasma AT concentration in a day after the injection with a moderate acceleration of the decline rate of plasma I-125-AT and a 14% increase in j3u values. Further studies in heparinized dogs showed similar effects with typhoid vaccine. These results indicate that estradiol causes a decreased rate of AT synthesis, that progesterone has no appreciable effects on AT metabolism, that cortisol increases the rate of AT synthesis, that localized thrombophlebitis has no appreciable effects on AT metabolism and that typhoid vaccine causes an increased j3u by unknown mechanisms which is not an accelerated coagulation process.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Iliofemoral thrombophlebitis associated with central nervous system pathology.

It is very uncommon for acute thrombophlebitis to develop in children without an identifiable predisposing cause. During a ten year period at a children's hospital, central nervous system disease was observed in four of eight children with iliofemoral thrombophlebitis. This association suggests that a thorough neurologic evaluation should be carried out in any child with acute thrombophlebitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

Comparison of thrombophlebitis associated with three cephalosporin antibiotics.

A double-blind study with volunteers was performed to determine the incidence and severity of thrombophlebitis associated with cephalothin, cephapirin, cefamandole, and a water control. Although there were no statistical differences in the incidence of thrombophlebitis, cephalothin resulted in significantly more severe thrombophlebitis compared with the other agents.

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed1979

Thrombophlebitis associated with vitamin E therapy. With a commentary on other medical side effects.

I have encountered 50 patients with clinical thrombophlebitis involving the lower extremites, with or without associated edema and pulmonary embolism, in whom longstanding self-medication with large amounts of vitamin E appeared to be a significant factor. The majority improved following cessation of vitamin E. In view of the epidemic nature of thrombophlebitis and deep vein thrombosis in the United States, the presumed innocuousness of vitamin E therapy requires reevaluation. Other clinical side effects also have been noted in patients receiving large doses of vitamin E. They include breast tenderness, elevation of blood pressure, a fatigue syndrome, myopathy, intestinal cramps, urticaria, and the possible aggravation of diabetes mellitus. The influence of concomitant metabolic, endocrine, and cardiovascular disorders on the thrombogenic potential of vitamin E is raised, and several possible mechanisms conducive to thrombophlebitis are reviewed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the symptomatic management of thrombophlebitis.

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) afforded significant relief of the pain associated with acute and recurrent thrombophlebitis in 90% of 39 patients so treated. The method is simple to administer, noninvasive, and apparently free of side effects. It can be self-administered by the patient after appropriate instruction. TENS can be given in conjunction with analgesics, anticoagulant therapy, and other supportive measures to achieve greater relief and mobility in patients with thrombophlebitis whose occupations and other activities are severely limited by their pain. Further clinical trials involving larger numbers of patients, and clarification of the analgesic mechanisms involved, are warranted because of the magnitude of this problem. TENS therapy can be uniquely beneficial in certain clinical situations. They include the contraindication of conventional treatments for the pain of thrombophlebitis, pelvic vein phlebitis, and the presence of concomitant painful orthopedic and neurologic disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Importance of calf vein thrombophlebitis.

Fifty-four patients with phlebogram-proven deep vein thrombophlebitis limited to the tibial and popliteal veins were studied for evidence of pulmonary embolism, both symptomatic and silent. All but two patients were symptomatic of either phlebitis or embolism. Pulmonary embolism, as judged by lung scan defects with V-Q imbalance, changing serial scans, or positive pulmonary angiograms were found in 50%. Popliteal thrombi had an embolism incidence of 66%, whereas tibial thrombi had a 33% incidence. Emboli from the popliteal veins were more extensive than were tibial emboli. Forty-five percent of all emboli were silent. Bilateral phlebitis was accompanied by a 75% incidence of pulmonary embolism. Emboli from tibial veins were minor in five of nine instances, but three instances involved 20% or more of total lung volume and one involved over 40% of total lung volume. These results support the belief that popliteal thrombophlebitis merits anticoagulant therapy. They also suggest caution in the management of tibial vein phlebitis. Objective tests are recommended to monitor for pulmonary embolism and for propagation of the thrombus before deciding to withhold anticoagulants in tibial thrombophlebitis.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

[Treatment of acute thrombophlebitis of the lower limbs with long-term intraosseous drug infusions].

Under analysis are the results obtained in 62 patients with acute thrombophlebitis of lower extremities treated by prolonged intraosseous heparin-penicillin blockade. The acute inflammatory phenomena along the veins subsided within 2-6 days. The complete cure was observed 1,5-6,5 days earlier in cases with superficial thrombophlebitis and 4-15 days earlier in profound thrombophlebitis as compared with control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Baker's cysts and true thrombophlebitis. Report of two cases and review of the literature.

We describe two patients who had knee pain and were found to have the unusual combination of a Baker's cyst and true thrombophlebitis. Since Baker's cysts can dissect along the gastrocnemius, they can cause leg pain and simulate thrombophlebitis, but they do not require anticoagulation therapy. Most of the literature implies that the two syndromes are mutually exclusive; however, our cases lend support to the fact that a dissecting popliteal cyst does not rule out the possibility of thrombophlebitis. Venography should be performed if there is any doubt as to the diagnosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

A ten year study of heparin therapy for thrombophlebitis in ambulatory patients.

During the past ten years, we have observed 407 patients with thrombophlebitis using a standardized outpatient regimen including subcutaneously self-administered heparin therapy. A definite protocol for tapering and discontinuing anticoagulants was applied which allows a correlation between duration of heparin administration, decreasing heparin resistance and symptomatic improvement. In acute and subacute thrombophlebitis, this method induced symptomatic resolution within less than two months in half of the patients and within less than six months in 78%. The number of recurrences during the follow-up period was acceptable and the frequency of complications minimal. We conclude that, except in the most severe, toxic instances of thrombophlebitis or in suspected pulmonary embolism, hospitalization--complete bedrest and intravenously administered anticoagulants--is unnecessary and wasteful.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

Differential diagnosis of the thrombophlebitis.

Thrombophlebitis is a disease which is increasing in incidence because of increased longevity and because the effect on the clotting factor by modern drugs is difficult to diagnose, and the rate of accuracy in clinical diagnosis seldom exceeds 50%. In this paper, the authors present a clinical review of thrombophlebitis and discuss clinical findings of other diseases which may mimic thrombophlebitis. It is their hope that their findings may help practitioners to diagnose the disease with a greater degree of accuracy.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1978

Renal allograft rupture with iliofemoral thrombophlebitis.

Spontaneous rupture of a renal allograft in the early posttransplant period is associated with tachycardia, hypotension, oliguria, swelling, pain, a falling hematocrit level, and tenderness at the transplant site. Occasionally, the ruptured allograft can be saved by control of the hemorrhage. Deep vein thrombophlebitis, a common occurrence after prolonged surgery and cortocosteroid therapy, is less common in renal allograft transplantation, but may be associated with renal vein thrombosis. The simultaneous occurrence of deep vein thrombophlebitis, renal vein thrombosis, and allograft rupture contraindicates anticoagulent therapy. We present a patient in whom ipsilateral deep vein thrombophlebitis developed eight days after a cadaveric renal allograft, followed in two days by hypotension, a falling hematocrit level, oliguria, and a painfall mass at the allograft site. Surgical exploration revealed a ruptured allograft with iliofemoral and renal vein thrombosis and profuse hemorrhage. A transplant nephrectomy was performed.

Female↗
PubMed1992

Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory gel for the prevention of peripheral vein thrombophlebitis. A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in normal subjects.

A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study was undertaken to determine whether topical application of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory gel to skin overlying peripheral vein cannula sites has a role in reducing the incidence or delaying the onset of peripheral vein thrombophlebitis. Fifty normal subjects had intravenous cannulae placed in right and left arms. Subjects were randomised to receive twice daily application of either active nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory gel or placebo gel to each cannula site. Cannula sites were observed and signs and symptoms of inflammation recorded up to 108 h. If any site had signs extending beyond 2 cm then the cannula was removed. Cannula sites that had 'active' gel applied had half the incidence of marked signs at 108 h (44% vs 22%, p less than 0.05). These results suggest that local application of topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory gel to cannula sites may have a significant role to play in the prevention of peripheral vein thrombophlebitis.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1977

Idiopathic recurrent superficial thrombophlebitis: treatment with fibrinolytic enhancement.

Sixteen patients with idiopathic recurrent superficial thrombophlebitis were shown to have a defect of blood and tissue fibrinolytic activity. After six months' treatment with stanozolol their mean dilute blood clot lysis time and plasma fibrinogen fell significantly and the mean fibrin plate lysis area increased. Attacks of thrombophlebitis stopped completely in 13 patients, though five patients later suffered recurrences and phenformin had to be added to their treatment. Fibrinolytic enhancement with stanozolol seems to be effective in this previously intractable condition, and regular blood studies will indicate which patients also need phenformin.

Adult↗