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PubMed2025

Comparison of stress tolerance mechanisms between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the multistress-tolerant Pichia kudriavzevii.

Yeasts play a vital role in both research and industrial biomanufacturing. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been extensively utilized as a model system. However, its application is often constrained by limited tolerance to the diverse stress conditions encountered in bioprocesses. These challenges have driven increasing interest in nonconventional, multistress-tolerant yeasts as alternative biomanufacturing hosts. This review highlights Pichia kudriavzevii as a promising nonconventional yeast for industrial applications. Unlike S. cerevisiae, P. kudriavzevii exhibits exceptional tolerance to high temperatures, elevated concentrations of furanic and phenolic inhibitors, osmotic stress, salinity, and extreme pH. These traits make it an attractive candidate for industrial processes without requiring extensive genetic modifications to enhance stress resistance. As a result, P. kudriavzevii has emerged as a flagship species for advancing bioeconomy. Despite its industrial potential, the molecular mechanisms underlying P. kudriavzevii's superior stress tolerance remain poorly understood. This review compiles current knowledge on P. kudriavzevii and compares its stress tolerance mechanisms with those of S. cerevisiae, providing insights into its innate resilience. By expanding our understanding of nonconventional yeasts, this review aims to facilitate their broader adoption as robust microbial platforms for industrial biomanufacturing.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae↗

PubMed2026

Acyloxyacyl Hydrolase-Mediated Lipopolysaccharide Inactivation Limits Macrophage Endotoxin Tolerance and Promotes Inflammation and Fibrosis in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, a chronic liver disease, is characterized by persistent low-grade inflammation, partially driven by gut-derived lipopolysaccharide. Although repeated lipopolysaccharide exposure can induce endotoxin tolerance in innate immune cells, its role in chronic liver diseases remains unclear. Acyloxyacyl hydrolase is an endogenous enzyme that inactivates lipopolysaccharide, potentially modulating this process. We aimed to investigate how acyloxyacyl hydrolase regulates endotoxin tolerance in Kupffer cells and how this affects hepatic inflammation and fibrosis during metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis progression. METHODS: Acyloxyacyl hydrolase-deficient mice and wild-type controls were subjected to multiple dietary metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis models. Inflammatory responses, fibrosis, and transcriptomic changes in liver tissues and isolated Kupffer cells were analyzed. Endotoxin tolerance was modulated through β-glucan administration or lipopolysaccharide preconditioning. Lipopolysaccharide bioactivity was assessed using Toll-like receptor 4-reporter cell assays. RESULTS: Lipopolysaccharide-preconditioned Kupffer cells exhibited reduced proinflammatory cytokine production and transcriptional suppression of inflammatory pathways, indicating tolerance. Despite slight elevation of plasma lipopolysaccharide levels in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, upregulation of hepatic acyloxyacyl hydrolase positively correlated with disease severity, suggesting enhanced lipopolysaccharide inactivation but impaired establishment of tolerance. In contrast, acyloxyacyl hydrolase-deficient Kupffer cells displayed reinforced endotoxin tolerance, leading to diminished hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Reversal of tolerance using β-glucan reactivated inflammatory and fibrogenic responses in acyloxyacyl hydrolase-deficient mice, whereas tolerance induction by low-dose lipopolysaccharide preconditioning mitigated metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis pathology, supporting the protective role of macrophage tolerance in chronic liver injury. CONCLUSIONS: Endotoxin tolerance in Kupffer cells represents a protective mechanism against chronic liver inflammation and fibrosis. Acyloxyacyl hydrolase regulates this state by limiting bioactive lipopolysaccharide, thereby modulating the establishment of endotoxin tolerance and downstream inflammatory and fibrotic responses. Enhancing macrophage tolerance by utilizing lipopolysaccharide may offer a novel therapeutic avenue to control the progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.

AOAH↗

PubMed2026

DeepLabCut-based automated system reveals diverse temperature tolerance among medaka strains and related Oryzias species.

Temperature is a critical environmental factor influencing the physiology and behavior of ectothermic animals, yet conventional methods for evaluating thermal tolerance in fish rely on subjective manual observation of loss of equilibrium (LOE), limiting experimental throughput and introducing observer bias. Here, we developed an automated temperature tolerance evaluation system integrating DeepLabCut-based pose estimation with custom image processing algorithms to objectively quantify the timing of LOE during thermal stress tests. Our system incorporated region partitioning and color transformation preprocessing to improve keypoint detection accuracy, followed by a classification model combining ResNet34-based frame features with keypoint coordinates to objectively determine the timing of LOE without manual observation. Validation against manual annotation showed that the automated system achieved an accuracy comparable to the natural variability between trained investigators, and outperformed naive human observers, supporting its validity as an objective and reproducible alternative to manual scoring. Using this system, we characterized cold and heat tolerance across six medaka strains (Oryzias latipes: d-rR/TOKYO, HB11A, OK-Cab, HO5 and HdrR-II1; O. sakaizumii: HNI-II). Cold and heat tolerance assessment revealed inter-strain variation, with HdrR-II1 among the most cold- and heat-tolerant strains and HNI-II the least tolerant of both cold and heat stress. We further evaluated cold tolerance in medaka-related species (O. sinensis, O. cabaranensis, O. curvinotus, O. luzonensis, O. celebensis, and O. javanicus) and zebrafish (Danio rerio), revealing substantial interspecific variation that broadly corresponded with latitudinal distribution. O. latipes, distributed at the highest latitudes among the tested species, exhibited the greatest cold tolerance, whereas O. celebensis, O. javanicus, and other tropical or low-latitude species showed comparatively low cold tolerance. Our automated system provides a robust, high-throughput platform for thermal tolerance evaluation and, combined with the genetic and genomic resources available in medaka, establishes a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying temperature adaptation in fish.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Preliminary mapping of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) tolerance genes to the English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae Fabricius) by genome-wide association study.

Six Sitobion avenae-tolerant wheat accessions, mapped 110 associated SNPs and six candidate genes were identified, providing valuable genetic resources for breeding wheat with tolerance to S. avenae. Wheat tolerance to the English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) is rarely incorporated into integrated pest management strategies for wheat fields. The scarcity of tolerant accession and insufficient mapping of tolerance-related gene are key limiting factors. To address these gaps, 640 wheat accessions were evaluated for S. avenae tolerance, combined with genome-wide association study (GWAS) and qPCR validation. Six wheat accessions with stable tolerance were identified: Lerma Rojo 64, AC Vista, Hanxuan 10, Zimai, Ningnuomai 1, Louguding. A total of 110 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci associated with tolerance to S. avenae were mapped, and six candidate genes (TraesCS2D03G0041800, TraesCS2Dnew048215, TraesCS2D03G0046300, TraesCS6B03G0655800, TraesCS2Dnew048223, TraesCS2D03G0040800) were examined for transcriptional responses following aphid infestation via qRT-PCR. These genes are involved in cellular redox homeostasis, ADP-binding-mediated defense, and photosystem II (PSII) functionality. This study provides valuable genetic resources for breeding wheat with tolerance to S. avenae and lays a foundation for subsequent functional validation of these tolerance genes and its molecular mechanism exploration.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Integrated multi-omics analysis of fluoroquinolone tolerance mechanisms induced by enrofloxacin in Pasteurella multocida.

BACKGROUND: The global prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has been rising at an alarming rate, posing a serious threat to both human and animal health. However, the mechanisms by which bacteria acquire antibiotic tolerance and subsequently develop resistance remain incompletely understood. METHODS: In this study, Pasteurella multocida, a common pathogen in the animal husbandry industry, was exposed to enrofloxacin, and genome resequencing, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses were performed to elucidate the adaptive mechanisms of P. multocida under fluoroquinolone-induced stress. RESULTS: Compared with the wild-type strain, the enrofloxacin-tolerant strain exhibited an extended lag phase, a prolonged logarithmic phase, reduced sensitivity to polymyxin B, reduced biofilm formation, and an elongated cellular morphology. Multi-omics analysis revealed a deletion in the dusB gene of the tolerant strain, resulting in a truncated non-functional protein. The deletion of dusB enhanced tolerance by prolonging the lag phase and reducing the growth rate. Moreover, the expression of genes in the CAMP pathway was up-regulated, and deletion of cpxR further promoted tolerance by modulating ribosome-associated genes. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses indicated activation of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle during tolerance development. CONCLUSION: This study identified dusB and cpxR as key genes mediating enrofloxacin tolerance in P. multocida, elucidated the association between the antibiotic tolerance, growth, and gene expression, and may provide potential targets for future strategies aimed at limiting tolerance-associated resistance development.

Enrofloxacin↗

PubMed2025

Effect of transgene on salt tolerance of tobacco.

To explore the effects of salt-tolerance gene accumulation on salt tolerance in transgenic plant, we used four types of plant expression vector (N27, N28, N29, and N30) carrying mtlD, mtlD + gutD, mtlD + gutD + BADH, mtlD + gutD + BADH + sacB genes respectively, to transform tobacco through Agrobacterium-mediated method. Transgenic lines were identified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection. Transgenic lines and non-transgenic plant (CK) were subjected to 6‰ sodium chloride solution stress; then, fluorescence quantitative PCR (FQ-PCR) and salt tolerance indexes were used to assess characteristics. PCR showed the exogenous genes had been integrated into the tobacco genome. FQ-PCR showed under clean water treatment the target genes were expressed in all transgenic plants at the transcriptional level. The transcript abundances of target genes changed with the number of genes increased, and improved following salt stress. Comparative analyses of salt tolerance indexes showed height growth, biomass (except for N29), chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, Fv/Fm, and PI of all transgenic plants and CK were lower under salt stress than under clean water treatment, to varying degrees. However, the descent ratio was smaller in transgenic plants. A comprehensive evaluation of multiple salt-tolerance indicators performed using the membership function method showed the average salt tolerance of each vector transgenic line was higher than that of CK, and salt tolerance was greater in transgenic polyvalent gene lines than in transgenic monovalent gene lines. The average salt tolerance was N29 > N28 > N30 > N27 > CK. This study provides a theoretical and practical reference for salt tolerance breeding in other plants.

Plants, Genetically Modified↗

PubMed2025

Integrated 16 S rRNA and transcriptome analysis reveal molecular and microbial mechanisms of cold-tolerant germination in hulless barley.

BACKGROUND: Elucidating the mechanisms underlying cold-tolerant germination is crucial for enhancing crop resilience to low temperatures. Hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste L.), with remarkable natural cold adaptation, serves as an ideal model to study cold stress tolerance mechanisms in gramineous crops. In this study, cold-tolerant variety 37 and cold-sensitive variety 44 were screened and used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of cold-tolerant germination, via seed germination assays, combined with phytohormone determination, transcriptome sequencing and 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing. RESULTS: Low temperature significantly inhibited hulless barley seed germination: the germination rate of cold-sensitive variety 44 decreased by 69%, while that of cold-tolerant variety 37 only decreased by 2%. Transcriptome analysis identified 2,647 and 2,392 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in variety 37 and 44, respectively. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed a green module significantly positively correlated with gibberellic acid (GA) content, containing 10 core genes such as late embryogenesis abundant protein (LEA) and Homeobox genes. 16 S rRNA sequencing showed that the cold-tolerant variety 37 had enriched abundances of dominant endophytes including Sphingomonas and Pelomonas, with correlation coefficients of 0.70 and 0.87 with GA content, respectively. Additionally, exogenous GA treatment significantly increased germination rates under cold stress by 176.67% in cold-sensitive variety 44. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that the enhanced cold tolerance of hulless barley during seed germination originates from the synergistic interaction between beneficial endophytes (Sphingomonas, Pelomonas), GA, and core genes (e.g., LEA, Homeobox). Exogenous GA application can significantly restore the germination ability of cold-sensitive varieties. These findings provide a critical theoretical basis for improving cold tolerance in hulless barley germplasm.

Hordeum↗

PubMed2026

Development of molecular markers associated with saline-alkali tolerance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.).

A total of 947 saline-alkaline tolerance-related molecular markers and a 5K cGPS genotyping chipwere developed, providing practical tools for marker-assisted selection and molecular design breeding of saline-alkaline-tolerant rapeseed. Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) has relatively strong tolerance to saline-alkaline stress and shows great potential for the sustainable utilization and improvement of saline-alkaline soils. However, the breeding of highly tolerant cultivars still mainly depends on conventional hybridization combined with phenotype-based selection, which constrains breeding efficiency. In this study, previously reported saline-alkaline tolerance-related genes from rapeseed, rice, maize, wheat, sorghum, and Arabidopsis were collected. Candidate gene-based association analysis enabled the development of molecular markers and a genotyping chip. A total of 483 significantly associated genes were identified, among which 355 genes contained favorable haplotypes. Molecular markers were successfully developed for 275 genes, including 746 KASP and 201 InDel marker pairs, and four marker pairs were randomly selected for validation. In addition, a 5K cGPS liquid-phase chip (HZSW-cGPS-BRNAP-04), was developed and showed a high call rate and excellent reproducibility in genotyping. These markers and the chip are expected to improve the breeding efficiency of saline-alkaline-tolerant rapeseed cultivars. Overall, this study provides useful tools for early-generation evaluation and marker-assisted selection (MAS), and provides a foundation for molecular design breeding of saline-alkali-tolerant rapeseed.

Brassica napus↗

PubMed2026

Transcription factor LbUBC positively regulates salt gland development and salt tolerance by directly binding to the LbTTG1 promoter and repressing its transcription.

KEY MESSAGE：: LbUBC enhances salt tolerance by promoting salt gland development via repressing LbTTG1, revealing a synergisticregulatory mechanism in Limonium bicolor. In the context of increasingly severe soil salinization, salt-tolerant genetic resources from halophytes show great application potential. In particular, the recretohalophyte Limonium bicolor, which possesses specialized salt gland structures, has become a key model for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance and salt gland development. In this study, using LbTTG1-overexpressing and -silenced lines, we demonstrate that LbTTG1 negatively regulates salt-gland development and salt tolerance. Through yeast one-hybrid, EMSA, and dual-luciferase assays, Lb7G33228 (LbUBC) was screened and verified as an upstream transcriptional regulator of LbTTG1. LbUBC enhances salt tolerance in L. bicolor by positively regulating salt-gland development, verified using LbUBC silence and overexpression strains. Interestingly, LbUBC represses the expression of its downstream target LbTTG1, thereby releasing the inhibitory effect of LbTTG1 on salt-gland development. In this manner, LbUBC positively regulates salt-gland development, achieving a dynamic balance in the regulation of salt-gland development and salt tolerance in L. bicolor. This study reveals a synergistic regulatory mechanism involving multiple genes, offering new insights for comprehensively dissecting the molecular regulatory network of salt-gland development.

Salt Tolerance↗

PubMed2026

Analyzing salinity tolerance in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): Insights from genome-wide association study and genomic selection.

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is one of the most widely cultured freshwater fish species globally. However, the expansion of its farming scale faces severe limitation owing to freshwater scarcity; therefore, the development of strains with greater salinity tolerance is key for expanding production using brackish water resources. To investigate the genetic basis of salinity tolerance in grass carp, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using 200 individuals representing extreme phenotypes, namely salinity-tolerant and salinity-sensitive groups. In total, 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to salinity tolerance were detected, which were distributed across 11 chromosomes. Through gene annotation, 38 candidate genes were obtained from these loci. Enrichment analysis revealed these candidate genes are primarily implicated in key biological processes, including osmotic regulation, energy metabolism, and stress responses. Analyses of different SNP densities revealed that the 5 K SNP density panel can balance prediction accuracy and computational efficiency. The BayesA model achieved the highest prediction accuracy under the GWAS_Evenly selection strategy, with substantial reductions in mean absolute error and mean square error. This study reveals the genetic mechanisms of salinity tolerance in grass carp, which might be optimized through genomic selection, and provides insights for selectively breeding new varieties with greater salinity tolerance.

Animals↗

PubMed2025

Comprehensive profiling of lysine lactylation in Candida albicans and exploratory analysis of fluconazole tolerance associations.

UNLABELLED: Candida albicans is the primary pathogen of invasive candidiasis in most regions worldwide, but the therapy options for C. albicans infections are limited, and drug tolerance further exacerbates the treatment challenges. Lysine lactylation (Kla), a recently identified post-translational modification (PTM), is observed in numerous organisms; however, the role of Kla in C. albicans remains unknown. Hence, we report the first proteomic analysis of this specific modification in C. albicans and discuss its potential roles in drug tolerance of C. albicans. Altogether, 7,233 lactylation sites on 1,608 lactylated proteins were identified in C. albicans, with the highest degree of lactylation among the species studied so far. The further bioinformatics analysis revealed that the lactylated proteins were implicated in a variety of cellular functions with diverse subcellular localizations. Additionally, we found a unique survival mode of tolerant cells in the presence of fluconazole, which will be subject to a more thorough investigation in our future studies. This paper is the first report on the lactylome of Candida spp. and provides a reliable foundation for further research on Kla in C. albicans and other human pathogens. IMPORTANCE: This is the first report on the lactylome of Candida spp., and it provides some valuable insights for further research on lactylation in C. albicans and other human pathogens. Moreover, the observations in tolerant cells have prompted plausible hypotheses regarding the potential role of lactylation in mediating C. albicans tolerance to fluconazole, thereby offering a conceptual framework for subsequent investigations. Notably, fungal tolerance to azoles, a concept distinct from resistance, represents a critical phenomenon in C. albicans with profound clinical implications, as it directly correlates with therapeutic failure and persistent infections.

Candida albicans↗

PubMed2026

Identification and analysis of HD-ZIP transcription factors that regulate salt gland development and salt tolerance in Limonium bicolor.

Soil salinity severely constrains agricultural production. Elucidating the salt-tolerance mechanisms of halophytes can provide innovative approaches for improving the salt tolerance of crop plants. In this study, we performed genome-wide identification and analysis of 36 LbHDZ genes encoding homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) transcription factors in Limonium bicolor, a typical recretohalophyte that excretes excess salt ions through specialized salt glands. Expression profiling across different stages of salt gland development, as well as in various tissues under salt stress, indicated that multiple LbHDZ genes are involved in regulating salt gland development and salt tolerance. Among these genes, LbHDZ14 (a member of the HD-ZIP II subfamily) exhibited sustained high expression during the critical period of salt gland formation, while its transcript levels were significantly downregulated in leaves and roots under salt stress. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that LbHDZ14 is localized in the nucleus and negatively regulates salt gland density and salt tolerance by directly binding to the promoter of LbGDSL, a positive regulator of salt gland development. In conclusion, this study reveals the expression patterns of LbHDZ genes in L. bicolor, characterizes the functional mechanism of LbHDZ14, further elucidates the regulatory network underlying salt gland development, and provides candidate genes for enhancing crop salt tolerance.

Plumbaginaceae↗

PubMed2025

Staphylococcus aureus COL: An Atypical Model Strain of MRSA That Exhibits Slow Growth and Antibiotic Tolerance due to a Mutation in PRPP Synthetase.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been a pathogen of global concern since its emergence in the 1960s. As one of the first MRSA strains isolated, COL has become a common model strain of S. aureus. Here we report that COL is, in fact, an atypical strain of MRSA that exhibits slow growth and multidrug tolerance. Genomic analysis identified three mutated genes in COL (rpoB, gltX and prs) with links to tolerance. Allele swapping experiments between COL and the closely-related, nontolerant Newman strain uncovered a complex interplay between these genes. However, Prs (phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate [PRPP] synthetase) accounted for most of the growth and tolerance phenotype of COL. Biochemical and transcriptomic analysis revealed that COL does not exhibit slow growth as a result of partial stringent response activation, as previously proposed. Instead, the COL Prs mutation greatly reduces the PRPP synthetase activity of the enzyme and leads to downregulation of pyrimidine, histidine, and tryptophan synthesis, three pathways that rely on PRPP. Overall, our findings indicate that COL is an atypical, antibiotic-tolerant strain of MRSA whose isolation predates the previous first report of tolerance among clinical isolates. Characterization of clinical Prs mutations and their relationship with tolerance requires further investigation.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus↗

PubMed2025

The SlWRKY39-SlZF61 module synergistically regulates SlGSTU42 to enhance low-temperature tolerance in tomato.

Low-temperature stress affects plant growth, and WRKY transcription factors alleviate such damage by regulating downstream genes. This study found that tomato SlWRKY39 significantly responds to low temperatures: its overexpression enhances seedling low-temperature tolerance by promoting ROS scavenging, while knockout exacerbates ROS accumulation and increases sensitivity to low temperatures. Transcriptome analysis indicated induction of glutathione metabolic pathway genes in slwrky39 plants under low-temperature stress. Y1H, EMSA, and Dual-LUC experiments confirmed that SlWRKY39 specifically binds to and activates the SlGSTU42 promoter; silencing SlGSTU42 attenuated the low-temperature tolerance conferred by SlWRKY39 overexpression, verifying that SlWRKY39 improves low-temperature tolerance via direct regulation of SlGSTU42. Additionally, SlZF61 interacts with SlWRKY39, enhancing its regulatory effect on SlGSTU42. SlZF61 overexpression strengthens low-temperature tolerance, while knockout increases sensitivity to low temperatures. In summary, under low-temperature stress, SlWRKY39 and SlZF61 are upregulated expression in tomato; SlWRKY39 binds to the SlGSTU42 promoter, and SlZF61 interacts with SlWRKY39 to form a protein complex, enhancing this binding. They synergistically activate SlGSTU42 transcription, thereby improving seedling low-temperature tolerance by scavenging ROS. This coordinated regulatory mechanism provides a new theoretical basis and practical insights for enhancing tomato low-temperature tolerance and ensuring stable production under low-temperature stress conditions.

Solanum lycopersicum↗

PubMed2026

Discovery of specific rhizosphere bacteria Rhodanobacter involved in KAI2-mediated drought tolerance in Arabidopsis.

The KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2) receptor has been reported to contribute to drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. However, the extent to which KAI2's function in drought tolerance depends on soil microbiota remains unclear. This study demonstrates that the rhizosphere microbiome is indispensable for KAI2-mediated drought tolerance. We isolated specific Rhodanobacter sp. and confirmed its role in enhancing drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. Notably, Rhodanobacter sp. was found to specifically secrete the key isoflavone daidzin. We found that daidzin had a similar function with KAI2 agonist, desmethyl-type germinone, and induced interaction between KAI2 and SUPRESSOR OF MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 1. Moreover, the exogenous application of daidzin enhanced drought tolerance by modulating the expression of karrikin response and drought-related genes, in a KAI2-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that the rhizosphere microbiome plays a crucial role in facilitating KAI2-mediated drought tolerance in Arabidopsis, with Rhodanobacter sp. contributing through the secretion of daidzin.

Arabidopsis↗

PubMed2025

Comparative genomic analysis of a novel heat-tolerant and euryhaline strain of unicellular marine cyanobacterium Cyanobacterium sp. DS4 from a high-temperature lagoon.

BACKGROUND: Cyanobacteria have diversified through their long evolutionary history and occupy a wide range of environments on Earth. To advance our understanding of their adaptation mechanisms in extreme environments, we performed stress tolerance characterizations, whole genome sequencing, and comparative genomic analyses of a novel heat-tolerant and euryhaline strain of the unicellular cyanobacterium Cyanobacterium sp. Dongsha4 (DS4). This strain was isolated from a lagoon on Dongsha Island in the South China Sea, a habitat with fluctuations in temperature, salinity, light intensity, and nutrient supply. RESULTS: DS4 cells can tolerate long-term high-temperature up to 50 ℃ and salinity from 0 to 6.6%, which is similar to the results previously obtained for Cyanobacterium aponinum. In contrast, most mesophilic cyanobacteria cannot survive under these extreme conditions. Based on the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, DS4 is most closely related to Cyanobacterium sp. NBRC102756 isolated from Iwojima Island, Japan, and Cyanobacterium sp. MCCB114 isolated from Vypeen Island, India. For comparison with strains that have genomic information available, DS4 is most similar to Cyanobacterium aponinum strain PCC10605 (PCC10605), sharing 81.7% of the genomic segments and 92.9% average nucleotide identity (ANI). Gene content comparisons identified multiple distinct features of DS4. Unlike related strains, DS4 possesses the genes necessary for nitrogen fixation. Other notable genes include those involved in photosynthesis, central metabolisms, cyanobacterial starch metabolisms, stress tolerances, and biosynthesis of novel secondary metabolites. CONCLUSIONS: These findings promote our understanding of the physiology, ecology, evolution, and stress tolerance mechanisms of cyanobacteria. The information is valuable for future functional studies and biotechnology applications of heat-tolerant and euryhaline marine cyanobacteria.

Cyanobacteria↗

PubMed2025

Transcriptional regulation reveals potent drought tolerance mechanisms in contrasting genotypes of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh.

Global warming severely impacts crop productivity, particularly in the Global South. Tropical pulse crops are nutritious staples and tolerant to harsh conditions, such as pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). Two pigeonpea varieties have superior qualities, also with respect to abiotic stress tolerance: drought-tolerant Pusa Arhar 16 (PA16) and moderately drought-sensitive Pusa 992 (PA99). However, both are understudied at the molecular level. This study investigates molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance by investigating their responses to polyethylene glycol-induced drought. Superior drought tolerance in PA16 was characterized by enhanced shoot growth, photosynthetic characteristics and reduced oxidative stress as compared to PA992, while root length showed no significant difference between the varieties. Transcriptomic analysis identified differentially expressed genes among treatments and varieties, significantly upregulated under drought in PA16 versus PA992 with distinct patterns. For example, genes encoding terpenoid biosynthesis were up-regulated only in PA16, while those encoding LATE EMBRYOGENESIS ABUNDANT (LEA) proteins were drought-induced in both, PA16 and PA992. Functional enrichment analyses coupled with Weighted Correlation Network Analysis uncovered co-expression networks regulating drought-related pathways. Hence, the genotype and environment-specific gene regulation patterns suggest molecular and physiological mechanisms related to secondary metabolisms and LEA proteins underlying drought resilience in pigeonpea. This research offers potential targets for breeding drought-tolerant varieties of this important legume crop.

Cajanus↗

PubMed2026

Genome-wide identification of CXE gene family in soybean and functional characterization of GmCXE31 in lipid biosynthesis and salt tolerance.

GmCXE31 negatively regulates salt tolerance and lipid synthesis in soybean, and the cxe31-edited lines improve soybean yield and seed quality. Carboxylesterases (CXEs), as essential lipid hydrolases of the α/β-hydrolase fold superfamily, are critical for plant stress responses, hormone signaling and secondary metabolism. The key candidate gene GmCXE31 was previously identified in our laboratory through a genome‑wide association study (GWAS) of soybean lipid‑related traits. In the present study, we further identified 60 GmCXE family genes in soybean. Phylogenetic analysis clustered them into 11 conserved subfamilies. Cis-acting element analysis showed their promoters are enriched with elements related to abiotic stress, growth and hormone signaling, suggesting potential roles in soybean development and stress adaptation. GmCXE31 is highly expressed in seedling roots and responsive to strigolactones (SLs) and salt stress. Functional assays revealed that GmCXE31 negatively regulates soybean salt tolerance: its overexpression reduced salt tolerance in Arabidopsis and soybean under 150 mM NaCl stress, while its knockout enhanced this trait. Lipid profiling revealed GmCXE31-edited lines had higher seed oil content, elevated oleic/linoleic acid ratio and lower saturated fatty acid proportion, which was achieved by regulating lipid synthesis-related genes like GmNFYA. Agronomic trait analysis showed GmCXE31-edited lines had increased nodule number, plant height and single-plant yield at maturity, with opposite phenotypes in overexpression lines. In conclusion, this study elucidates the multifaceted roles of GmCXE31 in coordinating soybean salt tolerance, lipid metabolism and agronomic traits, providing theoretical and genetic resources for salt-tolerant and high-quality soybean molecular breeding.

Glycine max↗