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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Human papillomavirus is more common in base of tongue than in mobile tongue cancer and is a favorable prognostic factor in base of tongue cancer patients.

The frequency of human papilloma virus (HPV) and its influence on clinical outcome was analyzed retrospectively in pre-treatment paraffin embedded biopsies from 110 patients with tongue cancer. The presence of HPV DNA was examined in 85 mobile tongue tumors and 25 base of tongue tumors by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with 2 general primer pairs, GP5+/6+ and CPI/IIG. When HPV-DNA was found, HPV-type specific primers and direct sequencing were used for HPV sub-type verification. Twelve of 110 (10.9%) samples were HPV-positive; 9 for HPV-16, 1 for HPV-33, 1 for HPV-35 and 1 could not be analyzed because of shortage of DNA. HPV was significantly more common in base of tongue tumors (10/25, 40.0%) compared to tumors of the mobile tongue (2/85, 2.3%). The influence of HPV on clinical outcome in mobile tongue cancer could not be studied, due to that HPV was present in too few cases. Of the 19 patients with base of tongue cancer that were included in the survival analysis, however, 7 patients with HPV-positive base of tongue cancer had a significantly favorable 5-year survival rate compared to the 12 HPV-negative patients. In conclusion, HPV is significantly more common in base of tongue cancer than in mobile tongue cancer, and has a positive impact on disease-specific survival in patients with base of tongue cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Organ cultures of embryonic rat tongue support tongue and gustatory papilla morphogenesis in vitro without intact sensory ganglia.

Taste buds on the mammalian tongue are confined to the epithelium of three types of gustatory papillae: the fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate. The gustatory papillae are composed of an epithelium that covers a broad connective tissue core, with extensive innervation to taste bud and nongustatory epithelial locations. Although the temporal sequence of gustatory papilla development is known for several species, factors that regulate initiation, growth, and maintenance of the papillae are not understood. We tested the hypothesis that sensory innervation is required for the initial formation and early morphogenesis of fungiform papillae in a patterned array. An organ culture of the embryonic rat tongue was developed to provide an in vitro system for studying mechanisms involved in fungiform papilla morphogenesis in patterns on the anterior tongue. Tongues were dissected from embryos at 13 days of gestation (E13), a time when the tongue has not yet fully formed and gustatory papillae have not yet appeared, and at 14 days of gestation (E14), when the tongue is well formed and papillae make their initial morphological appearance. Dissected tongues were maintained at the gas/liquid interface in standard organ culture dishes, fed with DMEM/F12 plus 2% B-27 supplement and 1% fetal bovine serum. After 1, 2, 3, or 6 days in culture, tongues were processed for scanning electron or light microscopy, or immunocytochemistry. Tongues cultured from E13 or E14 underwent extensive morphogenesis and growth in vitro. Furthermore, fungiform papillae developed on these tongues on a culture day equivalent to E15 in vivo; that is, after 2 days for cultures begun at E13 and 1 day for those begun at E14. Because E15 is the characteristic time for gustatory papilla formation in the intact embryo, results demonstrate that the cultured tongues retain important temporal information related to papilla development. In addition, fungiform papillae formed in the tongue cultures in the stereotypic pattern of rows. The papillae were large structures with epithelial and mesenchymal cell integrity, and an intact epithelial basement membrane was indicated with laminin immunoreactivity. The cultures demonstrate that gustatory papilla morphogenesis can progress in the absence of an intact sensory innervation. To exclude a potential developmental role for autonomic ganglion cells that are located in the posterior rat tongue, cultures consisting of only the anterior half of E14 tongues were established. Fungiform papilla development progressed in half tongues in a manner directly comparable to whole tongue cultures. Therefore, robust, reproducible development of fungiform papillae in patterns is supported in rat tongue cultures from E13 or E14, without inclusion of intact sensory or major, posterior tongue autonomic ganglia. This is direct evidence that papillae will form and develop further in vitro without sensory ganglion support. The data also provide the first detailed account of in vitro development of the entire embryonic tongue.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Functional anatomy of the hypoglossal innervated muscles of the rat tongue: a model for elongation and protrusion of the mammalian tongue.

This anatomical investigation in the rat was designed to illustrate the detailed organization of the tongue's muscles and their innervation in order to elucidate the actions of the muscles of the higher mammalian tongue and thereby clarify the protrusor subdivision of the hypoglossal-tongue complex. The hypoglossal innervated, extrinsic styloglossus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus and the intrinsic transversus, verticalis and longitudinalis linguae muscles were observed by microdissection and analysis of serial transverse-sections of the tongue. Sihler's staining technique was applied to whole rat tongues to demonstrate the hypoglossal nerve branching patterns. Dissections of the tongue demonstrate the angles at which the extrinsic muscles act on the base of the tongue. The Sihler stained hypoglossal nerves demonstrate branches to the styloglossus and hyoglossus emanating from its lateral division while branches to the genioglossus muscle exit from its medial division. The largest portions of both XIIth nerve divisions can be seen to enter the body of the tongue to innervate the intrinsic muscles. Transverse sections of the tongue demonstrate the organization of the intrinsic muscle fibers of the tongue. Longitudinal muscle fibers run along the entire circumference of the tongue. Alternating sheets of transverse lingual and vertical lingual muscles can be observed to insert into the circumference of the tongue. Most importantly in clarifying tongue protrusion, we demonstrate the transversus muscle fibers enveloping the most superior and inferior portions of the longitudinalis muscles. Longitudinal muscle fascicles are completely encircled and thus are likely to be compressed by transverse muscle fascicles resulting in elongation of the tongue. We discuss our findings in relation to biomechanical studies, that describe the tongue as a muscular hydrostat and thereby define the "elongation-protrusion apparatus" of the mammalian tongue. In so doing, we clarify the functional organization of the hypoglossal-tongue complex.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Plasticity in corticomotor control of the human tongue musculature induced by tongue-task training.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used to assess characteristics of the corticomotor control of the jaw muscles, but less is known about the cortical control of the human tongue and its modification by training. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of training humans in a novel tongue-protrusion task for 1 week on corticomotor excitability as assessed by changes in electromyographic activity elicited in the tongue musculature by TMS, and in the tongue cortical motor map revealed by TMS. Eleven healthy subjects participated. Stimulus-response curves were generated from the motor evoked potentials (MEPs) recorded in the tongue musculature and, from the first dorsal interosseos (FDI) muscle as a control, at three time periods: at baseline, immediately after the 1-week training period, and at 2-weeks follow-up. In addition, the corticomotor representations of the tongue and FDI muscles were mapped on a 1 x 1 cm scalp grid. The tongue-training task required each subject to protrude the tongue onto a force transducer placed in front of the subject, and consisted of a relax-protrude-hold-relax cycle lasting 12.5 s with 1 N as the target at the hold phase. The subjects repeated this task for 60 min every day for 1 week. All subjects reported moderate levels of fatigue in the tongue during the first training day; however, these subjective reports decreased during the week (ANOVA P<0.001), and the subjects showed a progressive increase in their ability to perform the task successfully ( P<0.001). The threshold for evoking MEPs by TMS in the tongue musculature was significantly decreased after the last training day compared with baseline and the 2-weeks follow-up ( P<0.001). The amplitude of the MEPs in the tongue musculature was significantly increased at higher intensities of TMS after the last training day but returned to baseline values at the 2-weeks follow-up (P = 0.005). No significant effect of the training on MEPs in the FDI was observed (P = 0.493). Analysis of the corticomotor topographic maps revealed a significant ( P<0.05) increase in excitability and, hence, the cortical area from which TMS could evoke MEPs in the tongue, although the center of gravity representation for the tongue or FDI muscles remained stable. The present findings suggest that a specific and reversible plasticity of the corticomotor excitability related to tongue muscle control can be induced when humans learn to perform successfully a novel tongue task.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Accurate localization of organ representation areas of the tongue, using the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test: its clinical application, and re-evaluation of classical Oriental tongue diagnosis--Part I.

In spite of the importance of tongue diagnosis in Oriental Medicine, a very rough assignment of only a limited number of the major internal organs is known, and some of the assignments are not exactly the same, depending upon various schools of thought. In 1980, the author first developed a simple, quick, non-invasive, accurate method of localizing representation areas of internal organs, using the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Molecular Identification Method based on the resonance phenomena between 2 identical substances or tissues, with a microscope slide of a specific internal organ as a reference control substance. The method was applied to the organ representation areas in the ears, hands, feet, cerebral cortex, and tongue. In this article for the first time detailed organ representation areas of the human tongue are being presented in comparison with currently known organ representation areas on the tongue. For convenience, the tongue can be divided into 3 parts: the anterior, the middle, and the posterior. On each side of the anterior part (1st part, area around the tip) of the tongue, the internal organs in the chest cavity are represented; from the mid-line to each side of the tip of the tongue, the oesophagus, thymus gland, lung (and trachea & bronchi), heart, and breast (over heart area) are represented. The middle (2nd) part of the tongue represents the digestive system, and the 3rd part represents the genito-urinary system. The 2nd part of the tongue represents the rectum, colon, cecum, appendix, small intestine, stomach, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder. The 2nd and 3rd parts of the tongue represent all the internal organs in the abdominal cavities and the genito-urinary area. The remaining one-third of the tongue, near the pharynx, is all related to the genito-urinary system with the exception of the spleen, which is located between the kidney and the adrenal gland representation areas. Within the triangular area formed by the sulcus terminalis, the anus is represented on both sides. Finally, at the peak of that triangle, i.e. the foramen cecum, the coccyx is represented. Extremities are represented at the sides of the tongue. The undersurface of the tongue starting from the tip of the tongue in the mid-line and going towards the root of the tongue along the frenulum in the mouth represents one kind of homunculus consisting of the neck, face, head, ears, upper & lower extremities and back of the body.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMed2003

Tongue coating and tongue brushing: a literature review.

The present paper reviews the role of the tongue as a habitat for oral microorganisms and the potential need for tongue cleaning as part of daily oral hygiene. In addition tongue coating is described. Many microorganisms have been found colonizing the dorsum of the tongue. Some studies find a positive effect to tongue brushing on bacterial counts on the tongue. On the other hand there are also studies that do not find any differences in bacterial counts before or after tongue brushing. Bacteria colonizing the tongue and periodontal pockets play an important role in the production of volatile sulphur compounds in periodontal health and disease. These compounds can be the cause of oral malodour. The amount of tongue coating in patients complaining of halitosis was significantly greater than in patients without halitosis. Tongue brushing on a regular basis, particular aiming at removing the coating on the dorsum of the tongue, has been found to be fruitful in reducing oral malodour. Studies investigating the role of tongue brushing and plaque accumulation or gingival inflammation show conflicting results. It is clear that the tongue forms the largest niche for microorganims in the oral cavity. However, on the basis of literature, there appears to be no data to justify the necessity to clean the tongue on a regular basis. One exception would be oral malodour.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2001

Proposal of a new grading system for evaluation of tongue hemiatrophy as a late effect of brachytherapy for oral tongue cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate tongue hemiatrophy as a late effect of brachytherapy, a new grading system was designed and applied to patients who had received low dose rate (LDR) or high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy for early tongue cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between December 1998 and April 1999, 49 patients who had received brachytherapy for early tongue cancer (T1/T2=22:27) at Osaka University Hospital were investigated. All patients had undergone either LDR or HDR brachytherapy with Ir-192 (LDR/HDR=30:19) between 1980 and 1998. Atrophic changes in their tongue were classified into four categories (G0-G3): G3, not able to protrude the tongue beyond incisors; G2, hemiatrophy is seen on the irradiated side in the resting position of the tongue; G1, deviation of the tip of the tongue to the irradiated side is seen when protruded; and G0, none of these signs. The relationship between tongue hemiatrophy and tumor factors, treatment factors, and patients' functional impairment was then investigated. The median time from treatment to assessment was 75 months (range 8-219 months). Volume index was defined as the number of needles that were implanted vertically into the tongue. RESULTS: Fourteen patients were classified as G0, 29 as G1, five as G2, and one as G3. None of the G0 patients showed any speech or swallowing dysfunction, pain or contracted feeling, or general dissatisfaction with post-treatment tongue status. There was a tendency for such problems to increase with the tongue hemiatrophy grade. The frequency of T2 and non-superficial type tumors also tended to increase with the tongue hemiatrophy grade. The volume index of the G2-3 hemiatrophy group was significantly larger than that of the G0-1 group (P=0.041). CONCLUSION: This new grading system makes evaluation of atrophic changes in the tongue after brachytherapy easy and effective.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Functional reconstruction of the tongue and deglutition muscles following extensive resection of tongue cancer.

The authors describe their experience with functional restoration of tongue and deglutition muscles at the floor of the mouth after an extensive resection of tongue cancer. Five patients underwent immediate tongue reconstruction using a reinnervated rectus abdominis myocutaneous free flap in which the included tenth intercostal nerve was coapted to the remaining hypoglossal nerve. The rectus sheath strips attached on both cut ends of the muscle were used to create the firm tendinous insertions between the mandible and hyoid bone based on the anatomic findings of the extrinsic tongue and suprahyoid muscles. The postoperative course was uneventful in all patients. All patients presented with good tongue bulk without obvious atrophy. Three patients with subtotal glossectomy demonstrated good cooperative mobility of the reconstructed and remaining tongue and had solid or semisolid/soft diet. However, two patients with total glossectomy did not show satisfactory rehabilitation of the reconstructed tongue. Postoperative electromyographic assessment in two patients showed good functional recovery of the grafted muscle. The cine-magnetic resonance imaging deglutition study in one patient with 80-percent tongue resection demonstrated sufficient elevation of the dorsal base of the reconstructed tongue, contraction of the reconstructed deglutition muscles, complete glossopalatal closure, and elevation of the hyoid bone and larynx during the deglutition. This reconstructive technique is strongly recommended for the patients who have undergone subtotal glossectomy to provide physiological functional recovery of the reconstructed tongue synchronizing with the remaining tongue.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The prevalence and significance of fissured tongue and geographical tongue in psoriatic patients.

BACKGROUND: Tongue lesions are not uncommon in psoriasis, but their significance is not clear. Aims. To determine the prevalence of tongue lesions in patients with psoriasis and to detect possible associations. METHODS: All consecutive patients with psoriasis seen in a dermatology clinic in northern Iran between January 2000 and January 2005 were enrolled in a prospective study. A questionnaire detailing the clinical and epidemiological features of the disease was completed for each patient, and all patients were examined for tongue lesions. RESULTS: In total, 306 patients with psoriasis were enrolled in the study (170 women, 136 men; female : male ratio 1.25 : 1; mean age 29.7 years; mean age at onset of psoriasis 23.3 years). Overall, 47 patients (15.4%) had tongue lesions; 25 (8.2%) had fissured tongue, 17 (5.6%) had geographical tongue (benign migratory glossitis) and 5 (1.6%) patients had both fissured and geographical tongue. Geographical tongue was seen in 7.2% of patients with early onset psoriasis and only in 1.3% of patients with late-onset psoriasis. Overall, patients with tongue lesions were found to have more nail and genital involvement. CONCLUSION: It appears that geographical tongue, but not fissured tongue, is more common in early onset psoriasis and may be an indicator of disease severity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: a comparison of the anterior two thirds of the tongue with its base.

A retrospective analysis of 176 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue has been reported. The tongue base and mobile tongue, believed to behave as two clinically distinct anatomic areas, have been compared and contrasted. Women comprised 25 percent of the patients with tumors of the base of the tongue and 45 percent of those with mobile tongue lesions, an increase over previous reports for both locations. The majority of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue base (77 percent) presented with advanced (stage III or IV) lesions at time of initial clinical and diagnostic staging, compared with only 33 percent of those with cancer of the mobile tongue. There was no significant difference in survival between the two locations when survival rates were compared stage by stage. The decreased overall survival frequently reported for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue base compared with the survival for patients with tumors of the mobile tongue may be due to the disproportionately high number of patients with cancer of the tongue base who present with advanced disease. Survival rates have not significantly improved when compared with other retrospective series reported in the past 40 years. We strongly urge the development of intercenter, multidisciplinary, cooperative, prospective, protocols to assess combinations of currently accepted therapeutic modalities in the hope of improving treatment of this devastating disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Tongue to palate contact during speech in subjects with and without a tongue thrust.

The aims of this study were to determine the location and movements of the tongue on the palate during pronunciation of Persian consonants and selected words in subjects with and without a tongue thrust (TT). Ten patients with a TT and 10 control subjects, 9-13 years of age, matched for age, gender, ethnicity, type and severity of malocclusion, with no history of orthodontic treatment, surgery, or systemic disease were selected. Maxillary alginate impressions were taken to construct upper removable appliances with 12 electrodes. Fine wires connected the electrodes to a specially designed electropalatovision (EPU) device. The removable appliance was inserted in the upper arch and then the Persian consonants and some selected words were pronounced by both groups. An electromechanical marker was included on each electrode which showed the tongue movements on the palate. Tongue movements, the quantity of the tongue contacts, and the location of the tongue were compared using t- and Chi-square tests. In the TT group, the tongue had more contact with the palate on six electrodes (P < 0.001). When pronouncing the consonants, the tongue made contact anteriorly on the palate in the TT group. The quantity of tongue contacts with the palate was similar in both groups. During pronunciation of selected words, the contact points of the tongue to the palate were similar in both groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Long-term functional outcome of brachytherapy for carcinoma of the mobile tongue: focus on the atrophic change of irradiated tongue.

OBJECTIVE: To assess tongue atrophy and long-term functional outcome of mobile tongue cancer patients after interstitial radiotherapy. METHODS: Of 493 patients whose squamous cell carcinoma of the mobile tongue had been treated with low dose rate brachytherapy, there were 57 patients evaluated between July 2002 and April 2004 whose tongue had not been modified by surgical procedures and who had no primary recurrence. The median time from treatment to evaluation was 96 months (range: 9-214 months). Almost all of the patients belonged to the early stage tongue cancer (T1/T2/T3/T4=30:24:3:0), and all had received interstitial radiotherapy with a single-plane implant. To evaluate the deformity of the tongue, we used a grading system that classified the atrophic changes of the tongue into four categories (G0-G3). RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients (70%) showed mild tongue hemiatrophy (G1 or G2) in the irradiated side. However, no patients showed severe atrophy where the tongue cannot be made to protrude beyond the incisors (G3). The length of time after brachytherapy was >72 months and the age of the patients at brachytherapy had the same statistical significance (P=0.0366). As for functional outcome, understandability of speech and a normal diet were preserved for almost all patients. CONCLUSION: The progression of atrophic change in the irradiated tongue occurred over a long term after brachytherapy. However, most patients could maintain their activities of daily life without severe restriction.

Activities of Daily Living↗