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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Lack of carcinogenicity of tragacanth gum in B6C3F1 mice.

Tragacanth gum was administered at dietary levels of 0 (control), 1.25 and 5.0% to groups of 50 male and 50 female B6C3F1 mice for 96 wk after which all animals were maintained on a basal diet without tragacanth gum for a further 10 wk. Mean body weights of females in the 5.0% and 1.25% groups were lower than those of the controls after 11 and 16 wk, respectively. However, there were no treatment-related clinical signs or adverse effects on survival rate, urinalysis, haematology, blood biochemistry and organ weight. While detailed histopathology revealed the development of squamous cell hyperplasias, papillomas and one carcinoma in the forestomach, there was no significant treatment-related increase in the incidence of any preneoplastic or neoplastic lesion. Thus, under the experimental conditions used, tragacanth gum was not carcinogenic in B6C3F1 mice of either sex.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Oral toxicity study of tragacanth gum in B6C3F1 mice: development of squamous-cell hyperplasia in the forestomach and its reversibility.

Tragacanth gum was administered at dietary levels of 0 (control), 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0% to groups of 10 male and 10 female B6C3F1 mice for 13 wk. There were no treatment-associated effects regarding clinical signs, body or organ weights, and urinalysis or hematology data. Significant dose-related, but slight, elevations of plasma gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) level were observed in all treated animals except the 0.625% females. Single or small numbers of tiny nodules were observed on the luminal surface of the forestomach in 4 males of the 5.0% group, 2 males of the 2.5% group, and 1 male each from the 1.25 and 0.625% groups. Histopathologically, they were diagnosed as squamous-cell hyperplasia. To investigate the nature of these gross lesions, tragacanth gum was fed to groups of 30 male mice at the dietary level of 5.0% for periods of up to 48 wk; 20 males served as controls. There were no treatment-related increases of plasma GGT levels at wk 24 and 48. Although squamous-cell hyperplasias were seen in 2 out of 10 mice at wk 24, none of these proliferative lesions were apparent at wk 48, after either chronic exposure or 24 wk on basal diet. Furthermore, the levels of DNA synthesis in forestomach epithelium as measured by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry were comparable to control values at wk 24 and 48. Thus, the oral toxicity of tragacanth gum to B6C3F1 mice was concluded to be negligible.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

Biochemical effects of gum arabic, gum tragacanth, methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose-Na in rat heart and liver.

Repeated oral administration of commonly used suspending media, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, methylcellulose, and carboxymethylcellulose-Na to rats caused uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in liver and heart mitochondria and partial inhibition of mixed function oxidases of liver endoplasmic reticulum, as measured by 2-biphenylhydroxylation and 4-biphenylhydroxylation. There were considerable differences between the compounds with regard to potency and reversibility of these effects. Only methylcellulose at a concentration of 0.5% did not alter mitochondrial function and mixed function oxidases. It is recommended as suspending medium for the use in pharmacological and toxicological experiments.

Acacia↗
PubMed1976

Use of gum tragacanth overlay, applied at room temperature, in the plaque assay of fish and other animal viruses.

Fish cells derived from rainbow trout gonad or Atlantic salmon are sometimes damaged by the relatively high temperature of agar overlay widely used for plaquing animal viruses. This heat-induced cell damage can be avoided by the use of gum tragacanth, which may be applied at room temperature. When the medium was buffered with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-hydrochloride and NaHCO3, the plaque assay could be performed without the use of a CO2 incubator. Using this method, a number of animal viruses were plaqued on a variety of cell monolayers at different temperatures under atmospheric ocnditions.

Agar↗
PubMed1992

Interaction of preservatives with macromolecules: Part I--Natural hydrocolloids.

Antibacterial activity of methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate against Ps. aeruginosa was evaluated in the presence of varying concentrations of acacia, tragacanth, sodium alginate, guar gum and carrageenin. All these hydrocolloids reduced the antibacterial activity to varying degrees. Tragacanth and guar gum inhibited the activity to a greater extent than acacia, sodium alginate and carrageenin. Hydrocolloids reduce the antibacterial activity of preservatives in two ways. Interaction of the preservative with hydrophilic macromolecules and subsequent reduction in the availability of preservative appears to be the predominant mechanism by which tragacanth and guar gum reduce the activity of methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate. Acacia, sodium alginate and carrageenin apparently act by offering physical protection to microbial cells from the action of the preservative. It is also probable that these hydrocolloids provide more favourable media for microbial growth thereby increasing the preservative requirement for adequate preservation.

Colloids↗
PubMed1990

Dietary fiber: in vitro methods that anticipate nutrition and metabolic activity in humans.

Gravimetric measurement of dietary fiber (DF) gives no indication of the biological function of any particular fiber. This study describes simple methods based on dialysis and fermentation that enable a hierarchy of fibers to be described for each of the major actions of fiber along the gastro-intestinal tract: nutrient absorption, sterol metabolism, cecal fermentation, and fecal bulking. These results were compared with previous metabolic studies with the same fiber isolates in humans. DF that modifies nutrient absorption can be identified by using dialysis studies, whereas identifying DF that modifies sterol metabolism, cecal fermentation, and fecal weight requires formulas that incorporate dialysis and fermentation results. Results from dialysis and fermentation predicted the action of wheat bran, pectin, guar, gum arabic, carboxymethylcellulose, gellan, tragacanth, xanthan, and karaya in humans and generated anomalous results for karaya and tragacanth. These methods could form the basis of techniques that would enable a screening of novel and processed fibers before studies in animals, including humans.

Bile Acids and Salts↗
PubMed1990

Composition of the gum from Combretum paniculatum and four other gums which are not permitted food additives.

Only three gum exudates are permitted for pharmaceutical and food use by international regulatory authorities, viz. gum tragacanth (Asiatic Astragalus spp.), gum karaya (Sterculia spp.) and gum arabic [Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.], but a wide range of other tree exudates is used for a variety of uses in their countries of origin. This paper presents analytical data for the gum exudates from Atalaya hemiglauca, Cassine aethiopica, Combretum paniculatum, Sclerocarya birrea, and Pseudocedrela kotschyi. These gums may have local technological applications, but are not recommended for addition to foodstuffs.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2026

Eximiradius proteiniborus gen. nov., sp. nov., the first cultivated representative of the "Candidatus Kapaibacteriia" (lineage OPB56) and a proposal of Eximiradiaceae fam. nov., Eximiradiales ord. nov., Eximiradiia class. nov. within the phylum Bacteroidota.

A novel strictly anaerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium, strain OB-3-phT, was isolated from a fouling under the flow of thermal well water (North Ossetia, Russian Federation). Gram-negative cells were nonspore-forming, straight motile rods, occasionally forming aggregates. The strain grew at 30-55 °C, pH range of 6.0-8.7, NaCl range 0-1.5%, with an optimum at 50 °C, pH 7.1 and 0.4% NaCl. It was a chemoorganoheterotroph, growing on proteinaceous substrates (albumin, gelatin, tryptone, casein, alpha-keratin) and carbohydrates (locust bean gum, guar gum, tragacanth, rhamnogalacturonan). Major products of glucose fermentation were acetate, propionate, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. The genome size of strain OB-3-phT was 2.462 Mbp; DNA G + C content was 36%. Genome analysis enabled the identification of genes encoding a limited set of carbohydrate-active enzymes, as well as numerous extracellular metalloproteases and serine proteases. In addition, central metabolism and energy conservation pathways of strain OB-3-phT were reconstructed. Genes for respiration with oxygen and nitrite were identified, but due to the incompleteness of the menaquinone synthesis pathway, the strain obtains energy exclusively through fermentation. According to phylogenetic analyses based on 120 concatenated protein markers, strain OB-3-phT represents the first cultivated member of the deep phylogenetic lineage known as "Candidatus Kapaibacteriia" (lineage OPB56). Here we propose a novel genus and species Eximiradius proteiniborus with type strain OB-3-phT (=VKM B-3974T = UQM 42056T) within Eximiradiaceae fam. nov., Eximiradiales ord. nov. and Eximiradiia class. nov., respectively.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1977

Fermentation of mucin and plant polysaccharides by strains of Bacteroides from the human colon.

Ten Bacteroides species found in the human colon were surveyed for their ability to ferment mucins and plant polysaccharides ("dietary fiber"). A number of strains fermented mucopolysaccharides (heparin, hyaluronate, and chondroitin sulfate) and ovomucoid. Only 3 of the 188 strains tested fermented beef submaxillary mucin, and none fermented porcine gastric mucin. Many of the Bacteroides strains tested were also able to ferment a variety of plant polysaccharides, including amylose, dextran, pectin, gum tragacanth, gum guar, larch arabinogalactan, alginate, and laminarin. Some plant polysaccharides such as gum arabic, gum karaya, gum ghatti and fucoidan, were not utilized by any of the strains tested. The ability to utilize mucins and plant polysaccharides varied considerably among the Bacteroides species tested.

Bacteroides↗
PubMed1977

Fermentation of mucins and plant polysaccharides by anaerobic bacteria from the human colon.

A total of 154 strains from 22 species of Bifidobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Eubacterium, and Fusobacterium, which are present in high concentrations in the human colon, were surveyed for their ability to ferment 21 different complex carbohydrates. Plant polysaccharides, including amylose, amylopectin, pectin, polygalacturonate, xylan, laminarin, guar gum, locust bean gum, gum ghatti, gum arabic, and gum tragacanth, were fermented by some strains from Bifidobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Ruminococcus, and Eubacterium species. Porcine gastric mucin, which was fermented by some strains of Ruminococcus torques and Bifidobacterium bifidum, was the only mucin utilized by any of the strains tested.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1979

Effects of cell culture and laboratory conditions on type 2 dengue virus infectivity.

The stability of type 2 dengue virus to exposure to a variety of laboratory conditions was determined. Suckling mouse brain passage virus was adapted for growth in BHK-21 cells, and plaque assays were performed using a tragacanth gum overlay. A three- to fourfold increase in plaque size could be obtained if monolayers were subconfluent at time of inoculation. Incubation of virus for 24 h at 37 degrees C, pH 6.5, or in buffer containing 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetate considerably reduced virus infectivity as compared with virus incubated for the same period at 4 degrees C, pH 8.0, or in buffer with or without 1 mM CaCl2 and 1 mM MgCl2. Multiple freezing and thawing of virus tissue culture medium containing 10% fetal calf serum did not reduce virus infectivity.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Dietary fibres, fibre analogues, and glucose tolerance: importance of viscosity.

To define the type of dietary fibre of fibre analogue with the greatest potential use in diabetic treatment, groups of four to six volunteers underwent 50-g glucose tolerance tests (GTT) with and without the addition of either guar, pectin, gum tragacanth, methylcellulose, wheat bran, or cholestyramine equivalent to 12 g fibre. The addition of each substance significantly reduced blood glucose concentration at one or more points during the GTT and generally reduced serum insulin concentrations. The greatest flattening of the glucose response was seen with guar, but this effect was abolished when hydrolysed non-viscous guar was used. The reduction in the mean peak rise in blood glucose concentration for each substance correlated positively with its viscosity (r = 0.926; P less than 0.01), as did delay in mouth-to-caecum transit time (r = 0.885; P less than 0.02). Viscous types of dietary fibre are therefore most likely to be therapeutically useful in modifying postprandial hyperglycaemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Isolation and characterization of a defective measles virus from brain biopsies of three patients in Iran with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

Three cytopathic strains of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus were isolated from brain biopsies of three patients. These strains were isolated and maintained by cocultivation of infected brain cells with fresh Vero cells. The biological characteristics of two strains were studied. It was found that these strains remain cell-associated after repeated cocultivations with Vero cells and produce plaques under fluid medium or tragacanth overlay. The correlation with measles virus was demonstrated by the plaque reduction test as well as by the immunofluorescence test. Large numbers of nucleocapsids were observed in the cytoplasm of infected cells but none in nuclei. Intracerebral inoculation of monkeys, adult guinea pigs, newborn and adult hamsters or mice was followed by acute encephalitis and death.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Investigation of some materials as dry binders for direct compression in tablet manufacture. Part 2: Comparative self-binding properties.

Comparative self-binding qualities of four substances studied as potential dry binders for direct compression applications in tablet making were investigated. The effect of particle size of these materials on hardness, friability and hardness-friability ratio of disks made with mere binders was studied. The results showed that for comparable particle sizes, values of hardness-friability ratio of the various disks were in the following descending order: Plasdone, tragacanth, Carbowax 4000 and then mannitol.

Excipients↗