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This Act is designed "1) to preserve for persons in genuine need of protection access to the procedures for determining refugee claims; 2) to control widespread abuse of the procedures for determining refugee claims, particularly in light of organized incidents involving large-scale introduction of persons into Canada to take advantage of those procedures; 3) to deter those who assist in the illegal entry of persons into Canada and thereby minimize the exploitation of and risks to persons seeking to come to Canada; and 4) to respond to security concerns, including the fulfillment of Canada's obligations in respect of internationally protected persons." The Act contains provisions that 1) increase powers of authorities to detain persons considered to be "security risks;" 2) authorize for six months the relevant minister to turn back ships if the Minister believes on "reasonable grounds" that a ship is bringing in persons in violation of immigration legislation; 3) prohibit persons from organizing, inducing, aiding, or abetting illegal immigration, or from attempting to do so; 4) prohibit transportation companies from bringing persons into Canada without first ascertaining that they have a valid visa, passport, or travel document; and 5) facilitate the seizure of vehicles and evidence.
Tissue recombination experiments and cell lineage analyses of the developing neural crest have documented the role and central pathways of migratory cells during early craniofacial development. In the present study, regional pathways of cells during late peripheral morphogenesis were investigated using the crown stage tooth organ as a model. Homing targets during tooth integument formation were analyzed to understand the fate of migratory cells involved in late tooth organogenesis and the developmental origin of periodontal tissues. After surgical removal of the oral mucosa, the oral aspect of the dental follicle of lower first mouse molar teeth was labeled using a fluorescent contact dye. Following sacrifice after 0, 2, 4, and 6 days, labeled cells were detected in the dental follicle, in the alveolar bone, and in the periodontal ligament adjacent to the molar root. The distribution of labeled tissues was reconstructed three-dimensionally via confocal microscopy. Using a tooth molar organ culture system, labeled cells within the dental follicle were documented traveling in the apical direction. Our results indicated that cell migration during tooth organogenesis was following specific pathways and that cells within the circumference of the dental follicle were migrating in the apical direction. We speculate that migratory cells passing through the dental follicle connective tissue may contribute to the formation of the periodontium. The present documentation visualizes pathways, role, and dynamics of extensive cell movements during late tooth organogenesis.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine the proportion of patients admitted to hospital with a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) in whom recent air travel was documented in the medical records. METHODS: A retrospective review of the medical records of patients with a primary or secondary discharge diagnosis of DVT or PE in four hospitals in New Zealand was undertaken. From the medical records information was collected on demographic details, documentation of the presence of risk factors and results of radiological investigations. Strict radiological criteria were applied to ensure that the diagnosis of DVT or PE was firmly established. RESULTS: In 60 of 576 (10.4%) patients with a confirmed venous thromboembolism there was documentation of recent air travel; in 31 of these 60 subjects no other risk factors were recorded. In those cases in whom details of the air travel had been recorded, it had been undertaken in the previous 1 week in 65.0%, and in 43.3% the air travel was of at least 10-h duration. CONCLUSION: Long distance air travel is an important risk factor for venous thromboembolism requiring hospital admission and represents a significant public health problem in New Zealand.
Analysis of epidemiological data on health problems related to international travel helps put into perspective preventive interventions for travelers. To document the epidemiological context of travel health interventions in Québec, we reviewed surveillance data for three infectious diseases. The analysis included data collected in the notifiable diseases surveillance system for hepatitis A, typhoid, and malaria cases reported from 2000 to 2002. Additional data were obtained from the provincial hepatitis risk factor database as well as from regional public health departments. More than 40% of cases of hepatitis A for which risk factor information is available are associated with international travel; 20% of these cases were contracted in Mexico and 22% in the West Indies. The risk of acquiring hepatitis A seems to be higher among travelers under 35 years of age; also, given the number of Quebecers traveling to all regions of the world, this risk is proportionally higher in Africa. Data gathered for typhoid indicate that the risk to travelers from Québec is proportionately higher for Quebecers traveling to the Indian subcontinent and whose purpose is to visit family and friends, and for those who stay abroad for 4 weeks or longer. The risk of malaria is greater in Africa (where contracted cases are mostly caused by Plasmodium falciparum). Over half of malaria cases involve individuals traveling abroad for business (including volunteerism), and almost 75% contracted the disease during a stay of a month or more. Nearly half of the cases had not taken chemoprophylaxis. Available data have limitations for infectious disease surveillance among Québec travelers: imprecise number of cases (underdiagnosis and underreporting), imprecise denominators (number of travelers), and lack of data on the characteristics of trips taken. However, despite its limitations, this profile of infectious diseases among travelers from Québec provides interesting data for preventive intervention.
BACKGROUND: The medical literature suggests long distance travel, particularly air travel, may be a risk factor for venous thromboembolism, but the risk is poorly quantified. METHODS: We reviewed 134 records of patients hospitalized with venous thromboembolism for comments regarding recent travel. Patients who had traveled within 31 d prior to venous thromboembolism were defined as recent travelers. RESULTS: Of 134 patients records, 66 (49%) had documented inquiries regarding travel and 33 (50%) were recent air travelers. Data regarding demographics, mode of travel, day of onset of symptoms in relation to travel, and other risk factors for venous thromboembolism were abstracted from the records of the recent travelers. There were 12 (36%) travelers who had no other predisposition for venous thromboembolism. All had traveled non-stop by aircraft for 4 or more hours; none was identified as a crew-member. The median day of onset of venous thromboembolism was on travel day 4 (range: day 1-31). There were 8 (24%) patients who had onset during air travel or on the day of arrival, and 27 (82%) had onset by travel day 15. Air travel for 4 or more hours within the preceding 31 d was the most common risk factor for venous thromboembolism in our study patients and was present in 50%. This incidence is much higher than previously described, perhaps due to limiting the study population to those in which the presence or absence of travel was documented. CONCLUSION: Prospective studies are needed to better define the risk factors for venous thromboembolism among long distance air passengers and crew-members, and to determine effective preventive measures.
BACKGROUND: The formation of scientific surgery in the 18th century was associated by the development of ophthalmology as a special branch of medicine and accompanied with a large number of more or less qualified oculists. A lot of them travelled practising throughout Europe, propagating their profession by handbills, announcements and booklets. In 1748 Frederick II of Prussia appointed Joseph Hillmer (born about 1720) from Vienna, who was a contemporary of John Taylor (1703-1772) as oculist and charlatan, an ordinary professor for ophthalmiatrics at the Berlin Collegium Medico-Chirurgicum. In 1752 C. E. Eschenbach, in the course of critizing Taylor's charlatanism, had called his century the "Okulisten-seculum". By the way many documents on travelling oculists have been delivered, first of all as to the English oculist, but the most important in medical and historical view concerning Hillmer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Researches on 25 oculist, based on documents and newspapers from 1558 to 1806 (especially concentrated upon Berlin as Hillmer's residence) reveal the transformation of the ancient ophthalmiatry into ophthalmology. RESULTS: There have been resident oculists before the 18th century; their small number corresponded to the poor demographical situation at the time. For the last reason they practised partially travelling. Local medical authorities reglemented them by permission for practising within a given time. CONCLUSIONS: Many propagandistic publications about oculistic charlatans, mainly from their own hand, might make us believe, above all the early ophthalmology would have been characterized by travelling oculists, because their respectable and resident colleagues are documented less impressive, for the reason that they have not made as much propaganda, as charlatans made.
Changing healthcare trends are affecting all healthcare providers today, including those at Hillside Rehabilitation Hospital. Computerizing the interdisciplinary documentation of patient information was one change Hillside's leaders implemented to remain competitive and cost-effective. The benefits of moving from a handwritten documentation system to a computerized system were many. However, unforeseen difficulties with retrieving data became evident because the system was not developed to accommodate information about patient education. Through interdisciplinary collaboration, staff identified areas for improvement and made changes to the documentation process. They developed a "traveling card" for documenting patient education and then met a new set of challenges. The new documentation system met departmental and Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations requirements for comprehensive patient education and documentation.
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This Law provides that international transportation carriers may refuse the boarding or landing of a passenger who does not present a document authorizing landing at the point of arrival and at anticipated ports in France.
This Act does the following, among other things: 1) requires that certain requests relating to entry permits, visas, and return endorsements are not considered to have been made unless in writing in accordance with the relevant approved forms and unless any fee payable has been made; 2) makes "operators," as well as charterers, liable for the carriage of persons to Australia without documentation; and 3) provides that international air operators shall pay immigration clearance fees payable by passengers whether or not the operator has collected the fees from the passengers.
This Order sets forth procedural and administrative rules with respect to the right of entry and residence of foreigners who present themselves at the border without the required documents claiming to be refugees. It also contains rules on ordering persons to leave Belgium, urgent requests for re-examination of decisions adverse to foreigners, and legal recourse after an adverse decision. Its major substantive provisions are as follows: 1) persons presenting themselves at the Belgian border without the required documents and claiming to be refugees are authorized to enter and reside in Belgium until a decision has been made on their request for refugee status if they are not refused entry; 2) such persons who are not admitted into Belgium are to be turned back to the country from which they came by border authorities; and 3) urgent requests to re-examine decisions and court appeals operate to suspend the turning back of foreigners and orders to leave Belgium made against those already admitted. The Order is issued in light of the changes made in immigration law by the Act of 14 July 1987 (see Annual Review of Population Law Vol. 14, 1987, Section 810).
Among other things, these Regulations set forth rules on requirements for visas established in the Ecuador Law on Foreigners. They list the amounts of income from abroad or investments in Ecuador required of foreigners entering Ecuador with immigrant visas, documents needed by persons working permanently in enterprises and institutions under immigrant visas, and methods of proof of dependency for persons entering on immigrant visas as dependents. In this context, they provide that persons with foreign income must receive at least $1,000 per month, with an increase of 80% Ecuadorian personnel; that persons entering as workers must inform authorities of changes in work status; and that persons entering as dependents may themselves work only if their sponsor dies or the means of subsistence of the sponsor decrease. The Regulations also set forth requirements for persons entering Ecuador on nonimmigrant visas, such as refugees, students, temporary workers, religious personnel, and those in transit. With respect to refugees, the rules provide that false statements made in an application will trigger an expulsion order; that foreign nationals coming from a country other than that where they suffered persecution will not be admitted unless they were in that country in direct transit; that refugees may not leave the country without express permission; and that, if the conditions justifying asylum change, a refugee will be required to leave the country. With respect to workers, the rules provide that an applicant must show a need for a foreign worker that cannot be fulfilled by an Ecuadorian worker and must show a work contract or appointment. With respect to those in transit, the rules provide that no visa is required and that entry will be denied to those lacking permission to enter the country of destination and transit through countries bordering Ecuador that are on their route. Persons in this category may stay in Ecuador for only a limited time--usually 10 days for persons en route and three months for visitors. The Regulations also contain provisions on the modification of immigration status, including the rule that the status of those in transit may not be modified. In addition, they set forth the functions of the Consultative Council on Migration Policy. Among these is the task of promoting internal migration to sparsely populated areas of the country.
Sleep-wakefulness (S-W) patterns were recorded continuously for 40 consecutive 24 h using subcutaneous chronic electrodes and an ambulatory cassette recorder in a healthy 57-year-old volunteer. Variability of sleep patterns was assessed in steady-state conditions and in the course of a scientific journey encompassing flights in both west/east and south/north directions. Data were compared with findings from age-matched laboratory control records. Polysomnographic evaluation of our sleep data shows: (1) Stability of the first 3 sleep cycles and variability of the remaining sleep period with respect to both duration and structure. Vulnerability of REM sleep to environmental interference. (2) Stability of the WASO/drowsiness cluster as an intraindividual biological trait independent of social interactions. The clinical relevance of ambulatory serial recording is stressed. (3) The role of the first sleep cycle structure in the chronobiological adaptation process is documented. Apparently travelling in south/north directions may have similar or even more polygraphic implications than west/east transfer.
Meningococcal disease continues to be a worldwide problem. This review examines the impact meningococcal disease has on international travel and vice versa the impact international travel has on the intercontinental spread of meningococci. The risk of meningococcal disease to the endemic population differs from that of travellers. The best documented risk of meningococcal disease among travellers has been in Hajj pilgrims for Mecca and Madina in Saudi Arabia. In response to the recent Hajj associated outbreak of W135 meningococcal disease, quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine (against serogroups A/C/Y/W135) became a visa requirement. In view of increasing worldwide reports of Y and W135 meningococcal disease, there should be a switch in recommendation from the bivalent (against A& C) to the quadrivalent vaccine for all travellers.
The practice of music therapy in school settings was the focus of this study. Survey forms were mailed to 244 NAMT members who indicated school setting as their place of employment. A total of 190 forms were received, 138 of which fit the qualifications for inclusion and were included in the data summaries. Greater numbers of respondents lived in Texas (21), New York (17), and Michigan (11), and were employed full-time (60&percent;). Employers were more typically school systems (53&percent;) for the highest percentage of full-time respondents (80&percent;), and self-employers (25&percent;) for the highest percentage of part-time respondents (80&percent;). A considerably higher percentage of time was spent each week in direct service delivery (62&percent;) than in consultation (13&percent;), travel (18&percent;), documentation (11&percent;), or preparation (14&percent;). Over 40&percent; of the respondents had been music therapists for more than 8 years, but not necessarily in their current positions. Almost 40&percent; needed a valid teaching certificate for employment, while over 50&percent; currently held one. Respondents most frequently worked with persons who were developmentally disabled (80&percent;). The impact of employer and the inclusion movement on professional practice issues was discussed, as were possible trends in the practice of music therapy in school settings.
We present the case of a 69 yr old, white male, suffering from diffuse interstitial lung disease, finally diagnosed as paracoccidioidomycosis or South American blastomycosis. During the course of his disease, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCAs) became positive, suggesting the possibility of a Wegener's granulomatosis. Transbronchial biopsies and a video-assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy revealed only the pulmonary yeast infection, without other co-existing pathology. During treatment with itraconazole, the patient improved clinically and functionally, and c-ANCAs became negative. Serological monitoring confirmed the diagnosis. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing positive c-ANCAs in a patient with paracoccidioidomycosis. It re-emphasizes the fact that cautious interpretation of c-ANCAs in patients without convincing clinical signs or pathological evidence of a granulomatous vasculitis is absolutely necessary. In this era of increased mobility, a thorough medical history, including documentation of travel, remains an inexpensive tool in making a diagnosis and is still the cornerstone of good medical practice.