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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Low allergenicity of triclosan. Predictive testing in guinea pigs and in humans.

Allergic predictive testing with triclosan (Irgasan DP 300) has been carried out in guinea pigs and in humans in order to evaluate its potential allergenic properties. Triclosan, an antimicrobial agent increasingly used in the cosmetic industry (concentration 0.5%) has recently appeared on the market at a higher concentration (3%) in association with flumethasone pivalate as an antimicrobial and antimycotic cream (Logamel). The results of predictive tests for allergy in guinea pigs (1 of 20 positive) and in humans (none of 20 positive) indicate that the sensitization index of triclosan is very low, which is in good accord with some reports from the literature. These underline the rarity of cases of allergic contact dermatitis to triclosan considering its widespread use in the cosmetic industry.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacokinetics of triclosan in rat after intravenous and intravaginal administration.

The pharmacokinetics of triclosan was studied in sexually mature virgin Wistar rats. 14C-triclosan was injected either via the femoral vein, (iv, 5 mg/kg in polyethylene glycol-400) or into the vaginal orifice (ivg, 5 mg/kg in corn oil). Radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation spectrophotometry. After iv administration, the dissapearance of 14C from the blood followed the kinetics of a two-compartment open-system model. The apparent volume of distribution was 42 percent of the body weight, which is more than the extracellular water, suggesting a rapid transfer of this antimicrobial agent from plasma to tissues. The blood half-life of 14C during the beta-phase was 8.8 +/- 0.6 hr and the blood clearance rate was 77.5 +/- 11.3 ml/kg/hr. After ivg administration of 14C-triclosan, the radioactivity was detected in tail blood at 15 min, peaked between 2 to 4 hr, and declined rapidly to 6 hr more slowly thereafter. About 26 percent of the administered dose remained in the vagina after 4 hr and 12 percent after 24 hr. Tissue concentrations of 14C were highest in the plasma, kidney, and liver after ivg application, but extremely low in the brain, fat, and skeletal muscle. The percentages of the dose excreted in 24 hr in the feces and urine were 18 and 9 after iv administration, compared to 26 and 14 after the ivg route, respectively. The results show that triclosan is rapidly absorbed through the vaginal mucosa of the rat.

Absorption↗
PubMed2026

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors─Fabimycin and Triclosan─Trigger Distinct Resistance Mutations in FabI and Potently Kill Gram-Negative Pathogens.

In an effort to develop efficacious antibacterials that engage targets for which there is no preexisting resistance, inhibition of the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase FabI has shown promise, with triclosan and fabimycin as representative members of the two major drug classes that show activity against important bacterial pathogens. Here, we use a morbidostat and whole-genome sequencing approach to comprehensively evaluate the resistance profiles that arise in pathogenic bacteria in response to these FabI inhibitors. When assessed against E. coli, fabimycin and triclosan were found to induce primarily nonoverlapping resistance profiles, leading to minimal cross-resistance between the two compounds. Furthermore, in vivo evaluation of the prominent resistant mutants indicates poor fitness, with the fittest mutant still susceptible to fabimycin. Collectively, these results suggest the combination use of two antibiotics that engage different positions on the same target as a means to kill pathogenic bacteria and limit resistance.

Triclosan↗
PubMed1977

GLC determination of free and conjugated triclosan in human plasma and urine.

A method for the determination of free and conjugated triclosan at concentrations as low as 2 ng/ml in human plasma or urine is described. Conjugated metabolites are split by enzyme hydrolysis. After addition of an internal standard, triclosan is extracted at acid pH into petroleum ether, transferred to an alkaline aqueous solution, and back-estracted into petroleum ether after acidification. Both compounds are acetylated with acetic anhydride in the presence of pyridine. The acetyl derivatives are determined by GLC using a 63Ni-electron-capture detector.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1979

Antimicrobial spectrum of triclosan, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent for topical application. II. Comparison with some other antimicrobial agents.

The antimicrobial activity of 5-chloro-2(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol (triclosan, one of the active ingredients of Logamel, Ciba-Geigy) was compared in vitro with that of other antimicrobials exclusively or occasionally used as topical agents in dermatology: hexachlorophene, clioquinol, chlorquinaldol. gentamicin, neomycin, nystatin, econazole, clotrimazole and salicylic acid. Upon determination of the MICs for 53 strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, yeasts and fungi, triclosan was found to display a high degree of activity against most of the test organisms and to have the broadest spectrum of chemotherapeutically significant antimicrobial activity of the substances tested.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2026

Fatty acid biosynthesis inhibitors fabimycin and triclosan trigger distinct resistance mutations in FabI and potently kill Gram-negative pathogens.

In the effort to develop efficacious antibacterials that engage targets for which there is no pre-existing resistance, inhibition of the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase FabI has shown promise, with triclosan and fabimycin as representative members of the two major drug classes that show activity against important bacterial pathogens. Here, we use a morbidostat and whole genome sequencing to comprehensively evaluate the resistance profiles that arise in pathogenic bacteria in response to these FabI inhibitors. When assessed against E. coli, fabimycin and triclosan were found to induce primarily non-overlapping resistance profiles leading to minimal cross-resistance between the two compounds. Furthermore, in vivo evaluation of the prominent resistant mutants indicates poor fitness, with the most fit mutant still susceptible to fabimycin. Collectively, these results suggest the combination use of two antibiotics that engage different positions on the same target as a means to kill pathogenic bacteria and limit resistance.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

The effectiveness of topical antibacterials in acne: a double-blind clinical study.

In a double-blind study, three groups of patients with mild to moderate acne were treated for eight weeks with topical acne creams containing the antibacterials triclosan or triclosan plus propylene phenoxetol. The formula without antibacterials served as the control. Total-face lesion counts, evaluation of the overall degree of inflammation of the lesions, and patient self-assessment showed the added efficacy of the antibacterials when incorporated into the control.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1979

A microbiological in-use comparison of surgical hand-washing agents.

Seven different surgical hand-scrub agents (one triclosan compound, two hexachlorophene compounds, and four iodophors) were evaluated under in-use conditions by five persons for efficacy in degerming the hands and forearms prior to performing a total of 215 total hip arthroplasties. With all of the compounds tested there was a significant reduction (p less than or equal to 0.001) of indigenous skin microflora from prescrub levels at both the post-scrub and postoperative points. The two hexachlorophene compounds in general revealed a bacteriostatic effect whereas the triclosan compound and the four iodophors did not. A hexachlorophene compound applied as a foam demonstrated excellent bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic action, was less time-consuming and easier to use than compounds applied as scrubs, and did not alter a low (0.47 per cent) in-use infection rate over a period of three years.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2026

Presence of globally prominent multidrug-resistant genotypes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in New York State, 2016-2023.

The human-restricted enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the causative agent of the life-threatening typhoid fever. Although S. Typhi incidence is relatively low in the USA, routine surveillance of S. Typhi is critical to track the emergence and spread of high-risk lineages in non-endemic areas. In this study, we analysed 151 genomes of S. Typhi isolates from patients who were clinically confirmed with typhoid fever across New York State between 2016 and 2023. We used the GenoTyphi classification scheme and identified established multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant lineages. We detected the presence of the globally widespread genotype 4.3.1 (haplotype 58) and its derivative 4.3.1.1.P1, which recently emerged in Pakistan, as well as the Bangladesh-restricted lineages 3.3.2.Bd1 and 3.3.2.Bd2 in our dataset. Ten mutations and 14 acquired genes associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) were present across the entire population, with 86.8% of the genomes possessing at least one of these AMR determinants. The gyrA S83F mutation conferring quinolone and triclosan resistance was the most frequently detected (94 genomes). Combinations of dfrA7+catA1 (resistance to trimethoprim and chloramphenicol, respectively) and sul2+aph(3″)-Ib+aph(6)-Id (resistance to sulphonamide and aminoglycosides, respectively) co-occurred frequently and were associated with IncQ and IncY plasmid replicons. Phylogenetic contextualization against a global dataset of 1,643 genomes from 20 countries across five continents, including other parts of the USA, from the same time period showed geographic intermingling, suggesting the spread of high-risk genotypes of international origins to New York State. Altogether, these findings reveal the presence of globally dominant resistant genotypes that are likely facilitated by human travel in New York State, where typhoid fever is not endemic. Long-term genomic surveillance is critical to AMR profiling, identifying genotypic shifts in regional S. Typhi populations, monitoring transmission routes and guiding effective public health interventions.

Salmonella typhi↗
PubMed1979

Predictive evaluation in animals of the contact allergenic potential of medically important substances. II. Comparison of different methods of cutaneous sensitization with "weak" allergens.

Results of the optimization method and of other methods used to assess contact allergy in laboratory animals were compared with known epidemiological data on the occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions in man. Tests were performed with preservatives (formalin, ethylenediamine and sorbic acid), drugs (penicillin G, Benzocaine and sulphathiazole) and other contactants belonging to widely different chemical classes (p-phenylenediamine, triclosan, pyrazole derivatives, nickel and chrome salts, eugenol, isoeugenol and mercaptobenzothiazole). The degree of sensitization achieved in guinea pigs by the optimized procedure (intradermal test with adjuvant combination) and the maximization procedure was invariably superior to that produced by the epidermal method using prior irritation of the site of application. Both the optimized procedure and the maximization test seem to be capable of identifying contact allergens that cause hypersensitivity reactions in as few as 1 in 10,000 of the human population as a whole. The optimization test merits consideration as a standardized and efficiently predictive procedure.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1976

Bacterial flora of the healthy skin in children.

The normal bacterial flora of the skin of 100 healthy children was studied in a paediatric practice with regard to the germ spectrum and the resistance constellation, by means of abrasion skin samples taken from the upper part of the back. Staphylococcus albus was by far the most predominant bacteria, followed by Sarcina bacteria and Corynebacteria. The high degree of pervasion of this physiological cutaneous flora with antibiotic-resistant strains increases the suspicion that in the case of florid bacterial skin infections in children, subsequent to traumatic or inflammatory changes of the integument, the antibiotic resistance of the normal resident flora can be transferred to the pathogenic flora. In view of the endemic resistance of pathogenic and saprobic strains of bacteria against practically all antibiotics at present used in paediatric practice, it is to be urgently recommended that instead of antibiotics topical braod-spectrum antimicrobial agents (antiseptics), e.g. clioquinol, triclosan, etc., should preferably be used.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

An evaluation of antiseptics used for hand disinfection in wards.

The antibacterial effectiveness of hand antiseptics commonly used in wards was studied by laboratory and in-use tests and their acceptability assessed by means of a questionnaire passed to hospital staff. To determine the immediate and long-term antibacterial effects of the preparations the in-use tests were performed by groups of students. The greatest immediate reduction in bacterial counts on hands was obtained by products containing chlorhexidine. The long-term antibacterial effect was recorded with emulsions containing 3% hexachlorophane, 2% Irgasan CF3R or 4% chlorhexidine when used constantly on several consecutive days. Considerable discrepancies were recorded in the antibacterial effectiveness of some preparations when comparing laboratory and in-use test results. Therefore it is suggested that antiseptics should be tested by in-use tests which more closely resemble practical conditions before their use, or further trial, in hospital.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1976

Randomized trial of a hexachlorophene preparation and P-300 bacteriostatic soaps.

Twenty-six patients undergoing chemotherapy for acute leukemia on a protected environment-prophylactic antibiotic program were randomly assigned to bathe with either P-300 or a 3% hexachlorophene preparation. Both agents substantially reduced the microbial flora of the skin, but the latter preparation was slightly more effective. The bacteriostatic compounds in both preparations were absorbed through the skin but no toxic effects were observed.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1978

L-Arabinose-ornithine-Irgasan medium for differentiating Serratia species.

A semisolid medium (designated Serratia differentiation medium) containing L-arabinose, ornithine, and selective inhibitor was used to differentiate three clinically encountered Serratia species. The inhibitor, Irgasan DP-300, was incorporated to eliminate false-positive reactions from most remaining Enterobacteriaceae. The suspected Serratia colony was inoculated as a stab into the medium. Serratia marcescens was indicated by a change in color from olive to purple following 18 h of incubation, whereas S. rubidaea (not listed in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology) was indicated by a change to bright yellow. S. liquefaciens (described in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology [8th ed., 1974] as Enterobacter liquefaciens) produced a small purple band at the top of the medium and a yellow or yellow-green butt. Absence of growth and color change following incubation indicates that the suspected colony is a non-Serratia. Thirty-six Serratia strains and 97 other Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae strains were tested. Two strains of the non-Serratia Enterobacteriaceae (one each of Citrobacter freundii and Proteus morganii) and two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced a color change in the medium. All of the Serratia strains tested were correctly identified using this medium, while 96% of the other species tested were inhibited.

Arabinose↗