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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2000

Morphological variation and female reproductive success in two sympatric Trillium species: evidence for phenotypic selection in Trillium erectum and Trillium grandiflorum (Liliaceae).

I investigated the mating systems and phenotypic variation of two sympatric spring ephemerals, Trillium erectum and T. grandiflorum (Liliaceae), and phenotypic selection acting through female reproductive success for 11 morphological characters in five sympatric populations of the two species. I examined the degree of self-compatibility, pollinator-visitation rates, and pollen limitation of fruit and seed production in both species. Both Trillium species were self-compatible, but outcrossed flowers produced more successful fruits and seeds than self-pollinated flowers. Pollinator-visitation rates to the two species were low compared to other insect-pollinated spring ephemerals. In addition, both T. erectum and T. grandiflorum experienced pollen limitation in fruit and/or seed production; however, levels of fecundity in both species may be influenced by resource availability as well. I found significant phenotypic variation in 11 morphological characters within and among the five study populations. The sizes of all morphological characters were positively correlated. In general, larger T. erectum and T. grandiflorum produced more seeds. Phenotypic selection analysis revealed that direct and indirect selection acted on the size of morphological characters for both species. But there was no detectable selection acting on plant shape. This study reveals that variation in plant size exists within and among populations of both species, and this variation is associated with variance in female reproductive success. Spatial and temporal variation in pollinator and/or resource abundance may play a role in the phenotypic variation exhibited by both Trillium species.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

Effect of Trillium Biopassive Surface coating of the oxygenator on platelet count drop during cardiopulmonary bypass.

The new Trillium Biopassive Surface is a coating designed to minimize the adsorption of protein and the attachment of cells. In previous studies, we were able to demonstrate that, by coating the bypass circuit with small amounts of albumin, the drop in circulating platelet count seen with the newer low-prime hollow-fiber membrane oxygenators is eliminated. A study was undertaken to compare the Avecor Affinity oxygenator with albumin in the prime with the Trillium-coated Affinity. Fifty-six patients undergoing nonemergency open-heart surgery were randomly divided into two groups. One group (Albumin) received the Affinity oxygenator with 10 ml of 25% albumin added to the pump prime. The other group (Trillium) received the Trillium-coated Affinity oxygenator. To normalize the data for the effects of hemodilution, the mean net platelet count drop on bypass was calculated for each group. The Albumin group had a net platelet count drop of 0.81+/-9.78%, while the Trillium group had a drop of 1.58+/-13.0%. There was no significant statistical difference between the two groups. From our investigation, we concluded that Trillium Biopassive Surface coating affords the Affinity oxygenator the same protective effects on circulating platelet counts as adding albumin to the prime.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Trillium coating of cardiopulmonary bypass circuits improves biocompatibility.

Coating of cardiopulmonary bypass circuits may be a solution to prevent adverse effects induced by contact of blood elements with foreign surfaces. Using an animal model, we investigated the Trillium TM coating of cardiopulmonary bypass circuits (a new process involving polyethylene oxide, sulphonate groups and heparin) at low systemic heparinization, focusing on haemolysis and clot formation. Cardiopulmonary bypass was initiated through jugulo-carotid access with ACT maintained around 180 sec. Treated circuits (Trillium group) were evaluated in 3 calves (mean weight of 66.0+/-8.7 kg), vs. untreated circuits in 3 control calves (mean weight of 60.7+/-7.5 kg). Blood samples were drawn at regular intervals for biochemical, hematological and blood gas analyses. After 6 consecutive hours, the animals were weaned from CPB and were awakened. The circuits were analyzed for clot deposits. After 7 days the animals were sacrificed and an autopsy was carried out. Red cell and white cell counts did not change over the 6 hours. Platelet counts dropped to 75.9+/-7.3% of the baseline value in the Trillium group after 6 hours whereas counts dropped to 57.2+/-26.0 in the control group (p<0.05). Plasma free Hb remained constant in the Trillium group but increased significantly to 280+/-65% of baseline value in the control group (p<0.05). The amount of clots were significantly higher in the control group, in the connectors, the reservoir, the heat exchanger, and the oxygenator. No renal emboli were seen in the Trillium group whereas the mean number of emboli was 3.0+/-2.4 in the control group. We conclude that Trillium coating significantly improves the biocompatibility of artificial surfaces exposed to blood.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Trillium-coated oxygenators in adult open-heart surgery: a prospective randomized trial.

This randomized, prospective clinical trial examines the impact of the use of Trillium biopassive surface coating on clinical outcomes after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) that may be induced by contact of blood elements with foreign surfaces. The study consisted of 98 consecutive patients randomly assigned to either a CPB circuit that consisted of a Trillium-coated Affinity open reservoir oxygenator or a CPB circuit with an uncoated Affinity open reservoir oxygenator. The operative procedure performed on all 98 patients consisted of either coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), valve, or a combination of the two. Exclusion criteria consisted of patients who presented to the operating room in circulatory arrest. Trillium biopassive surface coating resulted in improved clinical outcomes and fewer adverse events when compared to the control group. Significantly, fewer patients required no blood products (18.3% in the control group vs. 32.7% in the treatment group), even though the control group had a significantly higher pre-bypass hematocrit. Postoperative atrial fibrillation (24.5% vs. 16.3%) and reoperation for bleeding (10.2% vs. 4.1%) showed a much lower incidence in the Trillium group. Significance was not reached because of the small sample size resulting in low power. Trillium circuits result in improved patient outcomes in the treatment group when compared to the control circuit group.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Effect of Carmeda BioActive Surface coating versus Trillium Biopassive Surface coating of the oxygenator on circulating platelet count drop during cardiopulmonary bypass.

An investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect that surface coating of the hollow-fiber membrane oxygenator had on circulating platelet count drop during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Sixty patients undergoing non-emergency myocardial revascularization for coronary artery disease were randomly divided into two groups. Group one (n = 32) received the Carmeda-coated Maxima-Plus PRF oxygenator while the patients in Group two (n=28) received the Trillium-coated Affinity oxygenator during CPB. The net platelet count drops for the pump specimen (15-20 min after the initiation of bypass) for the Carmeda and the Trillium groups were 3.6 +/- 15.8% and 6.2 +/- 10.2%, respectively. The net platelet count drop for the warming specimen for the Carmeda and the Trillium groups were 2.9 +/- 19.4% and 0.5 +/- 11.0%, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups. The authors conclude that using either the Carmeda-coated Maxima-Plus PRF oxygenator or the Trillium-coated Affinity oxygenator afford similar benefits in regards to preserving circulating platelet counts during bypass.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Adhesion of thrombotic components to the surface of a clinically used oxygenator is not affected by Trillium coating.

The Trillium coating is designed to minimize adsorption of protein and the attachment of cells and other particles. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of surface coating on the adhesion of thrombotic components (activated platelets, white blood cells and fibrin) to the surface of a clinically used oxygenator. Twenty patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were randomized to one of the two oxygenator groups: non-coated (NC, n = 10) or Trillium-coated (TC, n = 10). Platelet and white blood cell counts and factor XIIa concentrations were determined prior to the induction of anesthesia and at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Binding of activated platelets, white blood cells and fibrin to the artificial surfaces was quantified by means of antibody binding and histological validation was achieved by scanning electron microscopy. Patient demographic and CPB data were similar for the two groups. No significant differences between the groups were found for any of the tested thrombotic components. However, observations from our scanning electron microscopy suggested a release of formed particles from the Trillium-coated surface. Primary adhesion of activated platelets, white blood cells and fibrin to the artificial surface of the venous blood inlet from an oxygenator is not affected by the Trillium surface coating under conditions of full systemic heparinization.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Comparison of a Duraflo II-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuit and a trillium-coated oxygenator during open-heart surgery.

BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) evokes a systemic inflammatory response. In attempting to improve the biocompatibility of the equipment, various methods to coat the inner surfaces of the CPB systems have been developed. The present study compares a Trillium Biopassive surface-coated Affinity oxygenator with a Duraflo II totally heparin-coated CPB system. METHODS: Low-risk patients admitted for primary coronary artery bypass grafting or aortic valve replacement were randomized to operation using the Trillium- or the Duraflo II-coated setups. Heparin concentration, complement activation (C3bc activation products and terminal complement complex (TCC)), platelet activation (platelet numbers and beta-thromboglobulin (BTG)), leukocyte activation (leukocyte numbers and myeloperoxidase (MPO)), coagulation (thrombin/antithrombin complexes (TAT)) and fibrinolytic activity (plasmin/alpha2-antiplasmin complexes (PAP)) were measured during CPB and two hours postoperatively. RESULTS: Platelet counts decreased during CPB, without significant intergroup differences. The median BTG concentration increased moderately in both groups and were slightly higher in the Trillium group during CPB (p < 0.05), but not postoperatively. Complement activation products (C3bc and TCC), leukocyte counts, MPO, TAT and PAP activity showed no differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: There were small differences in the inflammatory response between the two extracorporeal circulation devices compared in this study.

Blood Coagulation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Antithrombotic properties of trillium coated connectors.

Trillium coating (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN) offers, in addition to the presence of heparin, endothelium-like properties of its negatively charged surface. Its thromboresistant properties on coated connectors are tested here and compared with uncoated standard connectors, as well as with the Carmeda BioActive surface (CBAS) heparin surface coating. A partial cardiopulmonary bypass bovine model (body weight 68 +/- 5 kg) was selected, and the surfaces were exposed to the blood stream (pump flow 3.5 L/min) for up to 350 minutes without systemic heparinization. Thereafter, another set of samples was exposed to stagnant blood for 20 minutes. Besides hemodynamic, hematologic, and biochemical analyses, the macroscopic appearance of 45 blood exposed surface samples were graded semiquantitatively on a scale of 0 to 10: no macroscopic deposits = grade 0, one spot (1 mm diameter) = grade 1, two spots = grade 2, five or more spots = grade 5, 10% of the surface covered with clots = grade 6, 100% covered = grade 10. When exposed to blood flow, Trillium and CBAS coatings showed a statistically significant (p = 0.03) better thromboresistance (score: 0 +/- 0 for both) than uncoated connectors (score: 0.8 +/- 1.5) in this nonheparinized model. The same holds true when the connectors were exposed to stagnant blood (score: 0 +/- 0 for both coatings vs 4.3 +/- 2.8 for controls; p = 0.03). Therefore, Trillium coating exhibits significant antithrombotic properties that outperform standards for connectors used in clinical perfusion.

Animals↗

PubMed1958

Variations in sulfhydryl concentration during microsporocyte meiosis in the anthers of Lilium and Trillium.

Anthers of lily and trillium were followed with respect to variations in protein and soluble sulfhydryls during meiosis and mitosis of the sporogenous tissue. In lily, the meiotic and mitotic cycles are each preceded by a rise in soluble -SH; in trillium there is only one rise which precedes meiosis. During division there is a marked drop in soluble -SH and a rise in soluble disulfides. Protein -SH remains approximately constant until diakinesis or metaphase when it falls briefly.

Cell Cycle↗

PubMed2006

Pollen-mediated gene dispersal within continuous and fragmented populations of a forest understorey species, Trillium cuneatum.

Pollen movement plays a critical role in the distribution of genetic variation within and among plant populations. Direct measures of pollen movement in the large, continuous populations that characterize many herbaceous plant species are often technically difficult and biologically unreliable. Here, we studied contemporary pollen movement in four large populations of Trillium cuneatum. Three populations, located in the Georgia Piedmont, are exposed to strong anthropogenic disturbances, while the fourth population, located in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, is relatively undisturbed. Using the recently developed TwoGener analysis, we extracted estimates of the effective number of pollen donors (N(ep)), effective mating neighbourhood size (A(ep)) and the average distance of pollen movement (delta) for each population. We extended the TwoGener method by developing inference on the paternal gametic contribution to the embryo in situations where offspring genotypes are inferred from seeds and elaiosomes of species with bisporic megagametogenesis. Our estimates indicate that maternal plants do not sample pollen randomly from a global pool; rather, pollen movement in all four populations is highly restricted. Although the effective number of pollen donors per maternal plant is low (1.22-1.66) and pollen movement is highly localized in all populations, N(ep) in the disturbed Piedmont populations is higher and there is more pollen movement than in the mountains. The distance pollen moves is greater in disturbed sites and fragmented populations, possibly due to edge effects in Trillium habitats.

Gene Flow↗

PubMed2004

[Chromosome maps of trilliaceae: II. A study of the genome composition in polyploid species of the genus Trillium by fluorescence nucleotide base-specific staining of heterochromatic chromosome regions].

Chromosome banding with nucleotide base-specific fluorochromes chromomycin A3 (CMA) and Hoechst 33258 (H33258) was used to study the karyotypes and to construct cytological maps for diploid Trillium camschatcense (2n = 10), tetraploid T. tschonoskii (2n = 20), hexaploid T. rhombifolium (2n = 30), and a triploid T. camschatcense x T. tschonoskii hybrid (T. x hagae, 2n = 15). With H33258, species- and genome-specific patterns with numerous AT-rich heterochromatin bands were obtained for each of the four forms; CMA revealed a few small, mostly telomeric GC-rich bands. In T. tschonoskii, the two subgenomes were similar to each other and differed from the T. camschatcense genome; on this evidence, the species was considered to be a segmental allotetraploid. In T. x hagae, one T. camschatcense and both T. tschonoskii subgenomes were identified. The subgenomes of T. rhombifolium only partly corresponded to the T. camschatcense and T. tschonoskii genomes, in contrast to the morphologically identical Japanese species T. hagae. This was assumed to indicate that allohexaploids T. rhombifolium and T. hagae originated independently at different times; i.e., their origin is polyphyletic. Based on the chromosome maps, a new nomenclature was proposed for the Trillium genomes examined: K1K1 for T. camschatcense, T1T1T2T2 for T. tschonoskii, T1T1T2T2 for T. x hagae, and K1RK1RT1RT1RT2RT2R for T. rhombifolium.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed2001

Field and allozyme studies investigating optimal mating success in two sympatric spring-ephemeral plants, Trillium erectum and T. grandiflorum.

A combination of field experiments and allozyme studies was used to test whether two spring-ephemeral plants growing in eastern North America, Trillium erectum and T. grandiflorum (Liliaceae), exhibited an optimal outcrossing distance for fruit and seed production. Furthermore, the spatial genetic structure of the Trillium populations was examined in light of the outcrossing results. In field experiments, recipient plants were pollinated with either self pollen or with pollen from donors growing 1 m, 10 m, 100 m, and 1500 m away. These distances represented crosses between individuals growing within the same population (1 m, 10 m, and 100 m crosses) and between individuals growing in different populations (1500 m crosses). Self-pollinated T. erectum and T. grandiflorum produced 71% and 89% fewer seeds, respectively, than all other outcrossing treatments. However, there were no significant differences among outcrossing treatments for fruit or seed production. As neither T. erectum nor T. grandiflorum exhibited an optimal outcrossing distance for fruit or seed production, it was predicted that populations of the two would not demonstrate strong spatial genetic structure or isolation by distance. The allozyme results only partially supported the patterns revealed in the outcrossing treatments. Populations of T. erectum and T. grandiflorum showed moderate spatial genetic differentiation based on F-statistics, and only T. grandiflorum exhibited significant isolation by distance based on spatial autocorrelation analyses. The lack of optimal outcrossing distances and the patterns of allozyme variation in T. erectum and T. grandiflorum populations may be attributed to a number of factors, including active seed dispersal by ants, rare long-distance gene-flow events, post-pollination and post-fertilization selection, and/or the severity of inbreeding depression.

Isoenzymes↗

PubMed2001

Biocompatibility of Trillium Biopassive Surface-coated oxygenator versus uncoated oxygenator during cardiopulmonary bypass.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the Trillium Biopassive Surface (Medtronic Cardiopulmonary, Minneapolis, MN) coating added to the cardiopulmonary bypass oxygenator reduces inflammatory mediators, blood loss, and transfusion requirements. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, and blinded human trial. SETTING: Tertiary care academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty adult patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Patients received visually identical coated or uncoated oxygenators. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocyte count, platelet count, terminal complement complex, complement activation, myeloperoxidase, beta-thromboglobulin, prothrombin fragment 1.2, plasmin-antiplasmin, heparin concentration, activated coagulation time, and fibrinogen concentration were measured. Blood loss and blood product usage were recorded. In both groups, there were significant inflammatory alterations with the initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass. In the postprotamine samples, the coated oxygenator group had small but significant increases in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and leukocyte count. There were no differences in inflammatory mediators, blood loss, or transfusion requirements between the coated and uncoated groups. CONCLUSION: This human trial of Trillium Biopassive Surface-coated oxygenators did not show clinical benefits or clinically important biochemical results.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Fruit development in trillium. Dependence On stem carbohydrate reserves

Leaves are the main source of carbon for fruit maturation in most species. However, in plants seeing contrasting light conditions such as some spring plants, carbon fixed during the spring could be used to support fruit development in the summer, when photosynthetic rates are low. We monitored carbohydrate content in the rhizome (a perennating organ) and the aboveground stem of trillium (Trillium erectum) over the entire growing season (May-November). At the beginning of the fruiting stage, stems carrying a developing fruit were harvested, their leaves were removed, and the leafless stems were maintained in aqueous solution under controlled conditions up to full fruit maturation. These experiments showed that stem carbohydrate content was sufficient to support fruit development in the absence of leaves and rhizome. This is the first reported case, to our knowledge, of complete fruit development sustained only by a temporary carbohydrate reservoir. This carbohydrate accumulation in the stem during the spring enables the plant to make better use of the high irradiances occurring at that time. Many other species might establish short-term carbohydrate reservoirs in response to seasonal changes in growing conditions.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

[Research on the propagation of Trillium tsehonoskii M. in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a technique of propagating. Trillium tsehonoskii in vitro as new way to conserve and utilize this special medicinal plant. METHOD: Segments from different organs of the plant sampled at different growth stages were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various combinations of BA, IAA, NAA and zeatin in a set of concentrations. RESULT: The effects of the induction of callus and differentiation of sprouts were investigated, showing that BA and IAA favored the formation of callus. The stock segments taken in the period of rapid growth of the plant were suitable for tissue culture. The induction rate of callus from the stock segments was as high as 21.9% and easy to differentiate micro-stock and plantlets, which may result from an activate function of stock cambium to enhance cell division during the stage of sprouting to rapid growth. CONCLUSION: The tissue culture method is a practicable and potential biotechnological way to multiply Trillium tsehonoskii plants. One key point to establish an in vitro system is to further improve the plantlet differentiation rate of the callus induced.

Culture Techniques↗

PubMed2003

Floral density, pollen limitation, and reproductive success in Trillium grandiflorum.

Decreases in floral density can disrupt mutualistic interactions between plants and their pollinators, and decrease reproductive success. I addressed the relationship between floral density and plant reproductive success using two experimental approaches: a pollen supplementation experiment in 12 populations of Trillium grandiflorum that naturally varied in floral density, and a transplant experiment in which floral density was manipulated in plots at four experimental sites. In the pollen supplementation experiments, the degree of pollen limitation, in terms of fruit set and seed set, decreased with floral density. Further, in the experimental sites, plant reproductive success increased asymptotically with floral density. These results demonstrate the value of simultaneously conducting experiments in both experimental sites and natural populations to understand how population density influences plant reproductive success. Factors that reduce the density of this perennial herb, such as habitat fragmentation and herbivory by white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus), should be expected to limit its reproduction.

Flowers↗

PubMed2005

Characterization of TrcMADS1 gene of Trillium camtschatcense (Trilliaceae) reveals functional evolution of the SOC1/TM3-like gene family.

Plant MADS-box genes encode transcriptional regulators that are critical for a number of developmental processes, such as the establishment of floral organ identity, flowering time, and fruit development. It appears that the MADS-box gene family has undergone considerable gene duplication and divergence within various angiosperm lineages. SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1)/Tomato MADS-box gene 3 (TM3)-like genes are members of the MADS-box gene family and have undergone repeated duplication events. Here, we isolated and characterized the SOC1/TM3-like gene TrcMADS1 from Trillium camtschatcense (Trilliaceae) to infer the ancestral function of SOC1/TM3-like genes. The alignment of SOC1/TM3-like genes revealed the presence of a highly conserved region in the C-terminal of predicted protein sequences, designated the SOC1 motif. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that TrcMADS1 is at the basal position of the SOC1/TM3-like gene family. The TrcMADS1 mRNA was detected in both vegetative and reproductive organs by RT-PCR. Our results suggest that duplicated copies of SOC1/TM3-like gene evolved to become variously functionally specialized.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Genetic diversity and genetic structure of an endangered species, Trillium tschonoskii.

The genetic diversity and genetic structure of Trillium tschonoskii (Maxim) were investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Eight primer combinations were carried out on 105 different individuals sampled from seven populations. Of the 619 discernible DNA fragments generated, 169 (27.3%) were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic bands within populations ranged from 4.52 to 10.50. Genetic diversity (H(E)) within populations ranged from 0.0130 to 0.0379, averaging 0.0536 at the species level. Genetic differentiation among populations was detected based on Nei's genetic diversity analysis (53.03%) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) (52.43%). AMOVA indicated significant genetic differentiation among populations (52.43% of the variance) and within populations (47.57% of the variance) (p < 0.0002). Gene flow was low (0.4429) among populations. Species breeding system and limited gene flow among populations are plausible reasons for the high genetic differentiation observed for this species. We propose an appropriate strategy for conserving the genetic resources of T. tschonoskii in China.

China↗