NHS trusts. Can we trust the trusts?
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Attitude of Health Personnel↗
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Mental health issues: Health Trust or National Trust?
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Community Mental Health Services↗
Trust, control strategies and allocation of function in human-machine systems.
As automated controllers supplant human intervention in controlling complex systems, the operators' role often changes from that of an active controller to that of a supervisory controller. Acting as supervisors, operators can choose between automatic and manual control. Improperly allocating function between automatic and manual control can have negative consequences for the performance of a system. Previous research suggests that the decision to perform the job manually or automatically depends, in part, upon the trust the operators invest in the automatic controllers. This paper reports an experiment to characterize the changes in operators' trust during an interaction with a semi-automatic pasteurization plant, and investigates the relationship between changes in operators' control strategies and trust. A regression model identifies the causes of changes in trust, and a 'trust transfer function' is developed using time series analysis to describe the dynamics of trust. Based on a detailed analysis of operators' strategies in response to system faults we suggest a model for the choice between manual and automatic control, based on trust in automatic controllers and self-confidence in the ability to control the system manually.
Adult↗
Interpersonal trust and empathy in nurse-nurse relationships.
The specific purpose of a study that examined interpersonal communication in ongoing nurse-nurse dyads was to ascertain the nature of the relationship between interpersonal trust and empathy in nurse-nurse interaction. Analysis of questionnaire data collected from a sample of 36 diploma school nursing instructors indicated slight correlations between specific trust and general trust and between general trust and empathy. A strong negative correlation was found between specific trust and empathy. Discussion centered on an explanation for the inverse relationship between specific trust and empathy and a proposed model for how trust functions in ongoing nurse-nurse dyads.
Empathy↗
Actuarial status of the OASI and DI Trust Funds.
This article presents the "Summary of the 1991 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance Trust Funds." The Board reports the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) Trust Fund, by itself, and the combined OASI and Disability Insurance (DI) Trust Funds meet the short-range test of financial adequacy, based on intermediate assumptions. However, under conditions that are more pessimistic than the intermediate assumptions, the DI Trust Fund would be depleted during the next 10 years. Under intermediate assumptions, the long-range 75-year estimates, excluding the effects of interest income, indicate the OASDI program will experience about 26 years of positive annual balances, with annual deficits indefinitely thereafter. Including interest, the trust funds would continue to grow, in dollars, for another decade, before steadily declining to exhaustion 50 years from now.
Actuarial Analysis↗
Some correlates of trust.
Trust has been variously defined by behavioral scientists and not very thoroughly investigated. In this study trust was defined as an expectancy held by an individual that the behavior of another person or a group would be altruistic and personally beneficial. An attempt was made, using this conceptual definition, to identify some personality and behavioral correlates of trust. Seven interpersonal relations groups with approximately 10 male and female undergraduates per group were studied with use of the Janis and Field self-esteem inventory, Schutz's FIRO-B scale, and the Rotter internal-external scale. It was discovered that a trusted person is one who is highly influential, has an internal locus of control, a low need to control others, high self-esteem, and is open to being influenced by others.
Altruism↗
Locus of control and trust in parents: a preliminary study.
Compared 50 undergraduates (7 males, 43 females) as the upper and lower third Internal and External locus of control groups, based on I-E scores, with respect to scores on separate subscales of trust in father (FT), mother (MT), and both parents (PT). While the results confirmed previous findings that internality was related positively to trust in others, the present study found significantly greater trust in father than in mother. These differential findings were interpreted as having relevance to studies of behavioral referents of locus of control as well as implications for parent-child antecedent relationships.
Adolescent↗
The effects of self-concept, trust, and imagined positive or negative self-disclosures on psychological space.
This study focused on some of the determinants of schematic interactional distance based on an analysis of social learning processes. It was hypothesized that closer interpersonal constructions would be associated with a more positive rather than negative self-concept, a greater rather than lesser degree of trust, and a covert positive rather than negative self-disclosure to a significant other. One hundred fifty-nine male and female undergraduate students were administered the Tennessee Self Concept Scale and Jourard's Self-Disclosure Questionnaire. Of these Ss, 82 were also given either positive or negative covert self-disclosure conditions. Interactional distances consisted of "Self" placements in relation to several key social target representations. The results supported the hypothesis regarding the relationship between self-concept and psychological distance, but only for females. There was also a tendency for more trusting females to produce closer distances than less trusting females. These results, as well as the obtained significant sex differences in distancing responses and in renditions of vertical displacements, were discussed within the context of culturally determined sex role differences.
Hierarchy, Social↗
Internal-external control, interpersonal trust, and the motive to avoid success in college women.
The Internal-External Control scale, Interpersonal Trust scale, and an assessment of the Motive To Avoid Success were administered to 86 undergraduate women. As expected, external and low trust scores covaried with comparatively high levels of achievement-related anxiety. The results were interpreted in terms of possible repression tendencies of internal subjects and the defensive properties inherent in the external and low trust belief systems.
Achievement↗
Trusts. Opt out insecurity.
Ninety nine more hospitals and health units are to become trusts on 1 April 1992. The government also agreed a further 153 could apply for trust status by April 1993. Four London teaching hospitals, given the go ahead to become trusts, have been delayed until April 1993 to allow an inquiry into the capital's health services.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Actuarial status of the HI and SMI Trust Funds.
This article presents the "Summary of the 1991 Annual Reports of the Medicare Board of Trustees." The Board reports that the present financing schedule for the Hospital Insurance (HI) program is sufficient to ensure the payment of benefits over the next 14 years with trust fund exhaustion occurring in 2005 if the alternative II (intermediate) assumptions are realized. Although the HI Trust Fund is financially adequate based on the short-range test, the Board believes that corrective action will be needed very soon to avoid the need for potentially precipitous changes later. For the Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Trust Fund, the Board concludes that funds are sufficient to cover projected benefits and administrative costs through December 1991, but notes with concern the rapid growth in the cost of the program and recommends that Congress continue to work to curtail the rapid growth in the cost of the SMI program.
Actuarial Analysis↗
Laying the groundwork for family self-help: locating families, building trust, and building strength.
The practice stories of 30 expert home visiting public health nurses were recorded and interpreted qualitatively, using constant comparative analysis. Three family caregiving competencies, which provide the essential preliminary groundwork to enable family self-help, were identified: locating the family, which involves tracking down highly unstable families; building trust, which involves developing rapport with clients who have seldom experienced trust; and building strength, which occurs with those who have neither apparent strengths nor belief in their own capacity. These descriptions have major implications for investigation, teaching, and integration into policy.
Adult↗
Risk governance of transgenic plants: bridging science, policy, and public trust.
Transgenic plants and genome editing technologies are revolutionizing agriculture through sustainable approaches to food security, pest management, and adaptation to climate change; but their widespread use is hampered by regulatory systems that are fragmented, ethics considerations, and an ongoing lack of trust from the general public. In contrast to other literature that evaluates regulation processes and public acceptance separately, our review paper introduces a new, holistic approach that includes both technical risk assessment from a scientific perspective, and Codex Alimentarius and OECD standards, and the socio-legal and judicial environment of how the national policy decisions are actually made. The paper provides a comparative, historical analysis of the key difference between product- and process-based risk governance in the USA, the EU, and India. Through the use of case studies with global significance like MON810 maize, Bt Brinjal, and the April 2024 Philippine Court of Appeals' order for cease-and-desist of Golden Rice, we discuss the increasing tension between administrative scientific approvals and precautionary judicial orders. We further explore the emerging exemptions to regulation of Site-Directed Nuclease (SDN-1 and SDN-2) genome edited crops which led to India's revolutionary 2025 commercialization of climate-resilient rice crops. Our review ends with a forward-looking approach to biotechnology regulation policy, making an appeal to shift from static historical dichotomies towards flexible risk-proportionate and internationally coordinated regulatory systems. Finally, we show that global success of agricultural biotechnology is not just about safety verification, but rather about establishment of transparent and communicable institutions that can transform scientific risk assessments into legitimate risk management decisions.
Plants, Genetically Modified↗
A commentary on measles vaccine in the context of outbreaks: Viral evolution, waning immunity and public trust.
The measles vaccine, introduced over 60 y ago, has been proven to be both safe and effective. Despite the genetic diversity of the measles virus, eradication is considered possible with near-complete coverage of the two-dose vaccination schedule. However, real-world data show that this level of control has not yet been achieved. In addition to outbreaks among unvaccinated individuals, increasing numbers of measles cases are occurring among fully vaccinated, seropositive individuals. Both primary and secondary vaccine failures have been documented. Reduced vaccine effectiveness may occur in people with innate immune deficiencies, immunocompromised individuals (including those with HIV), and patients with chronic conditions such as diabetes. Furthermore, in regions without circulating wild-type virus, vaccine-induced antibody levels tend to decline over time and the impact of this may be more significant among infants. Emerging evidence highlights the importance of T lymphocyte - mediated immunity on effective B cell mediated immune response. Compounding the challenge, measles vaccination and infection are politicized, undermining public trust. Given the high transmissibility of measles, its potential for presymptomatic transmission, and the absence of specific early symptoms, complete eradication may not be feasible in the near term. Nevertheless, combining vaccine advocacy, transparent communication, and ongoing research will be critical to improving global vaccination strategies and public confidence.
Humans↗
Analysis of Variants' Dynamic Using the CLIMB Database in COVID-19 Patients Admitted to Hospitals of Barts Health NHS Trust.
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to significant global health challenges. This study analyzes the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants among patients admitted to Barts Health National Health Service (NHS) Trust hospitals using data from the CLIMB-COVID decentralized digital infrastructure allowing precise identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants. A total of 423 patients admitted between October 2020 and March 2021 were included in the study and divided into two groups: the alpha lineage group, which comprised the B.1.1.7 variant, and the other lineages group, which included all other variants. Whole-genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 genomes was conducted using the COVID-CLIMB pipelines. Clinical outcomes, such as mortality rates and deterioration within 28 days, were analyzed. To ensure robust findings, analyzes were adjusted for confounding factors, including age and comorbidities. Our findings revealed a significant increase in mortality with age for the alpha lineage and other lineages. The study underscores the importance of age adjustment in clinical studies to accurately assess the impact of different variants. Consistent genomic sequencing and data completeness are crucial for obtaining reliable results and guiding public health responses. These insights are vital for improving patient outcomes and providing a truthful picture of the pandemic, informing both current and future healthcare strategies.
Humans↗
Ethical Governance of Open Data Across Biomedical Research, Healthcare, and Public Health: Privacy, Equity, Trust, and Controlled Access.
Open data has become central to biomedical research and public health, but health information is uniquely sensitive and difficult to share responsibly. In this narrative review, open data is considered as a spectrum of health-data sharing arrangements, ranging from public aggregate datasets to controlled-access repositories, federated analysis, and synthetic data. This narrative review synthesizes the scientific and societal rationale for greater openness with the ethical, legal, and governance constraints that shape what "open" can realistically mean in healthcare. We examine how data sharing supports reproducibility, machine learning, and more efficient research, while also enabling public health surveillance and learning health systems. Against these benefits, we analyze privacy and re-identification risks, consent challenges in large-scale secondary use, inequities including data colonialism, and tensions introduced by commercialization. We integrate lessons from prominent case examples spanning pandemic data sharing, genomic initiatives, population registries, patient-led rare disease infrastructures, and regional data spaces. Across these domains, experience suggests that durable progress depends less on unrestricted openness than on calibrated access, privacy-preserving architectures, clear accountability, and sustained public engagement. We conclude by proposing a pragmatic ethical orientation for healthcare open data: treat openness as a spectrum of controlled sharing arrangements, embed equity and reciprocity into governance, and institutionalize trust-building measures that can persist beyond emergencies and political cycles.
Data colonialism↗
Baby's milk: a source of trust between mothers and nurses.
The task of providing infants adequate amounts of nutritious milk, in spite of mothers' ability to produce breast milk, has never been easy. In America cow's milk became the food of choice when mothers ceased to breast-feed their infants. In the mid-1800s advances in bacteriology and chemistry led to a beginning understanding of the role of microbes in food and the development of commercial proprietary formulas. Many mothers discontinued breast-feeding at an early age and relied on these products for their children. With the growth of cities, dairy farms were pushed many miles from the consumers of milk. The distance the new uncooled milk had to be transported, especially during the hot summer months, increased the chances of milk-borne diseases infecting infants. To combat the high rates of infant gastroenteritis and death, welfare reformers and health professionals banded together to improve the milk supply through pasteurization, certification, and safe distribution; and to educate the public, especially mothers, on ways to feed and keep their infants healthy. Through their close contact with mothers in their homes, nurses taught these women how to prepare, store, and feed infants' milk. When their babies survived the summer, mothers developed a sense of trust in the nurse and the things she taught about ways to protect their infants and the entire family's health.
Animals↗
The psychiatrist's responsibility and the public trust.
The author notes that psychiatrists alone can change the public image of their profession. This image has been tarnished in the past by grandiose claims of psychiatry's ability to right social wrongs, by the perceived lack of scientific underpinnings of the discipline, and by internal disputes within the profession. If they are to gain the public trust, psychiatrists must determine for themselves what unique skills they have to offer and how they can best provide their knowledge and expertise to the public in an effective and credible way.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗