SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Tsuga”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2003

Analysis of terpenoids from hemlock (Tsuga) species by solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography/ion-trap mass spectrometry.

A sampling method for determining the volatile terpenoid composition from single needles of seven Tsuga species was developed using headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME). A reproducible sampling method for the volatile components was generated by examination of sample storage, method of needle cutting, and headspace sampling duration. Following SPME collection of the volatile compounds from the seven Tsuga species, gas chromatography/ion-trap mass spectrometry was used to identify 51 terpenoids present in the needle headspace. A semiquantitative method was devised to express individual terpenoid amounts as a percentage of all of the identified peaks in the chromatogram. The semiquantitative results permitted facile interspecies comparison using principal component analysis. Two components were able to account for 90% of the variance and were interpreted as a "species" component and a "resistance/susceptibility" component. Three interspecies groupings were evident from the principal component analysis: (1) Tsuga canadensis and Tsuga caroliniana; (2) Tsuga chinesnsis, Tsuga diversifolia, Tsuga heterophylla, and Tsuga sieboldii; and (3) Tsuga mertensiana. The finding that T. mertensiana was grouped alone and far removed from the other species adds to the morphological evidence that this species should be segregated from other Tsuga.

Bicyclic Monoterpenes↗

PubMed2002

Abietoid seed fatty acid compositions--a review of the genera Abies, Cedrus, Hesperopeuce, Keteleeria, Pseudolarix, and Tsuga and preliminary inferences on the taxonomy of Pinaceae.

The seed fatty acid (FA) compositions of Abietoids (Abies, Cedrus, Hesperopeuce, Keteleeria, Pseudolarix, and Tsuga) are reviewed in the present study in conclusion to our survey of Pinaceae seed FA compositions. Many unpublished data are given. Abietoids and Pinoids (Pinus, Larix, Picea, and Pseudotsuga)-constituting the family Pinaceae-are united by the presence of several delta5-olefinic acids, taxoleic (5,9-18:2), pinolenic (5,9,12-18:3), coniferonic (5,9,12,15-1 8:4), keteleeronic (5,11-20:2), and sciadonic (5,11,14-20:3) acids, and of 14-methyl hexadecanoic (anteiso-17:0) acid. These acids seldom occur in angiosperm seeds. The proportions of individual delta5-olefinic acids, however, differ between Pinoids and Abietoids. In the first group, pinolenic acid is much greater than taxoleic acid, whereas in the second group, pinolenic acid is greater than or equal to taxoleic acid. Moreover, taxoleic acid in Abietoids is much greater than taxoleic acid in Pinoids, an apparent limit between the two subfamilies being about 4.5% of that acid relative to total FA. Tsuga spp. appear to be a major exception, as their seed FA compositions are much like those of species from the Pinoid group. In this respect, Hesperopeuce mertensiana, also known as Tsuga mertensiana, has little in common with Abietoids and fits the general FA pattern of Pinoids well. Tsuga spp. and H. mertensiana, from their seed FA compositions, should perhaps be separated from the Abietoid group and their taxonomic position revised. It is suggested that a "Tsugoid" subfamily be created, with seed FA in compliance with the Pinoid pattern and other botanical and immunological criteria of the Abietoid type. All Pinaceae genera, with the exception of Pinus, are quite homogeneous when considering their overall seed FA compositions, including delta5-olefinic acids. In all cases but one (Pinus), variations from one species to another inside a given genus are of small amplitude. Pinus spp., on the other hand, have highly variable levels of delta5-olefinic acids in their FA compositions, particularly when sections (e.g., Cembroides vs. Pinus sections) or subsections (e.g., Flexiles and Cembrae subsections from the section Strobus) are compared, although they show qualitatively the same FA patterns characteristic of Pinoids. Multicomponent analysis of Abietoid seed FA allowed grouping of individual species into genera that coincide with the same genera otherwise characterized by more classical botanical criteria. Our studies exemplify how seed FA compositions, particularly owing to the presence of delta5-olefinic acids, may be useful in sustaining and adding some precision to existing taxonomy of the major family of gymnosperms, Pinaceae.

Abies↗

PubMed2003

Volatile emissions of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, and the influence of hemlock woolly adelgid.

The volatile emissions of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis Carriere, were identified and quantified using standard and chiral gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. All of the identified compounds were monoterpenes, and included alpha-pinene, myrcene, tricyclene, camphene, alpha-phellandrene, beta-pinene, limonene, beta-phellandrene, terpinolene, and bornyl acetate. alpha-Pinene, myrcene, and camphene comprised greater than 75% by mass of the total release. Infestation by the exotic insect, hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA, Adelges tsugae Annand), resulted in an increased release rate of monoterpenes from branch tips. Release rate was negatively correlated to the amount of the branch tip sample that was new growth, suggesting that release rate is greater from previous-year foliage. Additionally the percent composition of the volatile profile is slightly altered by infestation, with alpha-pinene comprising 57% of volatiles from infested foliage and 66% from uninfested foliage.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Life table analysis of Tsuga longibracteata population].

Tsuga longibracteata is a rare and endangered tree species in China. Based on the life table of population and the theory of survival analysis, the authors worked out the life table of Tsuga longibracteata population drew the curves of mortality density function, hazard rate function and survival, and analyzed the population dynamics. The results show that the population had two peaks of mortality, and the survival curve of the population trended to the type of Deevey II.

China↗

PubMed1997

Dimerization of the N-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix domain of the fungal immunomodulatory protein from Ganoderma tsugae (Fip-gts) defined by a yeast two-hybrid system and site-directed mutagenesis.

A fungal immunomodulatory protein (Fip-gts) was purified from Ganoderma tsugae. The DNA encoding Fip-gts was isolated from a cDNA library of G. tsugae by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The complete amino acid sequence of Fip-gts, deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA, was the same as LZ-8 isolated from Ganodermn lucidum. Recombinant Fip-gts was expressed as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein in Escherichia coli with a yield of 20 mg/liter of culture. Recombinant Fip-gts, purified to homogeneity, had the same blast formation stimulatory activity to human peripheral blood lymphocytes as native Fip-gts. The yeast two-hybrid system and site-directed mutagenesis were used to determine whether dimerization of Fip-gts occurred. Deletion analysis of the N-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix domain of Fip-gts identified a sequence of about 10 amino acids responsible for inducing immunomodulatory activity. Non-functional Fip-gts deletion mutants did not form dimers, whereas wild type Fip-gts did as determined by gel filtration. A mutant with deletions at Leu-5, Phe-7, and Leu-9 lost the amphipathic characteristics of the N-terminal domain and the ability to form dimers as well as its immunomodulatory activity. Fusion of Fip-gts with the DNA binding and the transactivation domains of GAL4 resulted in the activation of the lacZ activator gene, indicating the interaction of Fip-gts with it itself. The dimerization domain was further defined by analyzing the ability of the N-terminal 13 amino acids or Leu-5, Phe-7, and Leu-9 deletion mutants of Fip-gts to interact with the wild type Fip-gts. These experiments confirmed the N-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix as the dimerization domain and suggest that the dimerization of Fip-gts may play an important role in Fip-gts immunomodulatory activity.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2000

Chloroplast DNA inversion polymorphism in populations of Abies and Tsuga.

Polymorphism for a 42-kb chloroplast DNA inversion was detected in five species of Abies and two species of Tsuga based on a sample of 1,281 individuals and both Southern hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. Two haplotypes were observed in all populations and species. The 42-kb inversion is associated with a short inverted repeat that includes trnS, psaM, and trnG. The frequencies of the two haplotypes within species were very similar among the five species of Abies This polymorphism has been maintained within populations and species in both Abies and Tsuga, probably because the mutation rate of the inversion is high. Haplotype frequencies had no geographical tendencies for any species except Abies mariesii, in which haplotype frequencies varied clinally, possibly as a result of rapid dissemination after the most recent glacial period and random genetic drift.

Blotting, Southern↗

PubMed1992

Ganoderma tsugae mycelium enhances splenic natural killer cell activity and serum interferon production in mice.

Effects of the water-soluble extract of Ganoderma tsugae mycelium (GT), its alcohol-insoluble subfraction (GTI), and its alcohol-soluble subfraction (GTS) on splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity and serum interferon (IFN) production were assessed in mice. Intraperitoneal administration of GT (4-200 mg/kg) or GTI (1-50 mg/kg), but not GTS, augmented the NK cytotoxic activity in a dose-dependent manner in C3H/HeN mice. This augmentation of splenic NK cytolytic activity was not mouse-strain-dependent. The serum IFN titers of mice were also elevated after i.p.-doses of GTI. The GTI-induced serum IFN was reduced by either IFN-(alpha+beta) antiserum or IFN-gamma monoclonal antibody in vitro. The treatment with antiserum neutralizing IFN-(alpha+beta) resulted in a 70% reduction of GTI-induced IFN, while monoclonal antibody against mouse IFN-gamma, moderately neutralized the GTI-induced IFN (50%). These results demonstrated that both the splenic NK activity and serum IFN [IFN-(alpha+beta) and IFN-gamma] titers are elevated by Ganoderma tsugae mycelium extracts in mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Antitumor active polysaccharides from the Chinese mushroom Songshan lingzhi, the fruiting body of Ganoderma tsugae.

A systematic method of extraction, fractionation, and purification of polysaccharides from Songshan Lingzhi (Ganoderma tsugae) with antitumor activity was established. Seven glycans with strong antitumor activities were obtained from 14 water-soluble, and 15 water-insoluble fractions: FIo-a, FA-1, FII-1, FIII-2, and FIII-2-a, -b, and -c. FIo-a and FA-1 were protein-containing glucogalactans associated with mannose and fucose. FII-1 was a (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan having a lower protein content. The water-insoluble fractions FIII-2-a, -b, and -c were extracted with alkali, and were found to be protein-containing (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans showing the strongest activity. Chemical properties and structure of each antitumor polysaccharide were compared with three fungi of the Ganoderma family, Kofukitake (G. applanatum), Mannentake (G. lucidum), and Songshan Lingzhi (G. tsugae).

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2002

Carbon exchange of an old-growth eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forest in central New England.

Carbon (C) exchange of an approximately 200-year-old eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L.) forest in central Massachusetts, USA, was estimated from mid-October 2000 through October 2001 based on eddy covariance measurements and statistical modeling from microclimatic data. Measurements were made in 68% of the hours during the year of study, with > 50% coverage in all months except December and August. Data were filtered by wind direction and atmospheric turbulence to remove invalid measurements. Analysis of filtered data showed that photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was significant in predicting C exchange, except during the winter. Daily minimum air temperature affected C exchange in autumn and winter, whereas time of day, water vapor pressure deficit and air temperature had significant effects on C storage in spring, summer and fall. Most C storage in the stand occurred in April through July and in October 2001, with maximum rates in April and May. Persistent cold weather prevented C storage in December through March. In early spring 2001, C uptake was sensitive to nocturnal frost: daily minimum air temperatures below 0 degrees C reduced C fixation, and minima below -5 degrees C caused its virtual cessation. Soil temperature was a poor predictor of C balance during this period. In August, high soil and air temperatures (averaging 16.7 and 21.1 degrees C, respectively) drove high ecosystem respiration, which approximately balanced C uptake. These patterns show potential for stimulated C storage in hemlock forests in a warmer climate with fewer spring and autumn frosts, but reduced C storage during warmer summers. Estimated annual C storage was 3.0 Mg ha(-1), which is higher than for younger coniferous and deciduous forests during earlier years in the northeastern USA. Long-term data are needed to determine if the estimated high C storage in this hemlock forest is a result of interannual climate variation or an effect of forest composition.

Biomass↗

PubMed2000

Lignans causing photodiscoloration of Tsuga heterophylla: 8-hydroxy-oxomatairesinol from sapwood.

A lignan, (8S,8'S,)-(+)-8-hydroxy-oxomatairesinol, has been isolated from the sapwood of Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock, Pinaceae). The known lignans matairesinol, lariciresinol and secoisolariciresinol were also obtained. The structure of the compound was established by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Results of the light-irradiation test of the lignans from T. heterophylla are also reported.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2003

Characterization of a polysaccharide-protein complex from Ganoderma tsugae mycelium by size-exclusion chromatography combined with laser light scattering.

A water-soluble polysaccharide-protein complex (GM3) extracted from the mycelium of Ganoderma tsugae was characterized using size-exclusion chromatography combined with laser light scattering (SEC-LLS). Two peaks coded as fractions I and II appeared in the SEC pattern of GM3 in 0.5 M NaCl aqueous solution, corresponding to the weight-average molecular mass (M(w)) of 355 x 10(4) and 6.3 x 10(4), respectively. The relationship between the radius of gyration ( (z)(1/2)) and M(w) showed that molecules of fraction I exhibited more compact coil conformation than that of fraction II in 0.5 M NaCl aqueous solution at 25 degrees C. To clarify the component of polysaccharide and protein in each fraction, the sample GM3 was treated with 0.2 M NaOH aqueous solution to degrade polysaccharide and trypsin to hydrolyze protein. The obtained products were analyzed by SEC combined with detectors such as UV, differential refractive index (DRI) and LLS. The results indicated that both the fractions I and II were protein-bound polysaccharide, but had different protein content and degree of branching, resulting in the difference of the chain conformation.

Basidiomycota↗

PubMed1998

Mediation of the cytotoxicity of lanostanoids and steroids of Ganoderma tsugae through apoptosis and cell cycle.

A new lanostanoid ester glucoside, 3 alpha-acetoxy-5 alpha-lanosta-8,24-dien-21-oic acid ester beta-d-glucoside (1), and a known steroid, 2 beta,3 alpha,9 alpha-trihydroxy-5 alpha-ergosta-7,22-diene (2), were isolated from the fruit bodies of Ganoderma tsugae and their structures determined by spectroscopic methods. To study the cytotoxicity of 1 and 2, the changes of DNA content in human hepatocytes (Hep 3B) were studied. A sub-G1 cell stage was drastically increased after 24-h incubation with 1 (24 micrograms/mL). Compound 2 (100 micrograms/mL) inhibited the cell cycle progression of Hep 3B cells at the G2/M phase with an IC50 value of about 87.1 micrograms/mL. These results indicate that 1 causes cell death by apoptosis and 2 may possess the activity of cell cycle inhibition.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗

PubMed2000

New lanostanoids of Ganoderma tsugae.

Three new compounds, (24R, S)-3alpha-acetoxy-24-hydroxy-5alpha-lanosta-8,25-di en-21-oic acid, named tsugaric acid C (1); 3alpha-acetoxy-5alpha-lanosta-8, 24-diene-21-O-beta-D-xyloside, named tsugarioside B (2); and 3alpha-acetoxy-(Z)-24-methyl-5alpha-lanosta-8,23,25-tr ien-21-oic acid ester beta-D-xyloside, named tsugarioside C (3), and a mixture of two known steroids were isolated from the fruit bodies of Ganoderma tsugae. The structures of 1-3 were determined by spectral and chemical methods. The cytotoxic activity of the lanostanoid constituents of this fungus was evaluated against several different cancer cell lines.

Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor↗

PubMed2001

Prevention of autoantibody formation and prolonged survival in New Zealand Black/New Zealand White F1 mice with an ancient Chinese herb, Ganoderma tsugae.

For centuries, Chinese medicine has regarded Ganoderma, a fungus (Myceteae, Amastigomycota, Busidomycetes, Aphyllophorales, Polyporaceae, Ganoderma) also known as 'Ling Zhi' in Mandarin, as a premium remedy for many diseases. Until now, no convincing data regarding its therapeutic effects in vivo on autoimmune diseases have been demonstrated. In this study, a controlled protocol was conducted in which New Zealand Black/White F1 mice were fed standard chow with prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg/day) or Ganoderma tsugae extract, commencing at 2 months of age. It was found that the F1 mice responded well to Ling Zhi extract. Ling Zhi improved the survival rate of lupus mice, decreased the amount of proteinuria, decreased serum levels of anti-dsDNA autoantibody, and showed evidence of decreased perivascular and parenchyma mononuclear cell infiltration in vital organs.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Antitumor active protein-containing glycans from the Chinese mushroom songshan lingzhi, Ganoderma tsugae mycelium.

A water-soluble polysaccharide, FI, extracted from the mycelium of Granoderma tsugae, was fractionated and purified by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography. Sixteen polysaccharides obtained were examined for antitumor effects on Sarcoma 180 in mice. The three active polysaccharides obtained were as follows: FIo-a: A glycan-protein complex containing 9.3% protein, and having a hetero-glyco-chain of mannose and xylose. FIo-b-alpha: Molecular weight 10,000, glucan-protein complex containing 25.8% protein. The inhibition ratio was 61.8% against the solid cancer Sarcoma 180/mice; the survival ratio was more than 194% of the control group (100). FA-1-b-alpha: Molecular weight 16,000, a complex of glycan:protein = 42:58 w/w, consisting of glucose as a main component, and associated with arabinose, mannose, xylose, and galactose. This had a tumor inhibition ratio of 56% and a survival ratio of more than 182%. Comparison of active glycan with the fruiting body and mycelium: Among water-soluble polysaccharides of fruiting body, FIo-a and FA-1, with antitumor activity, were both glucogalactan-protein complexes of molecular weight 10,000, but that of mycelium was a homoglucan protein complex in FIo-b-alpha and heteroglucan protein in both FA-1-a and FA-1-b-alpha. The heteroglucan had a low tumor inhibition ratio, but caused a high survival ratio in mice.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1992

Borrelia burgdorferi infection in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) habitat in western Pennsylvania.

White-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were captured and their tissues sampled from 27 sites in seven counties of western Pennsylvania in 1990 for isolation and identification of Borrelia burgdorferi. Two hundred sixty mice were captured from which there were 27 isolations. Significantly more mice were captured and significantly more isolations made from hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) habitat than from deciduous species forest. Hemlock habitat is sparse and focal but evidently increases winter survival of mice, and thus possibly results in increased infection rates in mice.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Effects of polysaccharides (FI0-b) from mycelium of Ganoderma tsugae on proinflammatory cytokine production by THP-1 cells and human PBMC (I).

AIM: To compare the effects of water-soluble polysaccharides, FI0-b, and its formic acid-modified derivative, FI0-b-H, on production of human proinflammatory cytokines. METHODS: The polysaccharides were modified by formic acid. Cytokine production was quantitated by radioimmunoassay. mRNA for cytokines was measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: FI0-b and FI0-b-H 4, 40, and 400 mg/L significantly downregulated interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) production by THP-1 cells induced by lypopolysaccharide (LPS) 1 or 10 mg/L and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) 200 nmol/L. At lower stimulation with LPS 10 mg/L and PMA 200 nmol/L, both polysaccharides significantly upregulated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) production by THP-1 cells. However, at higher stimulation with LPS 100 mg/L and PMA 200 nmol/L, they downregulated TNF alpha production. FI0-b-H downregulated interleukin-8 (IL-8) production by THP-1 cells at a lower-dose of LPS 1 mg/L and PMA 200 nmol/L, but upregulated IL-8 production at a higher-dose of LPS 10 mg/L and PMA 200 nmol/L. Production of cytokines (IL-1 alpha and TNF alpha) was transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally regulated by FI0-b and FI0-b-H. CONCLUSION: The water-soluble polysaccharides of Ganoderma tsugae mycelium have bidirectional immunomodulatory effects on cytokine production in different stimulatory conditions in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with FI0-b, FI0-b-H has more marked effects on human proinflammatory cytokine production.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Effects of polysaccharides (FI0-c) from mycelium of Ganoderma tsugae on proinflammatory cytokine production by THP-1 cells and human PBMC (II).

AIM: To study the effects of water-soluble polysaccharides. FI0-c, and its sulfated derivative, FI0-c-S, on production of human proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha). METHODS: The herbal polysaccharides were modified by chlorosulfornic acid in dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO). Cytokine production was measured by radioimmunoassay, mRNA for the cytokines was measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: FI0-c 4 mg/L itself induced IL-1 alpha production by THP-1 cells without stimulants, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). On the other hand, FI0-c and FI0-c-S inhibited the IL-1 alpha production by THP-1 cells with these stimulants. FI0-c and FI0-c-S significantly upregulated TNF alpha production by THP-1 cells without stimulants or at a low dose of LPS 10 mg/L and PMA 200 nmol/L, whereas these polysaccharides markedly downregulated the TNF alpha production by a high dose of LPS 100 mg/L and PMA. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) responded to FI0-c and FI0-c-S in IL-1 alpha and TNF alpha production in a fashion similar to THP-1 cell responses. FI0-c 4 mg/L downregulated high-dose LPS- and PMA-induced IL-1 alpha or TNF alpha mRNA and their protein production by THP-1 cells. CONCLUSION: The water-soluble polysaccharides of Ganoderma tsugae mycelium have bidirectional immunomodulatory effects on cytokine production in different cell stimulatory conditions. Chemical modification of this polysaccharide changed the intensity of regulatory effect on cytokine production.

Adult↗