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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1985

Iron, transferrin, and acid and alkaline phosphatase in healthy turkeys and in turkeys inoculated with the lymphoproliferative disease virus.

Presented are data on iron-binding capacity determinations in the serum of turkeys infected with lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) virus and in healthy males and females (laying eggs and nonlaying) from a breeding flock. Also presented are results of serum and tissue total acid and alkaline phosphatase determinations in turkey poults infected with LPD virus and their uninfected controls and of serum enzyme levels in healthy males and females from the breeding flock. There was no significant alteration in total iron binding capacity (transferrin level) in the serum of turkeys with LPD. Turkey poults inoculated with LPD virus showed a significant decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase activity 4 and 7 weeks postinfection (pi), and a decrease in serum acid phosphatase activity 7 weeks pi. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity determined in the spleen and pancreas (organs with pronounced tumor involvement) 7 weeks pi did not differ significantly from that of healthy controls, although there was a tendency for both enzymes to decline in the pancreas of the infected turkeys. Healthy laying female turkeys demonstrated marked elevation in serum transferrin level and in acid and alkaline phosphatase activity, as compared with males of the same age. Serum alkaline phosphatase of turkey poults was markedly higher than that of adult turkeys.

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of avirulent hemorrhagic enteritis virus propagated in turkey leukocyte cultures for vaccination against hemorrhagic enteritis in turkeys.

Avirulent hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV-A) propagated in turkey leukocyte cell culture was tested as a vaccine to prevent hemorrhagic enteritis (HE) in turkeys in experimental and field trials. Immunization of turkeys with live HEV-A resulted in protection against a challenge with virulent HEV (HEV-V) as measured by the serological response and the absence of clinical disease and HEV antigen in spleens. In field trials, 19 out of 20 flocks seroconverted within 21 days after vaccination with live HEV-A distributed in the drinking water. The average immune response of the turkeys in these flocks was 96%. Most importantly, neither clinical HE nor other adverse effects caused by HEV-A vaccination were observed in any of the vaccinated flocks. Because maternal antibodies can interfere with the immune response to the vaccine, the optimum time for vaccination was determined. Using an established half-life value of 4.25 days for turkey antibody, and knowing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titer of the maternal antibodies and age of the turkey, the time of vaccination could be calculated taking into account that maternal antibody titers should be lower than 40 to vaccinate the turkeys successfully and induce protection. In vivo tests with HEV-A preparations confirmed the replication of the virus in turkey leukocyte cultures and the potential to pass it in culture. Furthermore, in vivo analysis showed that most infectious virus was associated with preparations of the nonadherent cell population, confirming the results obtained by in vitro analysis. The potency of HEV-A preparations was dependent on the production method and varied from an average of 570 to 8135 doses per ml.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed1989

Interaction of turkey complement with Escherichia coli isolated from turkeys.

The role of turkey complement in a serum bactericidal reaction was determined using serum-sensitive and serum-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from turkeys. Inactivation of complement by heating serum (56 C for 40 minutes) or by treating serum with 10 mM EDTA eliminated bactericidal activity. Serum-sensitive E coli organisms were killed by turkey serum treated with 10 mM ethylene glycol-bis-beta-(aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid and 5 mM MgCl2. Exposure of normal turkey serum to serum-sensitive or serum-resistant E coli resulted in equivalent reductions in hemolytic activity of serum. Treatment of serum-resistant E coli with antibody rendered the bacteria sensitive to bactericidal effects of normal turkey serum. Serum-sensitive E coli organisms were readily killed by an alternative complement pathway, serum-sensitive and serum-resistant E coli activated the complement system equally well, and antibody was required for complement-mediated killing of certain serum-resistant E coli organisms from turkeys.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pasteurella multocida recovered from live turkeys: prevalence and virulence in turkeys.

Swabs of the oropharynges of 801 live turkeys (621 meat birds and 180 breeders), collected from 15 flocks that had experienced an outbreak of fowl cholera and from 12 non-outbreak flocks, were screened for the presence of Pasteurella multocida. Turkeys from outbreak flocks were sampled within 2 to 9 weeks of the outbreak. Forty-nine isolates of P. multocida were recovered from turkeys in 11 of the outbreak flocks, and none were recovered from turkeys in non-outbreak flocks. Isolation rates varied from 0 to 72% of turkeys sampled in a flock. Nineteen isolates were tested for virulence by injecting them intravenously into turkeys, and 14 were lethal. Results demonstrated that for purposes of disease control, meat birds in fowl-cholera-outbreak flocks should be considered carriers of potentially virulent P. multocida for the life of the flock.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Tracheal mucus transport rate in normal turkeys and in turkeys infected with Bordetella avium (Alcaligenes faecalis).

Using the radiopharmaceutical 99mtechnetium-sulfur colloid, the tracheal mucus transport rate (TMTR) was measured in healthy unanesthetized turkeys and in turkeys infected with Bordetella avium. The TMTR of uninfected turkeys was 35.6 +/- 14.4 cm/min. The TMTR of B. avium-infected turkeys was normal on days 0 through 14 postexposure (PE), despite heavy bacterial colonization of the tracheal epithelium. On day 21 PE, the TMTR of B. avium-infected turkeys was significantly depressed (P less than or equal to 0.01) compared with that of control turkeys. Depressed transport was associated with extensive loss of ciliated epithelium from the tracheal mucosa and replacement of the normal mucosa by immature nonciliated epithelium or metaplastic squamous epithelium.

Alcaligenes↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Transmissible enteritis of turkeys: experimental inoculation studies with tissue-culture-adapted turkey and bovine coronaviruses.

Four Quebec isolates of turkey enteric coronaviruses (TCVs) and three isolates of bovine enteric coronaviruses (BCVs) were serially propagated in HRT-18 and compared for their pathogenicity in turkey embryos and turkey poults. By immunoelectron microscopy, hemagglutination-inhibition, and Western immunoblotting assays, tissue-culture-adapted Quebec TCV isolates were found to be closely related to the reference Minnesota strain of TCV and the Mebus strain of BCV. Genomic relationships between TCV isolates and the reference BCV strain were confirmed by hybridization assays with BCV-specific radiolabeled recombinant plasmids containing sequences of the N and M genes. Only TCV isolates could be propagated by inoculation in the amniotic cavity of chicken and turkey embryonating eggs, and induced clinical disease in turkey poults. Nevertheless, coronavirus particles or antigens were detected by electron microscopy or indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the clarified intestinal contents of BCV-infected poults up to day 14 PI, and genomic viral RNA was detected by slot-blot hybridization using BCV cDNA probes.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

The effect of photoperiod on the deep body temperature of domestic turkeys and its relationship to the diurnal periodicity of Leucocytozoon smithi gametocytes in the peripheral blood of turkeys.

Eighteen turkeys naturally infected with Leucocytozoon smithi were separated into 3 groups of 6 each and were respectively exposed to conditions of natural, reversed, or continuous light. Turkey deep body temperature and peripheral gametocyte numbers of L. smithi in all three groups were determined every 2 hr over a 36-hr period. The peak period of both turkey body temperature and gametocyte numbers coincided with the midpoint of the light period for turkeys exposed to natural and reversed light conditions. The body temperature of turkeys exposed to continuous light remained relatively constant while L. smithi gametocytes exhibited asynchronous behavior.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Liquid chromatographic quantitation of chicken and turkey in unheated chicken-turkey mixtures.

A simple and rapid liquid chromatographic (LC) method has been used to quantitate chicken and turkey in unheated chicken-turkey mixtures. The LC method is sensitive and detects as little as 1% chicken or turkey. It reliably quantitates 5-100% chicken or turkey in unheated poultry mixtures. The method applies also to chicken or turkey which has been frozen, but does not apply to heat-treated poultry meats.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Cloning of a turkey prolactin cDNA: expression of prolactin mRNA throughout the reproductive cycle of the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).

A cDNA-encoding turkey prolactin (PRL) has been isolated from a turkey pituitary library. The 953-base pair cDNA clone contains a 229-amino acid open reading frame which consists of a 30-amino acid signal peptide followed by a 199-amino acid mature PRL. The deduced amino acid sequence of turkey PRL shows greater than 90% homology to chicken PRL and 54-78% homology to other mammalian prolactins. A mRNA of 1100 nucleotides was detected in total RNA extracted from turkey pituitaries. Levels of PRL mRNA increased approximately 10-, 20-, and 100-fold in photostimulated, laying, and incubating hens, respectively, relative to that found in nonphotostimulated hens. The corresponding increases in plasma PRL levels were 2-, 5.5-, and 50-fold and in pituitary PRL content were 2-, 4-, and 13.4-fold, respectively. The transition from incubation to the photorefractory phase resulted in a 10-fold reduction in PRL mRNA, a 3.7-fold decrease in pituitary PRL, and a dramatic 50-fold decrease in plasma PRL. The changes in the abundance of pituitary PRL mRNA appear to be related to the changes in PRL-releasing activity observed at each of the reproductive stages. This study provides the first characterization of pituitary PRL mRNA and its comparison with plasma and pituitary PRL levels during the avian reproductive cycle.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1978

[Studies on the vitamin requirement and vitamin supply in fattening turkeys. 2. Checking the vitamin supplements to state-approved mixed animal feed for fattening turkeys].

In turkey fattening experiments, the vitamin A, vitamin D3, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, niacine, pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotine and choline chloride additions to mixed feeds for fattening turkeys were checked. The vitamin A requirement of the fattening turkey is met, in all stages of growth, by adding 3,000 I.U./kg feed. For vitamin D3 the necessary supplements are 1,000 and 500 I.U./kg for starter feed and fattening mixes, respectively. The requirements for vitamins B2, B6, B12, niacine, pantothenic acid, folic acid and biotine of the fattening turkey are covered by the respective amounts contained in the ration components. To ensure adequate choline supply (optimum gain, small losses) during the starter period, the addition of 500 mg/kg feed proved necessary. On the basis of the results presented, recommendations are given for requirement norms and mixed feed supplementation that have been fully implemented in the meantime.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1971

Epidemiology of a herpesvirus of turkeys: possible sources and spread of infection in turkey flocks.

Parameters of turkey herpesvirus (HVT) infection were followed sequentially from hatching through 20 weeks in two commercial turkey flocks. Maternal antibody was uniformly present at hatching but decreased below detectable levels by the 3rd week. Virus was first isolated at the 5th and 6th weeks and thereafter spread rapidly within the flocks. Development of active antibody followed that of viremia by 1 week. Both virus and antibody were present in virtually all turkeys after the 7th or 10th week; however, the incidence of tumors was negligible. Dust and litter from infected flocks were negative for HVT by poult bioassay, but the infection was easily transmitted by exposure of poults to dirty isolation cages or air from HVT-infected turkeys. Attempts to demonstrate congenital transmission of HVT by direct virus isolation from embryos of infected breeders or by isolation rearing procedures were unsuccessful.

Air Microbiology↗

PubMed1987

Histological evaluation of the vascular system for the severity of atherosclerosis in hyper and hypotensive male and female turkeys: comparison between young and aged turkeys.

Relationships among age, blood pressure, and atherosclerosis were studied in turkeys genetically selected for high and low systolic blood pressure ranging in age from 2 days to 104 weeks. Relationships between sex and atherosclerosis were studied only at 104 weeks of age. Abdominal aortas were examined in all birds in each age group. The left and right internal, external, and common carotid arteries, cranial and caudal thoracic aortas, area of coeliac orifice, sciatic junction, left and right sciatic arteries, left and right coronary arteries, and left and right deep branches of the coronary arteries were examined in the 104-week-old group. Mean abdominal aortic plaque scores for the different age groups increased linearly to the age of 12 weeks; after this time scores reached a plateau. Except for the first and last time period, the hypertensive group of males showed a significantly greater abdominal aortic plaque score than the hypotensive group. The right sciatic artery was the only other blood vessel in the 104-week-old group that had a significantly greater plaque score in the hypertensive line when compared with the hypotensive line. In the 104-week period, only the left and right sciatic arteries showed significantly higher plaque scores in the males than in the females. Also, only the male turkeys showed an increase in plaque scores with a concomitant rise in systolic pressure. In 104-week-old females there was no evidence of intimal change in either the left and right internal carotids, left and right common carotids, cranial thoracic aorta, or the right coronary artery. The hypertensive line had significantly greater blood pressure and greater ventricular weight, length, and sagittal width than the hypotensive line. The 104-week-old turkeys had more lipid staining material within the plaque than the younger birds, and calcification was evident in two of the older turkeys.

Aging↗

PubMed1990

Hematozoa of wild turkeys from the midwestern United States: translocation of wild turkeys and its potential role in the introduction of Plasmodium kempi.

Twenty-three of 310 blood samples taken from live-trapped eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) from Missouri (USA), and hunter-killed birds from Wisconsin, North Dakota and Minnesota (USA), and inoculated into domestic broad-breasted-white turkey poults were positive for two species of Plasmodium. Twenty-one of the positive samples were infected with P. (Novyella) kempi, and two samples from Wisconsin were infected with P. (Giovannolaia) lophurae. Twenty percent of 310 blood smears were positive for Haemoproteus melagridis, while only 3% were infected with Leucocytozoon smithi. A statistically higher prevalence of Plasmodium spp. from 1983 to 1984 was observed in Wisconsin, and in the samples from Minnesota when compared with both Missouri and Wisconsin. Turkeys from Wisconsin and Minnesota had both a statistically higher prevalence and mean intensity of H. meleagridis than birds from Missouri. Evidence indicates that P. kempi has been introduced into other states along with the vertebrate hosts. It is suggested that greater care should be exercised when translocated wild turkeys are introduced into areas where there are other endangered or threatened avian species.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

A receptor and G-protein-regulated polyphosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C from turkey erythrocytes. II. P2Y-purinergic receptor and G-protein-mediated regulation of the purified enzyme reconstituted with turkey erythrocyte ghosts.

The preceding paper describes purification and properties of a 150-kDa polyphosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C from a cytosolic fraction of turkey erythrocytes (Morris, A. J., Waldo, G. L., Downes, C. P., and Harden, T. K. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 13501-13507). Turkey erythrocytes express a P2Y-purinergic receptor that employs an unidentified G-protein to activate phospholipase C (Boyer, J. L., Downes, C. P., and Harden, T. K. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 884-890; Cooper, C. L., Morris, A. J., and Harden, T. K. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 6202-6206). This paper describes receptor and G-protein regulation of the purified turkey erythrocyte phospholipase C after reconstitution of the enzyme using [3H]inositol pre-labeled turkey erythrocyte ghosts as acceptor membranes. These membranes contain polyphosphoinositides labeled to high specific radioactivity and display reduced responsiveness of their endogenous phospholipase C to P2Y-purinergic receptor agonists and guanine nucleotides. Reconstitution of purified enzyme had no effect on basal inositol phosphate production, but markedly increased P2Y-purinergic receptor agonist and guanine nucleotide-dependent accumulation of inositol phosphates. Reconstitution of 5 ng of purified phospholipase C with 10 micrograms of acceptor membrane protein produced half-maximal effects, and maximal activity was observed with reconstitution of 100 ng of purified enzyme. Agonist and guanine nucleotide-regulated phospholipase C activity measured using a reconstitution assay co-purified with phospholipase C activity detected using exogenously provided phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate during purification of the 150-kDa protein. Only the maximal rate of inositol phosphate formation attained upon activation was increased in the presence of the purified phospholipase C. K0.5 values for adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate), guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate, and A1F4- activation of the purified enzyme were the same as for the endogenous phospholipase C activity of the acceptor membranes.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of a commercial turkey coryza vaccine (Art-Vax) in turkey poults.

Four laboratory experiments were designed to study the efficacy of the only available commercial vaccine for turkey coryza, Art-Vax. Poults were vaccinated either once or twice at different ages and challenged with pathogenic Alcaligenes faecalis. In another study, commercial turkeys vaccinated at 1 and 12 days of age on a commercial farm were brought to the laboratory for challenge with pathogenic A. faecalis. Both the laboratory- and field-vaccinated poults were given the manufacturer's recommended dosage of the vaccine strain. Regardless of the vaccine schedule or source of poults, the vaccine was not effective in protecting challenged turkeys from infection. Furthermore, the vaccine was not effective in protecting poults less than 3 weeks of age from disease, but it was effective in protecting poults more than 3 weeks of age from disease. These results indicate that although vaccinated turkeys older than 3 weeks of age were not susceptible to disease, they were susceptible to infection and could act as carriers of field strains of A. faecalis, thus perpetuating the risk of infection to flocks subsequently raised in the same buildings.

Alcaligenes↗

PubMed1990

Serological surveillance for antibodies against different avian infectious agents on turkey flocks naturally infected with turkey rhinotracheitis.

Turkey Rhinotracheitis (TRT) in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany appears to have become endemic affecting all farms and every new restocking. In 5 meat turkey flocks, serological surveillance for antibodies to TRT-, IB- and IBD-viruses, as well as to Pasteurella multocida were carried out using ELISA tests. Furthermore, sera were examined for the presence of antibodies to avian adenovirus (CELO virus), reo- and paramyxo-viruses 1 and 3. The birds were bled at 4 week intervals starting at the first day of age through the 20th week. Serological data indicated that in all turkey flocks surveyed after natural exposure to infection, there was a significant increase to TRT antibody levels which was usually accompanied with an increase in the number of positive sera to adenovirus. In addition, no antibodies to IB- and IBD-viruses as well as to Pasteurella multocida could be detected in any of the examined sera. The results related to reo- and paramyxo-viruses 1 and 3 will also be discussed.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed1991

Lectin histochemistry of trachea and lung of healthy turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and turkeys with pneumonia.

Thirteen lectins were used to characterize lectin-binding specificity of glycoconjugates on sections of formalin-fixed lung and trachea from seven normal turkeys, two turkeys with acute pneumonia, and two turkeys with chronic pneumonia. Neuraminidase was used to digest sialic acid residues. One N-acetylgalactosamine-binding lectin and two N-acetylgalactosamine/galactose-binding lectins stained the apical membrane and cytoplasm of multifocal cells that lined air atria and hyperplastic granular cells. Other lectins in these groups stained ciliated cells of the trachea and bronchi and air capillary epithelial cells. Sialic acid residues were on apical surfaces of ciliated and nonciliated tracheal and bronchial lining cells, air capillary epithelial cells, and vascular endothelial cells. Mannose/glucose-binding lectins stained reticular and elastic fibers in the lamina propria of trachea, primary and secondary bronchi, and the tunica adventitia of arteries and veins. By transmission electron microscopy, colloidal gold-Arachis hypogaea (peanut agglutinin) labeled microvilli on the apical surface of mature granular cells. The L-fucose-binding lectin, in addition to several other lectins, stained nonspecifically in both trachea and lung. These studies show that granular cells that line air atria can be identified with lectins of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine/galactose groups, and that apical surfaces of epithelial cells and endothelial cells in the trachea and lung express terminal sialic acid residues.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1975

Disc electrophoresis of turkey serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes using polyacrylamide gel. 2. Turkey serum alkaline phosphatase zymograms.

The isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (akp) in turkey serum were separated by disc electrophoresis using polyacrylamide gel as the supporting medium Test subjects consisted of 103 turkeys maintained for the "Vibrator" condition at Michigan State University; and 46 female turkey of the Nicholas Broad Breasted White egg laying strain. Thirteen distinct akp bands were isolated. The 13 bands were observed to occur in 13 different patterns, each pattern being classified as a separate zymogram. Specific types of zymograms were detected for "Vibrator" birds vs. Nicholas strain; females vs, males; high intensity egg production vs. low intensity egg production and molting vs. laying.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗