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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1999

The impact of premenstrual symptomatology on functioning and treatment-seeking behavior: experience from the United States, United Kingdom, and France.

Up to 80% of women experience mood and physical symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle. This study assessed the impact of premenstrual symptomatology on functioning and treatment-seeking behavior for a community-based sample of women in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. A sample of 1045 menstruating women (aged 18-49) completed a telephone questionnaire that measured, at a point in time, premenstrual symptoms, impact on functioning, and treatment-seeking behavior. Results were generally consistent across the three countries. Irritability/anger, fatigue, and physical swelling/bloating, or weight gain were among the most commonly reported symptoms (approximately 80%). Functional impairment tended to be highest at home, followed by social, school, and occupational situations. Among working women, over 50% reported at least somewhat affected occupational functioning. Of women who ever missed work because of symptoms, 1-7 days were missed in the past year. Almost three fourths of the women had never sought treatment, and symptom severity was an important factor in treatment-seeking behavior. Treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which have demonstrated efficacy in this population, occurred with surprisingly low frequency. The functional impairment of premenstrual symptomatology (home, social, and occupational) and treatment-seeking behavior is consistent across countries. Women who experience more impairment are more likely to have severe symptoms and are more likely to believe, relative to women with less severe symptoms, that no treatment is available. This suggests significant unmet medical need in this more severely affected population. Improved clinical identification of these women and increasing awareness of the efficacy of SSRIs in treating premenstrual symptomatology may be of benefit.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2005

A cross-national comparison of school drug policies in Washington State, United States, and Victoria, Australia.

Using mail survey data collected from primary and secondary school administrators in Washington State, United States, and in Victoria, Australia, this study compared aspects of the school drug policy environment in the 2 states. Documented substance-use policies were prevalent in Washington and Victoria but less prevalent.in primary schools, especially in Victoria. Victorian school policy-setting processes were significantly more likely to involve teachers, parents, and students than processes in Washington schools. Consistent with expectations based on their respective national drug policy frameworks, school drug policies in Washington schools were more oriented toward total abstinence and more frequently enforced with harsh punishment (such as expulsion or calling law enforcement), whereas policies in Victorian schools were more reflective of harm-minimization principles. Within both states, however, schools more regularly used harsh punishment and remediation consequences for alcohol and illicit-drug violations compared to tobacco policy violations, which were treated more leniently.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Prevalence of substance use and delinquent behavior in adolescents from Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States.

This article compares prevalence estimates of substance use and delinquent behavior in Washington State, United States and Victoria, Australia, two states chosen for their different policy environments around problem behavior. Few comparisons of international differences on rates of multiple problem behavior exist, and most are based on methods that are not matched, raising the question of whether findings are based on methodological differences rather than actual rate differences. The International Youth Development Study used standardized methods to recruit and administer an adaptation of the Communities That Care Youth Survey to representative state samples of fifth-, seventh-, and ninth-grade students in each state. Rates of delinquent behavior were generally comparable. However, striking differences in substance use were noted, with Victoria students reporting higher rates of alcohol use, alcohol misuse, smoking, and inhalant use, whereas Washington State students reported higher rates of marijuana use. Implications for conducting international comparisons are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Patient expectations regarding total knee arthroplasty: differences among the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia.

BACKGROUND: Total knee arthroplasty is an effective treatment for severe osteoarthritis of the knee. Our aim was to determine whether patients from the United Kingdom, United States, and Australia have different preoperative expectations regarding total knee arthroplasty and whether these expectations have an impact on outcomes and patient satisfaction. METHODS: Patients from the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia were recruited into a prospective observational study of primary total knee arthroplasty for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Preoperative expectations, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) scores, and demographic, socioeconomic, and follow-up data, including satisfaction with outcome, were obtained from self-administered patient questionnaires. RESULTS: A total of 598 patients with a mean age of sixty-nine years at the time of the index arthroplasty were recruited; 58% were women. The majority of patients expected to have no pain at twelve months after the surgery, and with the numbers available there was no significant difference among the countries with regard to pain expectations. Australian patients were more likely than patients in the United Kingdom or the United States to expect better function at twelve months after the surgery. With the numbers available, satisfaction scores at twelve months did not differ significantly among the countries and were not influenced by preoperative expectations. Australian patients were more likely than patients in the United Kingdom or the United States to be unwilling to undergo total knee arthroplasty again at twelve months under similar circumstances. CONCLUSIONS: Patients from different countries have different expectations regarding total knee arthroplasty, which are not fully explained by differences in sociodemographic factors, clinical characteristics, and pain and functional status. Australian patients had the highest expectations but, despite reporting similar outcomes and satisfaction following total knee arthroplasty, they were more likely not to want to have the surgery again under similar circumstances.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

A comparison of effectiveness of screening for phenylketonuria in the United States, United Kingdom and Ireland.

A study of the effectiveness of screening for phenylketonuria in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the United States indicated that the diagnosis is more likely to be missed in the latter two countries because of the earlier age at which infants are screened. Furthermore, in the United States, diagnosis and treatment are delayed as compared with Ireland and the United Kingdom. Because test most commonly used to detect phenylketonuria is identical in all three countries, the differences in effectiveness are attributable to the way in which it is applied. In the United Kingdom, personnel and facilities have clearly defined roles and responsibilities. There is co-ordination between in-hospital and extra-hospital health care, and follow-up care of young infants in the community is assured. Greater effectiveness of screening in the United States will require a more rational organization of health services.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1984

Physician maldistribution in cross-cultural perspective: United States, United Kingdom, and Sweden.

Physician maldistribution is a widely recognized problem facing virtually all health care systems. In this study, information from three health care systems--the United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden--was used to address two questions: How do organizational features of health care systems affect their ability to deal with the problem of physician maldistribution? What are the effects of physician distribution on the health status of populations? It was found, first, that all three systems perceived similar problems of physician maldistribution and drew on a repertoire of similar solutions, none of which was altogether responsive to the problem. Second, the relationship of physician distribution to health status was found to be ambiguous, with some evidence that physician/population ratios may affect some health measures but not others.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗

PubMed2004

Trends in characteristics of births by State: United States, 1990, 1995, and 2000-2002.

OBJECTIVE: This report presents U.S. and State-level data on births, birth rates, fertility rates, sex ratio, marital status, and educational attainment by race and Hispanic origin for 1990, 1995, and 2000-2002. METHODS: Data are presented in detailed tables, summary tables, maps, and graphs. RESULTS: In 2002 there were 4,021,726 live births in the United States, 136,486 fewer than in 1990. Despite a slight decline in the number of births nationwide, a few States witnessed significant increases in the number of live births with most of these States located in the western United States. Some of the westward shift in number of births is attributable to a growing population and some to the age and race composition of the individual States. However, real differences in fertility by State persist even when the effects of age structure and race and ethnic composition of the States' population are taken into account. This report also presents data on sex ratios, percentage unmarried, and educational attainment of mothers. Several observations from these data are noteworthy. The proportion of births to unmarried mothers increased nationally and in every State between 1990 and 2002. Nationally the percentage of mothers with fewer than 12 years of education fell, and the percentage with 16 or more years increased for all racial and ethnic groups. However, at the State level, the percentage of women with fewer than 12 years of education increased for nearly a quarter of the States, despite near universal increases in the percentage of women with 16 or more years of education.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Surveillance for pregnancy and birth rates among teenagers, by state--United States, 1980 and 1990.

PROBLEM/CONDITION: In the United States in 1990, there were an estimated 1 million pregnancies and 521,826 births among women ages 15-19 years. Rates of teenage pregnancy and birth rates by state in 1990 exceeded those in most developed countries. An estimated 95% of teenage pregnancies are unintended (i.e., they occur sooner than desired or are not wanted at any time). REPORTING PERIOD COVERED: This report summarizes and reviews surveillance data for pregnancies, abortions, and births among women ages 15-19, 15-17, and 18-19 years reported by CDC for 1980 and 1990. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: Data for births and abortions were reported to state health departments and other health agencies and sent to CDC. The data from each state included the total number of births and abortions by age and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: Data in this report indicate that pregnancy rates by state among U.S. teenagers ages 15-19 years have changed little since 1980. Moreover, many states have reported increases in birth rates that are probably related to concurrent decreases in abortion rates. Pregnancy rates range from 25 to 75 per 1,000 for 15- to 17-year-olds and from 92 to 165 per 1,000 for 18- to 19-year-olds. INTERPRETATION: States with low rates of teenage pregnancy or birth may have developed and used prevention strategies directed at the needs of both younger and older teenagers; these programs may serve as models for other states where birth rates have remained high or have increased since 1980. ACTIONS TAKEN: CDC will continue to conduct surveillance of and analyze data for pregnancies, abortions, and births among teenagers to monitor progress toward national goals and to assist in targeting program efforts for reducing teenage pregnancy.

Abortion, Legal↗

PubMed1998

Years of healthy life--selected states, United States, 1993-1995.

Some public health policy goals in the United States have been expressed as increases in the number of years of healthy life (YHL) (i.e., quality-adjusted life years), a measure of health that combines the effects of mortality with information about morbidity and disability. Data from national health surveys, in combination with life-table death rates and other information, have been used to calculate national estimates of the expected number of YHL at a given age. This report summarizes an analysis of data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) using these methods to estimate YHL for state populations during 1993-1995. The findings indicate substantial variability among the participating states.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food--10 States, United States, 2005.

Foodborne illnesses are a substantial health burden in the United States. The Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) of CDC's Emerging Infections Program collects data from 10 U.S. states regarding diseases caused by enteric pathogens transmitted commonly through food. FoodNet quantifies and monitors the incidence of these infections by conducting active, population-based surveillance for laboratory-confirmed illness. This report describes preliminary surveillance data for 2005 and compares them with baseline data from the period 1996-1998. Incidence of infections caused by Campylobacter, Listeria, Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157), Shigella, and Yersinia has declined, and Campylobacter and Listeria incidence are approaching levels targeted by national health objectives. However, most of those declines occurred before 2005, and Vibrio infections have increased, indicating that further measures are needed to prevent foodborne illness.

Food Microbiology↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of sampling plans used in the United States, United Kingdom, and The Netherlands to test raw shelled peanuts for aflatoxin.

The United States is a large producer and exporter of peanuts. The United Kingdom and The Netherlands are major importers of U.S. peanuts. Each country has a different guideline or legal limit for peanut products containing aflatoxin. Peanuts are tested for aflatoxin in each country by using specifically designed aflatoxin sampling plans to determine if the aflatoxin concentration in a lot of raw shelled peanuts is less than the guideline or legal limit. For raw shelled peanuts, the U.S. plan has the highest sample acceptance limit of 15 ng total aflatoxin/g, the UK plan has a sample acceptance limit of 10 ng total aflatoxin/g, and the Dutch Code of Practice (called the Dutch plan) has the lowest sample acceptance limit at 3 ng aflatoxin B1/g. The U.S. plan uses a maximum of 3 sampling units, each weighing 21.8 kg; the UK plan uses a single sampling unit of 10 kg; and the Dutch plan uses 4 sampling units, each weighing 7.5 kg. The sampling variance is lowest for the U.S. plan and highest for the Dutch plan. The sample preparation variance is lowest for both the Dutch and UK plans and highest for the U.S. plan, primarily because of the mill type used to comminute the kernels in the sample. For a given distribution among lot concentrations, the U.S. plan accepts the greatest number of lots and the Dutch plan rejects the greatest number of lots. The average aflatoxin concentration among accepted lots is highest for the U.S. plan and lowest for the Dutch plan.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1979

Time trends in colo-rectal cancer mortality in relation to food and alcohol consumption: United States, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.

Recent epidemiologically and experimental research has implicated dietary factors, including alcoholic drinks, in cancers of the colon and rectum. Analysis of time trends in cancer mortality since 1921, in the United States, England and Wales, Australia, and New Zealand, in relation to changes in per capita consumption of foodstuffs and alcohol reveals some support for the protective effect of fibre, but an inconsistent role for fat and meat in colon cancer. For rectal cancer, and to a lesser extent colon cancer, the most consistent correlate in comparisons across time, and between place, sex, and age-group, is beer consumption. Possible reasons for this correlation within this data set are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Cancer survival among American Indians in western Washington State (United States).

Cancer survival among American Indians is worse than among other races in some regions of the United States, but has not been studied among American Indians in Washington state. Our purpose was to evaluate cancer survival among American Indians included in the Seattle-Puget Sound Cancer Registry. We compared site-specific survival among American Indians (n = 551) and Whites (n = 110,899) diagnosed from 1974 to 1989 for five cancer sites. For all sites except prostate, the distribution of cancer stage at diagnosis for American Indians was not significantly different from the distribution for Whites, and a similar proportion of American Indians and Whites received cancer treatment. After adjustment for age differences between American Indians and Whites, American Indians experienced poorer survival from prostate, breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer. Poorer survival among American Indians persisted after adjustment for differences in cancer stage at diagnosis, lack of cancer treatment, and residence in a non-urban county. The survival experience among American Indians who were recorded as non-American Indians in the cancer registry but who were listed as American Indians in Indian Health Service records was more favorable than that among persons initially coded as American Indians in the cancer registry. We conclude that cancer survival among American Indians in western Washington is poorer than that among Whites in the same region, and that factors other than age, differences in stage at diagnosis, lack of cancer treatment, and residence in non-urban counties account for this.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1979