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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Time trends in colo-rectal cancer mortality in relation to food and alcohol consumption: United States, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.

Recent epidemiologically and experimental research has implicated dietary factors, including alcoholic drinks, in cancers of the colon and rectum. Analysis of time trends in cancer mortality since 1921, in the United States, England and Wales, Australia, and New Zealand, in relation to changes in per capita consumption of foodstuffs and alcohol reveals some support for the protective effect of fibre, but an inconsistent role for fat and meat in colon cancer. For rectal cancer, and to a lesser extent colon cancer, the most consistent correlate in comparisons across time, and between place, sex, and age-group, is beer consumption. Possible reasons for this correlation within this data set are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Occupational hazards for operating room-based physicians. Analysis of data from the United States and the United Kingdom.

Comparative analysis of data from three large retrospective surveys in the United States and the United Kingdom reaffirms an increased incidence of spontaneous abortion among female physicians working in the operating room. The live-born children of female physicians exposed in the operating room also had substantially more congenital abnormalities. Male anesthetists, compared with nonanesthetist physicians, had an increased incidence of hepatic disease; there was also an increased frequency of congenital abnormality in their children. The incidence of spontaneous abortion in wives of male anesthetists and in the rate of cancer among exposed male anesthetists was similar to control. Despite differences in survey methods and analysis, there was remarkable agreement in conclusions to be drawn from the independent studies.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2026

Mapping High-Rate Clusters of Animal Contact-Related Human Salmonella enterica Single-State Outbreaks in the United States, 2009-2022: A Spatial Epidemiological Approach to Inform Public Health Surveillance.

INTRODUCTION: Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) is a major zoonotic enteric pathogen. Animal contact-related NTS outbreaks have increased in the United States over the last decade. Geospatial analysis can identify locations with elevated risk of NTS outbreaks where public health authorities can focus their NTS prevention and intervention efforts. METHODS: We analysed NTS outbreak data reported from individual states to the Centers for Disease Control via the National Outbreak Reporting System between 2009 and 2022 across the continental contiguous United States. A geospatial analytical framework that included disease mapping, spatial interpolation, and global and local clustering methods was applied to identify regions with high NTS outbreak rates. Given that the study period (2009-2022) included the COVID-19 pandemic, an interrupted time series negative binomial model was used to assess changes in NTS incidence before and after 2020. RESULTS: A total of 104 NTS single-state outbreaks were reported to the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) during the study period. The mean annual incidence rate was 0.02 NTS outbreaks per million person-years. The primary animal contact categories associated with outbreaks were mammals (cattle, pigs, sheep, and horses), birds (backyard chickens, ducklings, and turkeys), and reptiles (turtles and lizards). Exposure settings included farms, fairgrounds, agricultural feed stores, veterinary clinics, dairy/agricultural settings, and residential settings. The local cluster detection methods consistently identified areas with significantly high NTS animal contact-related outbreak rates in the Mountain West, Midwest, and Northeast of the US. The interrupted time series analysis indicated a reduction in incidence following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (IRR = 0.03; p = 0.06). CONCLUSION: NTS animal contact-related single-state outbreaks revealed distinct spatial clustering across the United States, with higher risks in the Mountain West, Midwest, and Northeast. Diversity of animal-contact sources and exposure settings depicted complex transmission dynamics of NTS. A decline in reported NTS outbreaks was observed after the COVID-19 pandemic. Focused prevention and control programs are needed in high-risk areas to mitigate the burden of NTS outbreaks.

United States↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Respiratory status of surface coal miners in the United States.

The United States Public Health Service examined 1,438 surface coal miners to determine the prevalence of coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP), chronic bronchitis, and ventilatory impairment among them. Four percent (fifty-nine individuals) showed some roentgenographic evidence of pneumoconiosis, but only seven miners had films interpreted as CWP of category 2 or greater (according to the UICC/Cincinnati classification system). Moreover, most of the affected miners had worked in underground coal mines for prolonged periods. Significant decrements in pulmonary function to increasing exposure to surface mine dust were demonstrated only in the forced vital capacity of smokers. Increased prevalence of chronic bronchitis with increasing exposure was found in all smoking categories. However, significant airway obstruction was an uncommon finding (6.6%) in nonsmoking miners. Employment in surface mining was not likely to cause either the development of CWP or clinically significant respiratory impairment.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Primary medical practice in the United Kingdom and the United States.

Comparisons between the United Kingdom and the United States reveal definite differences in the style and content of primary medical practice. In the United States emphasis is on diagnosis. In the United Kingdom emphasis is on continuity and homebased care supported by a nationwide network of paramedical and social services. In both countries more is known about what discontents physicians than what satisfies patients. Medical practice and physician-patient relations are profoundly affected by external factors, including social attitudes, privileges, tradition, personal expectations and, above all, econimics. The American medical profession is the more exposed to external criticism, and future conflict and preoccupation with survival is largely an American phenomenon. Little is known in either cooutry about the long-term outcome of different forms of medical care. In Britain patients appear to value kindness above applied medical technology.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1977

United States cosmetic ingredient labeling.

United States federal regulations require ingredient listing on cosmetics labeled after November 30, 1976. Standardized ingredient nomenclature from a reference text will be utilized to minimize confusion which might arise if various synonyms for chemical names were used. This new information on cosmetics labeling will assist physicians in the diagnosis of cosmetic-related dermatoses. It should facilitate the patch testing procedure by enabling the dermatologist to focus attention on suspect ingredients early in the evaluation. Once the identify of offending ingredients in a cosmetic has been determined for a particular patient, the individual will have the opportunity to avoid those ingredients and related ingredients in future purchases of cosmetics.

Cosmetics↗
PubMed1977

The impact of state maternal mortality study committees on maternal deaths in the United States.

State maternal mortality study committees have been widely credited with playing a prominent role in reducing maternal death rates in the United States. To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared the rates of decline in maternal mortality ratios by decades from 1938-40 to 1968-70 for states with such committees to those without. Ratios were calculated from published vital statistics of the United States, and committee initiation dates were obtained from a previous survey. States with committees and those without had nearly equal declines during the first decade; however, states with committees had smaller declines during the latter two decades. Although these committees may have been an important factor in the decline in maternal mortality in the United States, vital statistics data do not document larger declines for states with committees.

Female↗
PubMed1979

Some diets that meet the Dietary Goals for the United States.

Few people in the United States have diets with proportions of complex carbohydrate as high and proportions of protein, fat, and sugar as low as proposed in the second edition of the Dietary Goals for the United States by the Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs. Sample diets, including low-calorie diets for adults, were planned to meet the Recommended Dietary Allowances and the Dietary Goals. Two possible "first steps" in modifying diets to meet the Goals explored the use of: (a) Specified ranges rather than specific Goals and (b) some but not all of the Goals.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The maximum surgical blood order schedule and surgical blood use in the United States.

The outdating of units of blood can be reduced by decreasing the amount of time they spend in an assigned or crossmatched status. This reduction can be achieved in a hospital by establishing a maximum surgical blood order schedule (MSBOS) which reduces the excessive number of units of blood crossmatched preoperatively for patients undergoing elective surgery. The various steps which occurred in the development of a MSBOS in a large general hospital are detailed and the projected reduction in the number of crossmatched units which can be achieved with the MSBOS is illustrated. illustrated. The projected number of units of blood transfused to patients during their hospitalization for 50 common primary surgical procedures in the United States during 1974 is presented as a basis for defining maximum blood orders for each procedure.

Blood Banks↗