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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

The spatial distribution of urban pharmacies.

Pharmacists are thought to play a central role in providing information and advice on health to lower income and other socially disadvantaged groups. However, recent evidence suggests that social biases exist in the spatial distribution of urban pharmacies. Such biases would severely limit the accessibility of the poor and the nonwhite to pharmacy services. To test the general nature of this evidence, we used multiple regression techniques to assess the simultaneous influence of several ecological and socioeconomic variables on the location of pharmacies in Pittsburgh and Omaha. After controlling for the influence of physicians, hospitals, commercial activity, population, and other variables thought to affect pharmacy location, we were unable to detect any evidence of a direct association between pharmacy location and the socioeconomic or demographic (other than total population) characteristics of areas in either city.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1998

Projection of HIV infection in Calcutta.

Starting with the base year of 1991, the HIV infection projection for 1992-99 for the total, as well as various high-risk sub-populations of Calcutta, the first of its kind is provided. These projections are based on statistical methodology developed in this paper. Our methodology for spread of HIV infection takes into account various social interactions and practices and also uses available data. Rates of these interactions and practices and estimates of demographic parameters used in making projections were obtained primarily from surveys and census data. Since one of these estimated rates, that of HIV transmission rate through heterosexual encounters between an infected and an uninfected had a large range, we have provided two sets of projections based on the largest of these rates (worst-case scenario) and another that is consistent with the available data. The total projection of the number of HIV infected cases in Calcutta for 1999 is between 49,000 and 1,26,000. Separate projections are also provided for high-risk sub-groups. Among these, the sex workers expectedly will continue to manifest the highest numbers of newly infected cases. The temporal rate of increase in prevalence is projected to be alarmingly higher in the general population than even among sex workers, although the actual prevalence will continue to be the lowest in the general population compared to all other sub-groups of the population.

Female↗
PubMed1993

Intestinal parasitic infections and urbanization.

About a third of the population in the cities of developing countries live in slums and shanty towns. By the year 2000 it is estimated that this number will grow to 2200 million, and by 2025 about 57% of the population in developing countries will be in urban areas. The prevalence of infections caused by Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis and the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections may increase among the rural populations who are migrating to these urban and suburban settings owing to the favourable conditions for transmission. Urgent consideration should therefore be given to improving sanitation in deprived urban areas and to treating periodically these populations to reduce the worm burden, especially in school-age children.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1990

Assessing the health impact of urbanization.

Several components of urbanization influence health status, but it is difficult to attribute changes in health status to any particular component. The overall impact may be estimated by relating the degree of urbanization of populations to some proxy measure, like the under-5 mortality rates. In this respect the net effect of urbanization is shown to be beneficial. A variety of survey and computational methods have been used to clarify the relationship. Some illustrate the effects of urbanization upon particular clinical conditions, such as promoting the eradication of leprosy, others of particular components, such as overcrowding and pollution, on infant mortality. To help set goals, excess or avoidable mortality may be computed for a country or region by relating its experience to current mortality levels in a developed country; and changes in the levels of avoidable mortality from sentinel conditions such as infectious diseases may be related to changes in particular aspects of urbanization, e.g. improvements in levels of sanitation. Migration to the urban environment imparts the tendency to acquire the health characteristics of the host population. Rapid urbanization causes problems of psychosocial adjustment for older children. Urbanization may impact upon the incidence and prevalence of disability. Where sex-age disability-survey data exist, they may be combined with age-specific mortality data to construct an index of disability-free life expectancy, a more subtle measure for assessing the progressive impact of urbanization. Up to now, however, there have been no international studies of how levels of disability change according to the progress of urbanization, and there are no international census or survey recommendations for harmonizing the classification of disabled people.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1996

Participatory analysis for redefining health delivery in a Bombay slum.

BACKGROUND: This paper explores the application of participatory methods in a Bombay slum of 33 households, Budh Mandir, to establish the local women's perception of their health status. METHOD: Six participatory meetings were conducted alongside informal interviews with key informants. The meetings were structured with health ranking, mapping and seasonal mapping exercises. RESULTS: The participatory exercises expose the differences in perceptions between professional health deliverers and the women of Budh Mandir, as well as providing data at a household scale about the incidence of disease and important differences in the interpretation of health problems. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the perception between local women and health professionals are noted, which, it is argued, have important implications in redefining health delivery. Some methodological problems are identified and solutions are offered. It is argued that participatory methods can act as a process through which slum dwellers can demand appropriate health care for themselves and their families. In so doing, they can redefine their health needs in order that health intervention can be directed more appropriately.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1997

Seasonal pattern of morbidities in preschool slum children in Lucknow, north India.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the burden of common morbidities for each month in one year, in preschool children. SETTING: Anganwadi centers under the Integrated Child Development Services Scheme (ICDS) in Lucknow, North India. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study, METHODS: From 153 anganwadi centers in urban Lucknow, 32 were selected by random draw. All eligible children registered with the anganwadi worker were enrolled over a period of six months from July 1995 to January 1996. All the subjects were then contacted a second time six months later. SUBJECTS: There were 1061 children (48.3% girls and 51.7% boys) between the ages of 1.5 to 3.5 years. RESULTS: The annual incidence rate (IR) per 100 child-years for respiratory, diarrhea and skin diseases and pneumonia were 167, 79.9, 30.6 and 9.6, respectively. When compared to other seasons, the IR of pneumonia was lowest in the winter months (October to February) while those of diarrhea and skin diseases were the highest in summer (March-June) and monsoon (July to September) months, respectively. Season specific diseases were measles in summer, and fever as the isolated symptom in monsoon. The IR for combined morbidities was the highest in the monsoon as compared to winter months. CONCLUSIONS: Season specific intensification of existing health care resources for these morbidities can be considered. Similar studies are needed from other parts of the country.

Child, Preschool↗