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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1987

Intradermal, subcutaneous or intramuscular administration of hepatitis B vaccine: side effects and antibody response.

The immune response after vaccination with a plasma-derived hepatitis B unit vaccine (MSD) administered intradermally or subcutaneously in 2 microgram doses was compared to the recommended 20 microgram dose administered intramuscularly. The trial was performed in 58 healthy volunteers 20-43 (mean 30) years old. No statistically significant difference in seroconversion rate was observed when the intradermal (i.d.) (2 micrograms) and intramuscular (i.m.) (20 micrograms) routes were compared (100% and 96% seroconversion, respectively). The 2 microgram dose administered subcutaneously gave a seroconversion rate of only 63%. The intradermal and i.m. routes also gave significantly higher mean titers of anti-HBs than the subcutaneous route (p less than 0.005). No severe reactions occurred and local reactions were seen almost exclusively in those vaccinated intradermally. These reactions included mainly discoloration, itching and nodule formation at the site of injection. The intradermal route ought to be considered for administration of hepatitis B vaccine since the dosage can be reduced to 1/10 without affecting the antibody response. Correct intradermal deposition of the vaccine is, however, crucial for an adequate immune response. This is probably the main disadvantage if large-scale vaccination programs should be carried out in developing countries using i.d. immunization.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The Norwegian meningococcal group B outer membrane vesicle vaccine: side effects in phase II trials.

In order to establish the safety of the Norwegian meningococcus B vaccine we have focused on detailed reporting of side effects in several phase II trials. We report here the results of the largest single phase II study, (step II-6) including 877 school children. The incidence of local side effects was significantly higher in the vaccine than in the placebo group, but most of them were mild and short-lasting. Mild systemic side effects were commonly reported in both groups, but more severe side effects were rare and almost equally distributed between the groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Improving influenza vaccination rates in children with asthma: a test of a computerized reminder system and an analysis of factors predicting vaccination compliance.

Fewer than 10% of children with moderate or severe asthma receive an annual influenza vaccination despite their heightened susceptibility to severe infections and recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee that all such children be vaccinated annually. Patient, provider, and system factors leading to this poor vaccination rate are not well understood. This study tested the effectiveness of a computerized reminder system in improving influenza vaccination rates in children with asthma and examined patient barriers to vaccination at one pediatric clinic in an urban teaching hospital. A computer database identified 124 children with moderate or severe asthma. Patients were randomly assigned either to study group (n = 63), who were sent a personalized letter reminder about the need for an influenza vaccination, or to a control group (n = 61), who received no reminder. Study group mothers were interviewed 2 months after the letter was sent to assess factors associated with receipt of vaccination, including demographic features, parental worry about asthma and vaccine side effects, the four dimensions of the Health Belief Model, and health locus of control beliefs. Nineteen study group patients (30%) received an influenza vaccination, compared with only 4 control patients (7%) (P < .01). Forty-three mothers of children in the study group were interviewed; 14 (33%) of these children had received the vaccination. Of the characteristics investigated, two significantly correlated with vaccination compliance: high levels of parental worry about asthma (positively correlated: odds ratio = 23.3, P < .01) and high levels of parental worry about vaccine side effects (negatively correlated: odds ratio = 0.087, P = .025).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Comparison of the toxic effect on mice of a massive dose of French BCG after low, medium and high dose pretreatment of the French, Glaxo and Japan BCG strains.

Numerous laboratory experiments and field trials for tuberculosis prevention have been analyzed. The results concern the comparison of different BCG strains, the correlation between the protection and allergenic property and the degree of residual virulence as an inherited character in producing post vaccination side effects. There are more and more reports about incidence of side effects following BCG immunostimulation. We used the French, Glaxo and International Reference (Japan) strains for this toxicity test because these are the most used strains for vaccine production. The differences obtained in toxic effects of the three tested BCG strains in this experimental model suggest that the investigations should be continued and comparative analyses with histological and immunochemical methods should be extended.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Tetravalent (A, C, Y, W 135) meningococcal vaccine in children: immunogenicity and safety.

Tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (groups A, C, Y and W 135) was administered (s.c.) to 26 healthy children, aged three to 13 years old, in order to assess safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine. Side effects were very mild in all children, generally consisting of local soreness for a few hours following injection. A fourfold increase in bactericidal antibody titres was obtained for the four components in 100% of initially seronegative children. This vaccine thus appears as safe and immunogenic in children as it is in adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Purified Vero cell rabies vaccine and human diploid cell strain vaccine: comparison of neutralizing antibody responses to post-exposure regimens.

Neutralizing antibody responses to conventional rabies post-exposure regimens of human diploid cell strain vaccine (HDCSV) and the new purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV) were compared in 58 healthy Thai veterinary students. The geometric mean titres (GMTs) of the group given HDCSV were slightly higher than those given PVRV, but on day 28 the peak GMTs of the two groups were statistically similar. The early antibody response to PVRV was unaffected by the addition of passive immunization, whereas the level of HDCSV response was reduced on day 14, so that there was no difference on that day between the GMTs of the two vaccine groups given HRIG. However, by day 91 the GMT of those given PVRV and HRIG was lower than in those given HDCSV alone or with HRIG. The appearance of antibody was less rapid than was observed in previous studies using multiple-site intradermal vaccination. Side effects were trivial. Our results confirm the promise of this new, potentially more economical tissue culture vaccine, but they suggest that the regimen could be improved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Protective studies with group A streptococcal M protein vaccine. III. Challenge of volunteers after systemic or intranasal immunization with Type 3 or Type 12 group A Streptococcus.

Alum-precipitated and soluble, purified M protein vaccines were prepared from type 3 and type 12 group A Streptococcus. Adult volunteers were assigned to one of three groups: group I received placebo by both parenteral and intranasal routes; group 2 received vaccine parenterally (either type 3 or type 12) and placebo intranasally; and group 3 received placebo parenterally and vaccine intranasally (either type 3 or type 12). Subjects were inoculated three times at montly intervals. Thirty to 50 days after the last dose, all subjects were challenged with homologous streptococci applied to the oropharynx. Six subjects (30%) vaccinated subcutaneously had definite illness, three (15%) had probable illness, and 11 (55%) had no illness. In the group vaccinated intranasally, four (14%) had definite illness, two (7%) had probable illness, and 22 (79%) had no illness. Fifteen controls (42%) had definite illness, and 21 (58%) had no illness. The rate of colonization was significantly lower in recipients of intranasal vaccine. Average clinical scores and vaccine side effects were also decreased in subjects vaccinated intranasally. Induced serum antibody as measured by passive hemagglutination was not a reliable predictor of resistance to streptococcal pharyngitis. Penicillin was administered to all subjects five days after challenge. No sequelae of streptococcal infection or other complications occurred. Thus, local immunization with M protein apparently may reduce both colonization and clinical illness after challenge with homologous streptococci.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1976

A comparative trial of hyposensitization in 1973 in the treatment of hay fever using Pollinex and Alavac-P.

A direct comparison was made in 112 hay fever patients of hyposensitization treatment with glutaraldehyde-pollen-tyrosine adsorbate (Pollinex) and with alum-precipitated pyridine extract (Alavac-P) which is an accepted form of treatment, its efficacy having been shown by a comparative trial against a placebo preparation. No significant difference could be detected between the results of the two forms of treatment. Seventy-seven per cent of patients responded with improvement following treatment with the tyrosine adsorbed vaccine, and 81% of those receiving the alum-precipitated vaccine. Side effects from treatment, both local and general, were generally of an infrequent or mild nature for both vaccines.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine trial in Oxford: implications for the United Kingdom.

The safety and immunogenicity of a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine was investigated in 103 infants immunised at 3, 5, and 9 months of age; the infants also received diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus and polio vaccines. Side effects were compared with 99 matched infants receiving diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus and polio vaccines only. No serious side effects were observed and the incidence of minor side effects was no greater in the recipients of H influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. Two doses of the vaccine (standard and low) were compared: geometric mean titres of serum anticapsular antibody rose from 0.11 microgram/ml before immunisation to 26.4 micrograms/ml after three immunisations with the standard dose and 14.6 micrograms/ml with the low dose. The geometric mean titre among 21 unimmunized infants at this age was 0.06 micrograms/ml. Both doses therefore generated antibody concentrations likely to be protective after three immunisations. There were no non-responders. Incorporation of an H influenzae type b conjugate vaccine into the primary immunisation schedule has the potential for preventing over 1000 cases of systemic H influenzae type b disease and 50 deaths each year in the United Kingdom.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1991

Response of dental professionals in Saudi Arabia towards hepatitis B vaccine and glove wearing.

Dental specialists, dental general practitioners, dental assistants and hygienists at the medical province of Riyadh (95, 111, 141 and 14 respectively), were surveyed to ascertain their uptake of vaccination against the hepatitis B virus. Only 25.3% of dental specialists, 14.4% of dental practitioners, 25.5% of dental assistants and 42.9% of hygienists have been vaccinated. Side effects of vaccination were always minimal. Some of those respondents who have not been vaccinated were aware of the necessity of the vaccine but unable to get anyone to do it for them and the other part were aware of the desirability of the vaccine but had not yet taken positive steps to seek vaccination. Despite the risks and possible sequelae of contracting hepatitis B infection, a few of the respondents still consider vaccination unnecessary. Surprisingly, a quarter of the non-vaccinated group were not aware of the availability of the vaccine. Unfounded ideas of contracting AIDS from the vaccine accounted for 5% of the total participants in this survey. Only a quarter of the vaccinated groups have had antibody titre tests after vaccination. Wearing rubber/latex gloves when treating all patients is a further simple preventive and protective measure. However, 5% of the surveyed group never wear gloves.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1988

Live attenuated varicella vaccine in healthy 12- to 24-month-old children.

We studied live attenuated Oka/Merck varicella vaccine in 147 seronegative children 12 to 24 months of age and their 94 seronegative older siblings 2 to 12 years of age. The vaccine side effects were mild, consisting of a papular rash in 15 of 147 (10.2%) children 12 to 24 months and seven of 94 (7.4%) siblings. In a subset of 12- to 24-month-old children, modified fluorescent antibody test for membrane antigen was not detectable at seven days postimmunization but was detectable in 50% by 14 days and in 100% by 21 days. Within 6 weeks, 96.6% of children 12 to 24 months and 94.7% of siblings seroconverted. The geometric mean titer did not vary with age at immunization. One-year blood samples were obtained from 70 children 12 to 24 months of age who seroconverted; 92.9% retained detectable antibody. The geometric mean titer had decreased from 55.7 to 18.6. Of these 70 children, 34% had been exposed to varicella since immunization, and two cases of varicella were observed in seroconverters. Both cases were mild, with less than 50 vesicles. Oka/Merck varicella vaccine appears to be safe, highly immunogenic, and protective against 96% of exposures to natural varicella during the first year after vaccination in infants. Those cases of varicella that develop in immunized children appear substantially reduced in severity.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1977

[Comparison of duck embryo vaccine and Hempt's vaccine for rabies vaccination (author's transl)].

For many years, Hempt's vaccine has been used in Germany for vaccination against rabies. In recent years the duck embryo vaccine has been gradually introduced in its place. From 1970 to 1975, 658 consultations were undertaken at the Hospital of the Tropical Institute at Hamburg because of the risk of rabies. 267 persons had to undergo vaccination, 159 of them being treated with Hempt's vaccine and 108 with duck embryo vaccine. Side effects of a more severe type were not seen in either group. Disadvantages of the duck embryo vaccine are that more individual inoculations are necessary, significantly more frequent and more persistent local and general vaccination reactions occur and that there is a delayed, possibly weaker formation of antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Factors associated with clinical reactions to rubella vaccination in women.

Two types of rubella vaccine were given to 272 seronegative healthy Japanese adult women. Clinical and laboratory studies on clinical reaction after vaccination were carried out on HI antibody response, HLA types, basal body temperature (BBT), menstrual cycles and serum progesterone levels of vaccinees. Clinical reactions were not associated with HLA types of vaccinees, but arthropathy occurred significantly more often in women vaccinated at the progestational stage than in women vaccinated at the estrogenic stage.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Oral immunisation against typhoid fever in Indonesia with Ty21a vaccine.

When tested under conditions of moderate transmission of typhoid fever, a liquid formulation of the oral typhoid fever vaccine Ty21a had a protective efficacy of 96% in Egypt, and an enteric coated capsule formulation had an efficacy of 67% in Chile. We compared the two formulations under conditions of intense transmission of typhoid fever in Indonesia in a randomised, double-blind trial. 20,543 subjects (age range 3-44 years) received either three doses of enteric coated capsules containing placebo or live Ty21a, or three doses of lyophilised placebo or live Ty21a reconstituted with phosphate buffer. During 30 months of follow-up, the rate of blood-culture-positive typhoid fever among controls was 810/100,000 per year. Rates of typhoid fever were 379/100,000 per year for subjects who received the liquid formulation of vaccine and 468/100,000 per year for subjects who received enteric coated capsules. The protective efficacies of the liquid and enteric coated formulations were 53% and 42%, respectively. Neither formulation protected against infection with Salmonella paratyphi A. No major side-effects were noted, but the overall incidence of side-effects was greater in the vaccine groups. Under conditions of intense transmission, Ty21a protected against typhoid fever; however, because Ty21a will not protect all individuals, there is a need for additional approaches to prevent the disease.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Safety and immunogenicity of single-dose live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR in 5-9-year-old Indonesian children.

Oral vaccines offer great promise as public-health measures to prevent disease in less-developed countries. CVD 103-HgR, a genetically engineered, attenuated, Vibrio cholerae O1 strain has proved effective in industrialised countries. We have assessed the safety, immunogenicity, and excretion of this live cholera vaccine in children in north Jakarta, Indonesia. 412 children aged 5-9 years received single doses of 5 x 10(6), 5 x 10(7), 5 x 10(8), 5 x 10(9), or 1 x 10(10) colony forming units (CFU) of CVD 103-HgR or placebo (5 x 10(8) inactivated Escherichia coli K-12) with buffer. All doses were well tolerated. The 5 x 10(8) CFU dose, which is highly immunogenic in subjects in industrialised countries (greater than 90% seroconversion), elicited seroconversions of vibriocidal antibody in only 16% of Indonesian children. By contrast, a single 5 x 10(9) CFU dose of vaccine resulted in high rates (75% and 87%) of seroconversion with two different batches of vaccine. A batch prepared with a centrifugation step gave significantly higher geometric mean titres (16-fold increase over baseline) than did a batch in which there was a filtration step between fermentation and lyophilisation (10-fold increase over baseline). At a 5 x 10(9) CFU dose, CVD 103-HgR is well tolerated and highly immunogenic in Indonesian children and should therefore be further investigated for use as a one-dose live oral cholera vaccine in developing countries.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Trial of high-dose Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine in the Gambia: antibody response and side-effects.

In a randomised trial, infants living in a large village in The Gambia were immunised either at 4 months of age with 40,000 plaque forming units (PFU) of the Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) measles vaccine or at the usual age of 9 months with 6000 TCID50 of a conventional Schwarz measles vaccine. Measles developed in 2 of 119 children who received the EZ vaccine, in 1 before and in the other after 9 months of age. In the Schwarz group measles developed in 7 of 120 children--in 5 before and in 2 after 9 months of age. Serological responses measured at 5 months after vaccination and at 18 months of age were satisfactory in both groups although in the Schwarz group levels were on average 2-fold higher than in the EZ group. The frequencies of fever, cough, vomiting, and diarrhoea were no higher in the EZ vaccinees in the 3 weeks following vaccination than in age-matched non-immunised controls. Long-term morbidity as assessed by clinic attendances and weight at 18 months of age was much the same in the two groups. The EZ measles vaccine is thus safe and clinically and serologically effective when used in a high dose to immunise young Gambian infants.

Age Factors↗